Jump to content

George H. W. Bush 1992 presidential campaign

Add links
This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
See also: George H. W. Bush 1980 presidential campaign and George H. W. Bush 1988 presidential campaign

George H. W. Bush for President 1992
Bush–Quayle campaign logo
Bush–Quayle campaign logo
Campaign1992 Republican primaries
1992 U.S. presidential election
CandidateGeorge H. W. Bush
41st President of the United States
(1989–1993)
Dan Quayle
44th Vice President of the United States
(1989–1993)
AffiliationRepublican Party
StatusAnnounced: October 11, 1991
Presumptive nominee: May 5, 1992
Official nominee: August 20, 1992
Lost election: November 3, 1992
Left office: January 20, 1993
HeadquartersHouston, Texas
Key people
ReceiptsUS$101,936,902[1]
SloganDon't Change the Team in the Middle of the Stream[2]
Stand by the President
A Proud country

The 1992 presidential campaign of George H. W. Bush was an unsuccessful re-election campaign for 1992 United States presidential election by incumbent president George H. W. Bush, who had taken office on January 20, 1989.[3] Bush and incumbent vice president Dan Quayle were defeated by Democratic presidential nominee Bill Clinton and vice presidential nominee Al Gore.[4] Bush, a Republican president and former vice president under Ronald Reagan, launched his presidential bid on October 11, 1991, and secured nomination for his re-election on August 20, 1992. He was challenged in the Republican primaries by former White House Communications Director Pat Buchanan, who received less than one percent of the delegates in the Republican National Convention.[5]

Bush launched his successful campaign in 1988, becoming the 41st President. With a coalition victory in the Persian Gulf War and high approval ratings, Bush's re-election initially looked likely; however, he was criticized by many conservatives for breaking his pledge of never raising taxes.[6] He felt the economy would be the deciding factor in the election and could even overshadow the success of Operation Desert Storm. Early counting of ballots in the New Hampshire primary favored Buchanan,[7] but the final results gave a victory to Bush.[8] It was a strong showing by Buchanan, as his score nearly matched Eugene McCarthy's protest vote against Lyndon B. Johnson in 1968.[9] During the convention, it was speculated that Bush might drop Quayle from the ticket due to his relatively low polling performance,[10] but Bush was unwilling, asserting that removing his 1988 choice from the 1992 ticket would be an implicit admission that choosing Quayle had been a mistake.[10]

Meanwhile, Democrats nominated Bill Clinton, the governor of Arkansas as their presidential nominee, with Al Gore, a senator from Tennessee, as his running mate.[11] Texas billionaire Ross Perot ran as an independent candidate; at one point Perot had a clear lead over the major-party candidates in the polls.[12] During the campaign, Bush emphasized his foreign policy success, but as the economy went into a recession, his popularity fell. He conducted a whistle stop tour on a train named Spirit of America and participated in a series of three presidential debates.[13] Clinton won the election, taking 43 percent of the popular vote and 370 electoral votes, while Bush won 37.5 percent of the popular vote and 168 electoral votes. Perot won 19% of the popular vote, one of the highest totals for a third-party candidate in U.S. history, but no electoral votes.[14] Bush left office with a 56% approval rating and 37% disapproval rating.[15]

Had Bush been re-elected, he would have been the second U.S. president to be elected both offices of vice president and president twice, after Richard Nixon in 1972.

Background

[edit]
This article is part of
a series about
George H. W. Bush
Personal
43rd Vice President of the United States
Vice presidential campaigns
41st President of the United States
Tenure
Policies
Appointments
Presidential campaigns
George H. W. Bush's signature
Seal of the President of the United States
Main articles: George H. W. Bush and Presidency of George H. W. Bush
Further information: Foreign policy of the George H. W. Bush administration
Photographic portrait of George H.W. Bush
President George H. W. Bush in 1991

Bush was born in Milton, Massachusetts, in 1924.[16] In 1964, he ran for the United States Senate from Texas and won the Republican nomination, but lost the election by 56% to 44%.[17][18] He was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from Texas's 7th congressional district in 1966. He served as ambassador to the United Nations under the Nixon Administration—his first major diplomatic experience with the Soviet Union and China.[19] He ran in the 1980 Republican Party presidential primaries against Ronald Reagan, Bob Dole, and many other candidates. He won a close victory in the Iowa caucus with 31.5% to Reagan's 29.4%,[20] but ended up losing many contests to Reagan, and dropped out of the race.[21] Reagan chose Bush to run as the Republican nominee for vice president. Bush accepted the position and threw himself into campaigning for the Reagan-Bush ticket.[22][23] They won the 1980 presidential election in a landslide victory against the incumbent President Jimmy Carter. As vice president, Bush maintained a low profile by avoiding decision-making and not criticizing the president publicly.[24] Reagan won his re-election in 1984 in a landslide victory against Walter Mondale, winning 49 of 50 states with Bush re-elected as vice president.[25][26]

In 1987, Bush announced his presidential campaign led by Reagan staffer Lee Atwater.[27] Bob Dole, Jack Kemp, and Pat Robertson challenged him in the primaries.[28] After he won South Carolina, and 16 of 17 states on Super Tuesday, his competitors dropped out of the race.[29] Bush also pledged that he would not raise taxes, stating: "read my lips: no new taxes".[30] Bush selected Senator Dan Quayle of Indiana as his running mate.[31] They won the 1988 presidential election against Democratic nominee Michael Dukakis, and Bush became the first incumbent vice president to be elected president since Martin Van Buren in 1836.[32] Bush was inaugurated on January 20, 1989, with an approval rating of 51%.[15]

During his term, Bush signed various bilateral treaties between the United States and the Soviet Union, like START I and START II, on the limitation of strategic offensive arms and nuclear weapons.[33] With the fall of Berlin Wall in late 1989, the Bush administration facilitated reunification of Germany on terms favorable to the United States and a democratic Germany.[34] During the same time, the United States invaded Panama to depose Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega.[35] With Soviet regime's position weakening on all fronts, the Soviet Union dissolved in late 1991, thus ending the Cold War.[36] Bush achieved an approval rating of 89% in March 1991, after the United States' and coalition victory in Persian Gulf.[37]

However, as the economy went into a recession in 1990, the unemployment rate rose from 5.9% in 1989 to a high of 7.8% in mid-1991 and the debt percentage of total gross domestic product (GDP) rose from 39.4% in 1989 to almost 46.8% in 1992.[38][39] As the recession continued, people became increasingly worried about the changing economic situation of the nation. In September 1990, Bush and congressional Democrats announced a compromise to cut funding for mandatory and discretionary programs while also raising revenue, partly through a higher gas tax.[40] The compromise included a "pay as you go" provision that required that new programs be paid for at the time of implementation.[41] Conservatives opposed the bill, strongly against any form of tax increase. Bush's decision to sign the bill damaged his standing with conservatives and the public as he broke his pledge to never to raise taxes.[30][42]

Gaining the nomination

[edit]
Main articles: 1992 Republican Party presidential primaries and 1992 Republican National Convention

Preparing for a run

[edit]

In early 1991, Bush once considered not running for re-election, asserting he seemed not to have an "ounce of energy to manage a massive project".[43] With the end of the Persian Gulf war in March 1991, Bush had very high approval ratings, some even approaching 90%.[37] But by 1992, many conservative Republicans' support of Bush had waned for a variety of reasons, including raising taxes and cutting defense spending.[44] Americans were less concerned with his foreign policy successes than the nation's changing economic situation. Bush was not impressed by the polls' prediction that he would win re-election. He felt the economy would be the deciding factor in the election and could even overshadow the success of Operation Desert Storm.[45] While 71% of the population viewed Bush's handling of foreign policy positively, only 21% approved of his handling of domestic issues.[46] Yet, while addressing a rally in Texas on February 12, 1992, he announced his re-election bid and said:

Let me tell you why I'm running. I came here to do important work, and I finish what I start. In 1980 I came to Washington as a part of a team. We started a revolution to free America from, you remember, the politics of malaise and to set sail toward America's destiny. Then in 1988, Dan Quayle and I began our own partnership built on the same principles. My message then and my message now is simple: I believe Government is too big, and it costs too much. I believe in a strong defense for this country and good schools, safe streets, a Government really worthy of the people. I believe that parents, not Government, should make the important decisions about health, child care, and education. I believe in personal responsibility. I believe in opportunity for all. We should throw open wide the doors of possibility to anyone who has been locked out.[47]

After the success of the Gulf War, Bush's re-election was considered highly likely. Several high-profile Democratic Party candidates, like Mario Cuomo and Jesse Jackson, refused to seek the Democratic nomination.[48] The media gave the Democratic Party little chance of winning the presidency. Most Republicans continued to endorse Bush as their nominee. Ron Paul, the Libertarian Party's presidential nominee in 1988, had planned to run against the president as a Republican, but dropped out shortly after former White House communication director Pat Buchanan's entry in the Republican primaries.[49] In 1990, determined to undercut Bush, Buchanan published a newsletter called Patrick J. Buchanan: From the Right; it sent subscribers a bumper sticker reading: "Read Our Lips! No new taxes".[50]

Vice-presidential selection

[edit]
Photographic portrait of Vice president Dan Quayle
Vice President Dan Quayle

Throughout Bush's presidency, there existed widespread speculation about Bush potentially replacing Quayle as his running-mate in his expected 1992 reelection.[51] As early as 1989, Quayle's poor public standing was noted by the Washington Post, which conducted a poll that found voters did not consider him fit to take over the presidency by a 52 to 38 percent margin.[52] In 1990, The New York Times reported that there was a movement to have Quayle replaced on the Republican ticket in 1992.[53] The choice of running mate was considered to be particularly important given Bush's age and widely reported health issues.[54]

Despite Bush's misgivings with the Vice President, he was reluctant to drop Quayle in the absence of him voluntarily stepping aside. Bush asserted that removing his 1988 choice from the 1992 ticket would be an implicit admission that choosing Quayle had been a mistake.[10] In the aftermath of criticism over raising taxes, Bush had no appetite for another controversial political moment.[10] Nevertheless, there were reports that Bush did indeed consult with top confidantes about replacing Quayle on at least two occasions, including in a conversation with Chief of Staff James Baker.[55]

The May 1991 issue of Time magazine features a cover story on the push to replace Quayle on the ticket. The names mentioned were:[56]

Bush's son George W. Bush urged him to replace Quayle with Cheney, and his son Jeb Bush also urged him to replace Quayle because of his relatively low polling performance.[10] Former Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford also urged Quayle's removal from the Republican ticket.[57][58]

Republican presidential primaries

[edit]
Photographic portrait of Pat Buchanan taken in 1985
Pat Buchanan in 1985

Primaries were held for all 50 states and the District of Columbia from February 18 to June 9, 1992. In addition to Buchanan; David Duke, Pat Paulsen, Harold Stassen and Jack Fellure had also challenged Bush. Buchanan's candidacy relied heavily on a strong showing in the New Hampshire primary, as a result, Bush made New Hampshire a focal point in his re-election bid. However, New Hampshire remained a pivotal base for Buchanan's primary campaign.[59] Buchanan explained the reason for running against incumbent President Bush:

If the country wants to go in a liberal direction, if the country wants to go in the direction of [Democrats] George Mitchell and Tom Foley, it doesn't bother me as long as I've made the best case I can. What I can't stand are the back-room deals. They're all in on it, the insider game, the establishment game—this is what we're running against.[60]

Buchanan ran on a platform of immigration reduction and social conservatism, including opposition to multiculturalism, abortion, and gay rights.[61] Even after challenging an incumbent president in the primaries, his campaign managed to raise $14,521,899 (equivalent to $31,530,118 in 2023) from donations.[62] On February 5, an exaggerated account suggesting Bush was unfamiliar with barcode readers made him look out of touch.[63] Early counting of ballots in the New Hampshire primary favored Buchanan,[7] but the final results gave a victory to Bush with 53% of the votes, followed by Buchanan with 38% of the vote.[64] It was a strong showing by Buchanan as Bush got fewer votes than expected. Buchanan's score nearly matched Eugene McCarthy's protest vote against Lyndon B. Johnson in 1968.[9]

Heading into primaries in Georgia and Texas, the campaign pollster Robert Teeter argued that Bush should criticize Buchanan's campaign directly, while Quayle disagreed. Bush said he would largely not criticize Buchanan directly, but "might tweak him from time to time".[65] On the evening of the Georgia primary, in an interview to The Atlanta Constitution, Bush accepted that the tax increases in the 1990 budget deal had been his "biggest mistake".[9] Buchanan managed to get 35% or more votes in primaries until March 10, after which, Bush won all the primaries on Super Tuesday which gave his campaign a lead in the polls.[66] During a speech in May 1992 at the Commonwealth Club in San Francisco, Quayle discussed the high costs of the breakdown of the two-parent family and mentioned the sitcom television series Murphy Brown. He asserted that its plot-line was injurious to family values.[67] He found the plot-line where a woman bore a child out of wedlock mocked the importance of fathers.[68] Murphy Brown's co-creator Diane English responded, "If the vice president thinks it's disgraceful for an unmarried woman to bear children (out of wedlock), and if he believes that a woman cannot adequately raise a child without a father, then he'd better make sure abortion remains safe and legal."[69] Quayle's comments backfired and were widely attacked for seeming to be insensitive to single mothers, but Quayle's criticism didn't affect the primary result and Bush went on to win all the remaining contests.[70]

Bush won 72.84% of the popular vote while Buchanan won 22.96%. The fact that Buchanan got almost 2.9 million votes despite challenging an incumbent in primaries threatened Bush's campaign for his presidential run.[71]

Republican National Convention

[edit]
Bush's campaign button
Bush's campaign button
George H. W. Bush and Barbara Bush at the 1992 Republican National Convention.
George H. W. Bush and Barbara Bush at the 1992 Republican National Convention.

In early August, the Bush campaign and the administration debated how Bush might take the initiative on the domestic front. The early ideas for the president's acceptance speech were issues that would have broad appeal.[72] The 1992 Republican National Convention convened at the Astrodome in Houston, Texas, from August 17–20, 1992.[73] To accommodate the convention and its set-up, the Houston Astros, the Major League Baseball team that played at the Astrodome, played 26 consecutive away games over 28 days, while the National Football League's Houston Oilers played all their preseason games on the road.[73] After the primaries, Buchanan endorsed Bush as the Republican nominee and was asked by the Bush campaign to deliver a keynote address at RNC, where his culture war speech alienated many moderates.[74] With all the state contests settled in Bush's favor, the roll of delegates drawn up by the RNC heavily favored Bush as the unanimous choice, though Buchanan and Alan Keyes also won delegates.[a]

Heading to the convention, Robert Teeter said that the south was critical for Bush's re-election strategy, since both Bill Clinton and Al Gore were southerners.[76] The 1992 convention was where former president Ronald Reagan made the last major address of his political career.[77] Before the convention, Bill Clinton's poll numbers were rising, sharply affected by the fact he delivered his acceptance speech on the same night when Ross Perot dropped out of the race.[78] Reagan said:

This fellow [Bill Clinton] they [Democrats] have nominated claims to be the new Thomas Jefferson, Let me tell you something, I knew Thomas Jefferson, he was a friend of mine, and Governor, you are no Thomas Jefferson.[b][80]

The convention energized the Republican base, giving the Bush-Quayle ticket a bounce in the polls. As the bounce faded, the race returned to a lopsided double-digit lead of the Democratic ticket. During his acceptance speech, President Bush thanked former president Richard Nixon for his advice and contributions to the administration's foreign policy.[81] Bush opened his acceptance speech with issues related to foreign policy, taking credit for the multiple changes that had convulsed the world since the previous RNC convention four years before.[82] He said:

My opponents say I spend too much time on foreign policy, as if it didn't matter that schoolchildren once hid under their desks in drills to prepare for nuclear war. I saw the chance to rid our children's dreams of the nuclear nightmare, and I did. Over the past 4 years, more people have breathed the fresh air of freedom than in all of human history. I saw a chance to help, and I did. These were the two defining opportunities not of a year, not of a decade, but of an entire span of human history. I seized those opportunities for our kids and our grandkids, and I make no apologies for that.[83]

Bush received 2166 delegates; Buchanan received 18 delegates; and Alan Keyes received one delegate. Quayle was nominated as the vice-presidential candidate by voice vote.[84]

Opponents

[edit]
Main articles: Bill Clinton 1992 presidential campaign and Ross Perot 1992 presidential campaign
Photograph of Bill Clinton at North Carolina State University in 1992
Bill Clinton at North Carolina State University in October 1992
Photograph of Ross Perot sitting at a desk.
Ross Perot sitting next to a desk

The major candidates for Democratic nomination were Bill Clinton, Jerry Brown, and Paul Tsongas.[85] Clinton was accused by Republicans and the Bush campaign of misleading the U.S. Army Reserve to avoid service in the Vietnam War.[86] Though Brown was leading in the polls in September 1991, Clinton's lead eventually increased in February 1992, and he became the front runner.[87] After coming in second place in New Hampshire, he delivered a speech labeling himself "The Comeback Kid", which re-energized his campaign.[88] Clinton chose Al Gore, a senator from Tennessee as his running mate.[89] Clinton appeared on The Arsenio Hall Show on June 3, 1992, the day after he secured the Democratic Party nomination, and played "Heartbreak Hotel" on the saxophone. This was considered an important moment in the campaign, as it helped him build popularity among young voters.[90]

Texas businessman Ross Perot stated on Larry King Live on February 20, 1992, that he would begin a campaign if "ordinary people" signed petitions and helped him achieve ballot access in all 50 states.[91] Following this, Tom Luce, a friend of Perot, organized draft movement throughout the nation with petition drives being coordinated.[92][93] He chose retired Vice Admiral James Stockdale as his running mate.[94] Throughout April, the draft efforts continued and Perot appeared on talk shows for discussing his plans and positions on political issues. He spend almost $61 million of his own money to finance the campaign.[95] In June 1992, he was leading Bush and Clinton nationally with 39% of the vote.[96] Speculation arose in the media that Perot would split the electoral college and force the United States House of Representatives to decide the presidency.[97]

On July 16, Perot announced on Larry King Live he would not seek the presidency. He explained that he did not want the House of Representatives to decide the election if the result caused the electoral college to be split.[97] He had also been deterred because of rumors that Bush campaign was planning on embarrassing his daughter by publicly releasing her doctored photographs and disrupting her wedding.[98] He asked his supporters to look for other candidates to nominate for the race and formed United We Stand, a citizen action organization to "influence the debate" by .[99] In August, he promised to endorse any candidate who accepted his economic plan; meanwhile, petitions for ballot access were approved in all 50 states. On October 1, Perot re-entered the presidential race, with a desire to further explain his economic plans.[100]

Campaign

[edit]

August

[edit]

On August 23, while addressing a rally at Lakeland, Florida, Quayle claimed that Bush planned to reduce taxes and spending to create new jobs.[101] Quayle proposed an entitlement program which included medicare, medicaid and guaranteed loans.[101] Bush campaigned extensively for the election. Just a week after the convention, he addressed a rally in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he criticized Clinton's health care plan and said it would lead to a new health care tax on those who can least afford it.[102] He argued that even with Clinton as governor of Arkansas for 12 years, one in four lacked health insurance.[103] He said the real price of the Clinton program was arguably at least three times higher than admitted,[104] and referred to it as an "economic fantasy".[105]

The Bush campaign denounced Clinton for avoiding military service in Vietnam.[106] During speeches, Bush focused on his idea of letting parents, not government, choose their children's schools, whether public, private or religious.[107] He raised issues about equivocation in statements made by Governor Clinton.[108] According to the Center for Media and Public Affairs, 96% of evening news coverage throughout August focused on economic weakness and shortcomings.[109] Political scientist Everett Carll Ladd later wrote "that the negative coverage distorted a complex picture with many positive as well as negative features", leading to reduce in Bush's polling numbers.[109]

September

[edit]
Opinion polling. Red denotes Bush, blue denotes Clinton, and green denotes Perot.

In early September, the feud between Quayle and Murphy Brown again gathered attention as the vice president responded to Diane English's comments.[110] While addressing a rally in Columbus, Mississippi, Quayle denied that he ever attacked single parents or said that single parent families doesn't meet Republican value tests. He blamed Hollywood for misleading people regarding his views.[111] Soon after Quayle's comments, Republicans were trailing to Democrats among single parents in polls.[112]

Initially, the general opinion polls showed the president leading with almost 45% to Clinton's 25%, and Perot's 24%, but his lead soon reduced in May, when Perot started leading the polls.[113] As Perot's polling numbers increased, Bush wrote in his diary that Perot is "outrageously ill-suited to be president of the United States".[70] When Perot dropped out of the race, Clinton gained a huge bounce in his polling numbers, as a result Bush's poll numbers dropped from 57% to 32%.[114] In late August, even after RNC, Bush's polling numbers managed to reach only 36% to Clinton's 53%, which Bush called "discouraging as hell".[115][116] Upon Perot's re-entrance in the race, Clinton was leading over both Bush and Perot.[117]

Photograph of President Bush waving from a train window
Bush waves from the train outside of Bowling Green during his whistle-stop campaign.

In late September, during a rally in Springfield, Missouri, Bush said:

I hear candidate Clinton is up in Michigan today talking about debates. Well, I propose a debate for him today: candidate Clinton versus Governor Clinton. You see, we've all heard what candidate Clinton says he can do for America. But that's very different from what Governor Clinton has done to Arkansas, to the good people of Arkansas. And I want to stress this: My argument is not with the people of Arkansas, it is not. They are good, decent, hard-working people. Frankly, they deserve treatment better than they've received from Governor Clinton. So here we go.[118]

Bush strongly emphasized his foreign policy success like the Gulf War and the United States invasion of Panama.[119] By the end of September 1992, he had addressed many rallies along with Quayle, criticizing Clinton's campaign either for his economic plan or for his views on foreign affairs or national security.[120] On September 26, Bush conducted a whistle stop train tour on a train named The Spirit of America starting in Columbus, Ohio, and covering various cities on its route, including Marysville, Arlington, Bowling Green, and Plymouth.[121] The next day, he continued his campaign by train, visiting Wixom and Grand Blanc in Michigan.[13][122]

October

[edit]
Newspaper endorsements

Bush supported cutting domestic spending, taxes, and proposed to change budget accounting.[131] He stressed his Clean Air Act, and blamed the Democratic-controlled congress for ignoring his plan of cutting dependency on foreign oil.[132] He opposed national health insurances and wanted to preserve the public-private health care system through comprehensive reforms.[133] He often called Clinton health care plan as "payroll tax for government take-over of healthcare".[134] Emphasizing on his welfare reform, he promised to "strike a new course" to build moral and family values of people on welfare.[135] He supported new welfare approaches by states through exemption from federal laws.[135] He continued Reagan's supply-side economics, but while campaigning, claimed that his government's platform supports increased access to capital for business expansion, exporting long-term investment and capital to bring new products to the market.[136] The Bush campaign promised across-the-board tax cuts and supported enterprise zones in cities.[137]

The Bush campaign advertised extensively, spending $38.5 million on paid advertisements on television and radio.[138] Several of the Bush campaign's commercials were based on a single theme that Clinton would impose taxes on energy, that he dubbed a "carbon tax" that would eventually drive up utility bills and cost jobs.[139] The ads attacked Clinton over his tax increase as governor of Arkansas, criticized his health care plan and his inconsistency on major issues like term limits and defense.[140] Bush's campaign focused on the notion that America must be a "military superpower, an economic superpower, and an export superpower".[141] With Robert Mosbacher as the fundraiser, Bush campaign and managed to raise $101,936,902 (equivalent to $221,326,601 in 2023) through fundraising.[142] Clinton's advisor, James Carville, coined a phrase "It's the economy, stupid", which was often used to attack Bush campaign.[143] Bush's oldest son George W. Bush was involved in the campaign as a campaign advisor to the president,[144] one of the seven people the president appointed to manage his campaign.[145] As an advisor, he warned the Bush campaign that Perot should be taken seriously as a possible presidential candidate.[144] On October 6, a month before election day, Bush signed an appropriation that would provide $5 million to a prospective transition. If Clinton were to win, the appropriation would give his transition team $3.5 million, and give $1.5 million to Bush's administration to aid them in the transition.[146]

Bush took part in a series of three presidential debates between himself, Clinton, and Perot. Perot was eligible for participating in debates, as he had re-entered the race in early October.[147] Quayle participated in the vice-presidential debate between himself, Gore, and Stockdale. Bush was criticized for his performance in debates. In the polls conducted by CNN/USA Today after each debate, 20% of people said that he won the debates on average, while 39% went with Clinton, 30% went with Perot and 11% were undecided.[148] During a debate, Bush said that he strongly supported term limits for members of the US Congress, limiting their term to 24 years, which Clinton opposed.[149] Bush was seen on national camera checking his watch while being asked about the effect of the national debt on him personally.[150]

Election day

[edit]
Main article: 1992 United States presidential election
1992 Electoral College vote.
Map of the 1992 U.S. presidential election, blue represents Clinton winning that state/district, red represents Bush winning that state.
President Bush on election night 1992.
President Bush on election night 1992.

A few days before election day, Gallup polls showed Bush 12% behind Clinton. On November 3, 1992, Bush lost the election to Democratic nominee Bill Clinton, coming in second place. Clinton won 370 electoral votes and 43.0% of the popular vote while Bush only received 168 electoral votes and 37.5% of the popular vote. Ross Perot finished in third place, winning no electoral votes but receiving 18.9% of the popular vote.[151] President Bush's 37.5% was the lowest percentage for a sitting president seeking re-election since William Howard Taft, in 1912 (23.2%), as the 1912 election was a three-way race (that time between Taft, Wilson, and Theodore Roosevelt). It was also the lowest percentage for a major party candidate since Alf Landon received 36.5% of the vote in 1936. Bush had a lower percentage of the popular vote than Herbert Hoover, who was defeated in 1932 (39.7%). Bush did not get a majority of the votes in any state. His strongest performance was in Nebraska's 3rd congressional district, where he had 49.7% of votes. The same night, he conceded to Clinton and said:

The people have spoken, and we respect the majesty of the democratic system. I just called Governor Clinton over in Little Rock and offered my congratulations. He did run a strong campaign. I wish him well in the White House, and I want the country to know that our entire administration will work closely with his team to ensure the smooth transition of power.[152]

It was popularly believed that Perot was spoiler and cost Bush his re-election.[153] White House Chief of Staff and one of Bush's re-election campaign manager James Baker pointed out that "Perot took two out of every three votes from traditional Republican voters."[154] But, in a 1999 study conducted by the American Journal of Political Science, it was estimated that Perot's candidacy did not hurt Bush's campaign, but ended up splitting Clinton's votes,[155] reducing his margin of victory over Bush by seven percentage points.[156] By that measure, if Perot had not been in the race, Clinton would have won by an even greater majority.[157] When Perot was asked about being a spoiler in the election, he replied, "There is no way I can be a spoiler, it was already spoiled when I started".[c][158] The outcome of the 1992 U.S. presidential election has been explained largely as a function of voters' perceptions of Bush's economic performance.[159][153] The economy submerged questions about Bill Clinton's character, awarding the advantage to the Democrat.[160]

Results

[edit]
Electoral results
Presidential candidate Party Home state Popular vote Electoral
vote 		Running mate
Count Percentage Vice-presidential candidate Home state Electoral vote
Bill Clinton Democratic Arkansas 44,909,889 43.01% 370 Al Gore Tennessee 370
George H. W. Bush (incumbent) Republican Texas 39,104,550 37.45% 168 Dan Quayle (incumbent) Indiana 168
Ross Perot Independent Texas 19,743,821 18.91% 0 James Stockdale California 0
Andre Marrou Libertarian Alaska 290,087 0.28% 0 Nancy Lord Nevada 0
Bo Gritz Populist Nevada 106,152 0.10% 0 Cyril Minett New Mexico 0
Lenora Fulani New Alliance Party New York 73,622 0.07% 0 Maria Elizabeth Muñoz California 0
Howard Phillips U.S. Taxpayers Party Virginia 43,369 0.04% 0 Albion Knight Jr. Florida 0
Other 152,516 0.13% — Other —
Total 104,423,923 100% 538 538
Needed to win 270 270

Aftermath

[edit]
Further information: Presidential transition of Bill Clinton and First inauguration of Bill Clinton
Photograph of George Bush and Bill Clinton shaking hands just after the inaugural ceremonies at the U.S. Capitol.
Bush with President Bill Clinton shortly after his inauguration.

Following his defeat in the election, Bush publicly proclaimed his desire for a smooth transition between his and the incoming administration.[161] Bush is often praised for his efforts and co-operation in the transition.[162] His broken promise of never raising taxes is often considered one of several important factors leading to his defeat.[163] A few hours before Clinton's inauguration, Bush left him a handwritten letter in the Oval Office which ended as "Your success is now our country's success. I am rooting hard for you".[164] Clinton appreciated the letter, and later said, "No words of mine or others can better reveal the heart of who he was than those he wrote himself."[165] Clinton was inaugurated on January 20, 1993 as 42nd president of the United States, with Bush attending the inauguration. Bush left office with a 56% approval rating and a 37% disapproval rating.[166]

Shortly after leaving office, Bush's oldest son George W. Bush was elected the governor of Texas in 1994. He was re-elected governor in 1998, along with his younger brother Jeb Bush being elected the governor of Florida.[167] In a 1999 interview with Jim Lehrer, on being asked what he was thinking as he checked his wristwatch, he replied:

They took a little incident like that to show that I was, you know, out of it. They made a huge thing out of that. Now, was I glad when the damn thing was over? Yeah, and maybe that's why I was looking at it, only 10 more minutes of this crap, I mean [Jim laughs] Go ahead and use it. I'm a free spirit now.[168]

The same year, Dan Quayle announced a run for president, challenging the Republican front-runner George W. Bush. Quayle attacked Bush saying, "we do not want another candidate who needs on-the-job training".[169] George W. Bush eventually won the Republican nomination and elected the 43rd president in 2000 after he narrowly defeated Vice President Al Gore; he was re-elected president in 2004 and remained in office until 2009. During his presidency, he led efforts to have his father and Clinton work together to provide help and private aid to those affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.[170] In a 2012 book, The Presidents Club by Nancy Gibbs and Michael Duffy, they wrote, "Bush [George H. W. Bush] would go so far as to suggest more than once that he might be the father that Clinton had always lacked—a notion that the younger man did not dispute."[171][172]

Endorsements

[edit]
List of George H. W. Bush 1992 presidential campaign endorsements
Senators
Former Senators
Representatives
Former Representatives
Governors
Former Governors
Lieutenant Governor
Secretary of States
Mayors
Former Mayors
Individuals
Actors and Actresses
Comedians
Musicians

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Although Alan Keyes did not run for president in Republican primaries, he got a vote from an unpledged delegate. He won the 1992 primary for the Senate seat from Maryland but lost the election.[75]
  2. ^ Reagan was humorously poking fun at his age and responding to Clinton's comparison to Thomas Jefferson by using the phrase "Senator, you're no Jack Kennedy" as "Governor, you're no Thomas Jefferson", which was used by Lloyd Bentsen in the 1988 Vice presidential debate.[79]
  3. ^ He was referring to America's $4 trillion debt and $400 billion deficit.[158]

Further reading

[edit]
  • Allen, Thomas B. (1992). CNN Guide to the 1992 Election: Change vs. Trust. Turner Pub. ISBN 978-1-878685-25-4.
  • Bush, Doro (2006). My Father, My President: A Personal Account of the Life of George H. W. Bush. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 978-0-446-57990-2. OL 7537206M.
  • Jelen, Ted G. (2001). Ross for Boss: The Perot Phenomenon and Beyond. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-4853-3.
  • Kurtz, Howard (1997). Hot Air: All Talk, All the Time. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-03074-3.
  • Meacham, Jon (2015). Destiny and Power: The American Odyssey of George Herbert Walker Bush. Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000-6765-7.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Bush, George – Candidate overview". FEC.gov. Archived from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
  2. ^ Friedman, Nancy (September 17, 2020). "A Slogan in Every Pot!". Visual Thesaurus. Archived from the original on July 13, 2021. Retrieved July 13, 2021.
  3. ^ "George H. W. Bush: Campaigns and Elections Miller Center". millercenter.org. October 4, 2016. Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
  4. ^ "United States Presidential Election of 1992 United States Government". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
  5. ^ Toner, Robin (March 11, 1992). "The 1992 Campaign: Primaries and Caucuses; Clinton Takes Florida Easily, Sweeping Primaries in South; Protest Votes Still Dog Bush". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
  6. ^ "Broken Presidential Campaign Promises Since 1916". Spokesman.com. June 26, 2020. Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
  7. ^ a b Connell, Christopher (February 20, 1992). "Bush Ready to Take on Buchanan". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved April 30, 2021 – via Google News.
  8. ^ Toner, Robin (February 19, 1992). "The 1992 Campaign: New Hampshire; Bush Jarred in First Primary; Tsongas Wins Democratic Vote". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 25, 2021. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
  9. ^ a b c Meacham 2015, p. 501.
  10. ^ a b c d e Meacham 2015, p. 507.
  11. ^ Balz Jr., Dan; Dionne, E. J. (June 3, 1992). "Clinton Secures Party Nomination". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
  12. ^ "Gallup Presidential Election Trial-Heat Trends, 1936–2008". Gallup.com. September 24, 2008. Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
  13. ^ a b Harvey, Hank (September 25, 1992). "Bush's Train Assembled with Care". Toledo Blade. Ohio. Archived from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2021 – via Google News.
  14. ^ Federal Election 92 (PDF). Federal Election Commission. 1993. p. 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 12, 2021. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
  15. ^ a b "Presidential Job Approval The American Presidency Project". Presidency.ucsb.edu. Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
  16. ^ "Bush, George Herbert Walker US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives". History, Art and Archives. Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
  17. ^ "Our Campaigns – TX US Senate – R Primary Race – May 02, 1964". Our Campaigns. Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
  18. ^ Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 3, 1964 (PDF). Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1965. p. 45. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
  19. ^ Guterres, António (December 1, 2018). "George H. W. Bush Served United States with Distinction, Supported United Nations with Dedication, Says Secretary-General in Mourning Fallen Leader". United Nations. Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
  20. ^ "Iowa Caucus History: George Bush Beats Expectations Against Ronald Reagan in 1980". Iowa PBS. November 29, 2016. Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
  21. ^ Peterson, Bill (May 27, 1980). "Bush Ends 2-Year Quest, Concedes '80 Republican Nomination to Reagan". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
  22. ^ Cannon, Lou (December 5, 2018). "Opinion: The Forgotten Story of How George H.W. Bush Won over Ronald Reagan". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on May 12, 2021. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
  23. ^ Rothberg, Donald M. (July 18, 1980). "Reagan, Bush Aims at Traditional Demo Strongholds in Midwest, East". The Madison Courier. Archived from the original on July 12, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2021 – via Google News.
  24. ^ "George H. W. Bush: Life Before the Presidency Miller Center". Miller Center. October 4, 2016. Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
  25. ^ "1984: Reagan's Landslide Victory – U.S. National Archives". Google Arts & Culture. Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
  26. ^ Raines, Howell (November 7, 1984). "Reagan Wins by a Landslide, Sweeping at Least 48 States; G.O.P. Gains Strength in House". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
  27. ^ Zurawik, David (November 10, 2008). "Lee Atwater: The Dark and Dirty Side of GOP Politics". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
  28. ^ Kornacki, Steve (December 6, 2018). "Bush and Dole: A Political Rivalry for the Ages. And Then That Final Salute". NBC News. Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
  29. ^ Espo, David (March 9, 1988). "Bush Sweeps Dixie". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved April 30, 2021 – via Google News.
  30. ^ a b "Read My Lips: No New Taxes". History.com. Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved June 6, 2021.
  31. ^ Hoffman, David (August 17, 1988). "Bush Picks Quayle, 'Man of the Future,' As Running Mate". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
  32. ^ Schmuhl, Robert (April 26, 1992). "Bush Enjoyed the Martin Van Buren Comparisons in '88; He Won't". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
  33. ^ "Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty of 1991". National Park Service. Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
  34. ^ Sloan, Stanley R. The Fall of the Berlin Wall: Effects on and Impressions of the United States. p. 3. Archived from the original on May 4, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021 – via Kas.de.
  35. ^ "Panama Invasion: The US Operation That Ousted Noriega". BBC News. December 20, 2019. Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
  36. ^ "Collapse of the Soviet Union". History.com. Archived from the original on January 25, 2020. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
  37. ^ a b Taylor, Alan (January 14, 2016). "Operation Desert Storm: 25 Years Since the First Gulf War". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
  38. ^ Hardone, Thomas; Herz, Diane; Mellor, Earl; Hipple, Steven (1993). "1992: Job Market in the Doldrums" (PDF). Monthly Labor Review. 116 (2). Bureau of Labor Statistics: 3–14. PMID 10125635. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2011.
  39. ^ "Historical Tables". White House. Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
  40. ^ Harwood, John (December 4, 2018). "George HW Bush's Compromise on Raising Taxes Defied Conservatives – and Altered American Politics". CNBC. Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
  41. ^ "What is PAYGO?". Tax Policy Center. Archived from the original on May 30, 2021. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
  42. ^ "Bush Signs Measures to Cut Deficit". Toledo Blade. November 6, 1990. Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021 – via Google News.
  43. ^ Meacham 2015, p. 470.
  44. ^ Dowd, Maureen (November 5, 1992). "The 1992 Elections: Disappointment -- Road to Defeat: Sifting Strategies: What Went Wrong, and Right; Bush: As the Loss Sinks In, Some Begin Pointing Fingers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 8, 2021. Retrieved June 8, 2021.
  45. ^ Meacham 2015, p. 472.
  46. ^ Meacham 2015, p. 480.
  47. ^ "Public Papers – Remarks Announcing the Bush-Quayle Candidacies for Reelection". George Bush Library and Museum. Archived from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
  48. ^ Balz, Dan (December 21, 1991). "Cuomo Rejects Bid for President in '92". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on June 8, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
  49. ^ Kornacki, Steve (December 22, 2011). "Ron Paul and Second Coming of Buchananism". Salon.com. Archived from the original on June 13, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  50. ^ "Buchanan Objective Clear: Mr. Bush Will Not Stand". The Christian Science Monitor. February 5, 1992. ISSN 0882-7729. Archived from the original on June 8, 2021. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
  51. ^ Phillips, Kevin (May 6, 1990). "Lookin Toward 1992: If Dan Quayle Is Dumped, GOP Starts a Game of Musical Chairs: Politics: Unable to Imagine the Vice President in the White House, and Aware of Growing Voter Doubts, Many Republicans Jockey to Replace Him". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on June 8, 2021. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
  52. ^ Devroy, Ann (August 16, 1989). "Quayle Still Seen Unqualified to Assume Presidency". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved July 18, 2021.
  53. ^ "Opinion | Dump Quayle in '92? Despite Calls for Change, Probably Not". The New York Times. September 30, 1990. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 18, 2021. Retrieved July 18, 2021.
  54. ^ "Bush Should Drop Quayle for a Better Running Mate – Voters Deserve Choice of Qualified Candidate". The Buffalo News. July 24, 1992. Archived from the original on July 18, 2021. Retrieved July 18, 2021.
  55. ^ Morganthau, Tom (August 2, 1992). "The Quayle Question". Newsweek. Archived from the original on July 18, 2021. Retrieved July 18, 2021.
  56. ^ "Five Who Fit the Bill". Time. May 20, 1991. ISSN 0040-781X. Archived from the original on July 18, 2021. Retrieved July 18, 2021.
  57. ^ Meacham 2015, p. 508.
  58. ^ "Bush Considered Quayle a Liability in '92, Book Says". Deseret News. Associated Press. October 16, 1994. Archived from the original on July 18, 2021. Retrieved July 18, 2021.
  59. ^ "Race for the Nomination". Chicago Tribune. March 11, 1992. p. 14. Archived from the original on April 25, 2021. Retrieved April 25, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  60. ^ Regnery, Alfred S. (December 30, 2008). Upstream: The Ascendance of American Conservatism. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4165-2289-8. Archived from the original on June 8, 2021.
  61. ^ Nagourney, Adam (August 29, 2012). "'Cultural War' of 1992 Moves In From the Fringe". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 3, 2021. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
  62. ^ "Buchanan, Patrick J." Federal Election Commission. January 1987. Archived from the original on June 5, 2021. Retrieved June 5, 2021.
  63. ^
  64. ^ Toner, Robin (February 19, 1992). "The 1992 Campaign: New Hampshire; Bush Jarred in First Primary; Tsongas Wins Democratic Vote". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 12, 2021. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
  65. ^ Bush 2006, p. 501.
  66. ^ "Bush runs over Buchanan". Toledo Blade. March 11, 1992. Archived from the original on June 7, 2021. Retrieved June 7, 2021 – via Google News.
  67. ^ "Hoover Institution Commonwealth Club Database". June 13, 2011. Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
  68. ^ Carter, Bill (July 20, 1992). "Back Talk From 'Murphy Brown' to Dan Quayle". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 3, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
  69. ^ Hastings, Deborah (May 27, 1992). "Quayle attack can't hurt 'Murphy'". Spokane Chronicle. Archived from the original on May 3, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021 – via Google News.
  70. ^ a b Meacham 2015, p. 504.
  71. ^ Stradling, Richard (July 31, 2015). "Pat Buchanan's awkward '92 run". BostonGlobe.com. Archived from the original on June 2, 2021. Retrieved June 2, 2021.
  72. ^ Meacham 2015, p. 510.
  73. ^ a b Braley, Sarah J.F. (February 13, 2018). "Houston Gets Go-Ahead to Turn Astrodome Into Convention Space Meetings & Conventions". Meetings and Conventions. Archived from the original on June 8, 2021. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
  74. ^ "Buchanan, "Culture War Speech," Speech Text". Voices of Democracy. Archived from the original on June 8, 2021. Retrieved June 8, 2021.
  75. ^ "1992 Presidential Election". Maryland State Board of Elections. February 26, 2001. Archived from the original on October 29, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
  76. ^ Griffith, Pat (August 21, 1992). "South ticketed to see GOP team". Toledo Blade. Archived from the original on June 8, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021 – via Google News.
  77. ^ Bayles, Fred (August 13, 1996). "A Teary Tribute To Reagan Hushes Republican Crowd". AP NEWS. Archived from the original on June 8, 2021. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
  78. ^ Isikoff, Michael (July 17, 1992). "Perot Drops Out of Presidential Race". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on June 8, 2021. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
  79. ^ Toner, Robin (August 18, 1992). "In their own words: The Overview; Bush vows a tough campaign as G.O.P. opens its Convention". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 12, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
  80. ^ Keller, Julia (May 26, 2006). "Bentsen's zinger: The phrase that stays". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on June 16, 2021. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
  81. ^ "Th their own words: Transcript of Bush Speech Accepting the Nomination For Another Four Years". The New York Times. August 21, 1992. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 8, 2021. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
  82. ^ Meacham 2015, p. 511.
  83. ^ "Remarks Accepting the Presidential Nomination at the Republican National Convention in Houston The American Presidency Project". Presidency.ucsb.edu. Archived from the original on May 10, 2021. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
  84. ^ "Nomination Roll Call Vote". C-SPAN. August 20, 1992. Archived from the original on July 12, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
  85. ^ Berke, Richard L. (March 16, 1992). "The 1992 Campaign: Democrats; Brown and Clinton Shout It Out in a Debate". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 8, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
  86. ^ Ifill, Gwen (February 7, 1992). "The 1992 Campaign: Democrats; Vietnam War Draft Status Becomes Issue for Clinton". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
  87. ^ "Our Campaigns – US President – D Primaries Race – Feb 01, 1992". Our Campaigns. Archived from the original on March 10, 2016. Retrieved June 8, 2021.
  88. ^ Dickerson, John (July 8, 2015). "Whistlestop: The Rise and Fall and Rise of Bill Clinton in 1992". Slate. Archived from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
  89. ^ Lauter, David (July 10, 1992). "Clinton Picks Gore as Running Mate in Break With Tradition: Democrats: Arkansas governor rejects geographical balance in choosing the Tennessee senator. Strategists believe his moderate positions can help unite divided party". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on April 26, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
  90. ^ "Bill Clinton Plays Sax on 'Arsenio Hall Show'". NewseumED. March 17, 2012. Archived from the original on June 8, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
  91. ^ Kurtz 1997, p. 90.
  92. ^ Griffith, Pat (March 30, 1992). "Perot hearing the call of unhappy electorate". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. p. 1. Archived from the original on June 8, 2021. Retrieved May 27, 2010 – via Google News.
  93. ^ Jelen 2001, p. 18.
  94. ^ Pertman, Adam (March 29, 1992). "Perot wanted Silber as his running mate". The Day. New London, Connecticut: Boston Globe. p. A6. Archived from the original on June 8, 2021. Retrieved May 27, 2010 – via Google News.
  95. ^ "Perot, Ross - Candidate Overview". Federal Election Commission. January 1991. Archived from the original on June 8, 2021. Retrieved June 8, 2021.
  96. ^ Gallup Inc. (December 1, 2018). "George H.W. Bush Retrospective". Gallup.com. Archived from the original on June 8, 2021. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
  97. ^ a b "Decision to quit was made after days of agonizing". Toledo Blade. Milwaukee, Wisconsin. May 12, 1992. p. A4. Archived from the original on June 8, 2021. Retrieved May 19, 2021 – via Google News.
  98. ^ Meacham 2015, p. 518.
  99. ^ Holmes, Steven A. (August 22, 1992). "Ross Perot; No New Plans? Read My Book, Perot Says". The New York Times. New York, NY. p. 8. Archived from the original on June 8, 2021. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
  100. ^ "Perot Issues Warning on Eve of Bush Acceptance Speech". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Sarasota, Florida. Associated Press. August 20, 1992. p. 6A. Archived from the original on April 25, 2021. Retrieved May 27, 2010 – via Google News.
  101. ^ a b "Quayle says $2 trillion can be saved by putting limits on entitlement". Toledo Blade. August 24, 1992. Archived from the original on June 8, 2021. Retrieved June 8, 2021 – via Google News.
  102. ^ "Public Papers – Remarks to a Bush-Quayle Rally in Cincinnati, Ohio". George Bush Library and Museum. Archived from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
  103. ^ "Public Papers – Remarks at Octoberfest in Painesville, Ohio". George Bush Library and Museum. Archived from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
  104. ^ "Public Papers – Remarks to the Polish-American Community in Chicago, Illinois". George Bush Library and Museum. Archived from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
  105. ^ "Public Papers – Remarks at a Bush-Quayle Rally in Middletown, New Jersey". George Bush Library and Museum. Archived from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
  106. ^ Berke, Richard L. (September 9, 1992). "The 1992 Campaign: In the Background; Democrats Charge 'Dirty Tricks' Over Draft Issue". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 27, 2021. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
  107. ^ "Public Papers – Remarks at Missouri Southern State College in Joplin, Missouri". George Bush Library and Museum. September 11, 1992. Archived from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
  108. ^ "Public Papers – Remarks to Natural Communities Conservation Planning Organizations in San Diego, California". George Bush Library and Museum. Archived from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
  109. ^ a b Meacham 2015, p. 600.
  110. ^ "Quayle vs. Murphy: the sequel". Toledo Blade. September 1, 1992. Archived from the original on June 8, 2021. Retrieved June 8, 2021 – via Google News.
  111. ^ "The Sequel". Toledo Blade. September 1, 1992. Archived from the original on June 8, 2021. Retrieved June 8, 2021 – via Google News.
  112. ^ "Quayle keeps up criticism of Hollywood". Toledo Blade. September 3, 2021. Archived from the original on June 8, 2021. Retrieved June 8, 2021 – via Google News.
  113. ^ Dionne, E. J. Jr. (June 9, 1992). "Perot Leads Field in Poll". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on June 9, 2021. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
  114. ^ Meacham 2015, p. 506.
  115. ^ Meacham 2015, p. 512.
  116. ^ "Party in Soptlight; Bush Trails, to Varying Degrees, in 3 Polls". The New York Times. August 17, 1992. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 28, 2021. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
  117. ^ Toner, Robin (October 2, 1992). "Perot re-enters the campaign, saying Bush and Clinton fail to address Government 'mess'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 5, 2021. Retrieved June 5, 2021.
  118. ^ "Public Papers – Remarks to the Community in Springfield, Missouri". George Bush Library and Museum. Archived from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
  119. ^ Friedman, Thomas L. (October 4, 1992). "The 1992 Campaign – Issues: Foreign Policy – Looking Abroad: Clinton and Foreign Policy/A special report.; Clinton's Foreign-Policy Agenda Reaches Across Broad Spectrum". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 19, 2020. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
  120. ^ "Public Papers – Remarks to the Community in Nashville, Tennessee". George Bush Library and Museum. September 29, 1992. Archived from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
  121. ^ Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents. Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration. October 1992. Archived from the original on June 9, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
  122. ^ "Bob Withers: Recollections of riding the rails with President Bush". Associated Press News. December 5, 2018. Archived from the original on April 30, 2021. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  123. ^ a b c "Short odds: newspapers bet on political winners rather than ideology". Free Online Library. Archived from the original on June 9, 2021. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
  124. ^ "Arizona Republic presidential endorsements: 120 years, no Democrats". AZCentral.com. Archived from the original on June 16, 2021. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
  125. ^ a b c d "The 1992 Campaign; More Newspapers Endorse". The New York Times. October 26, 1992. Archived from the original on May 27, 2021. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
  126. ^ a b "The 1992 Campaign: Rivals Each Win Endorsements". The New York Times. October 12, 1992. Archived from the original on May 27, 2021. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
  127. ^ "Poll watch: An ABC News poll showed." Chicago Tribune. October 22, 2021. Archived from the original on November 29, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
  128. ^ "A brief history of Richmond Times-Dispatch presidential endorsements". Richmond Times-Dispatch. September 1, 2016. Archived from the original on May 27, 2021. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
  129. ^ a b "10 Newspapers Back Clinton; 4 Endorse Bush: Politics: Portland Oregonian Supports First Democrat in 142 Years. Publications in Bush's Home State of Texas Are Divided". Los Angeles Times. October 19, 1992. Archived from the original on May 27, 2021. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
  130. ^ "Our endorsements". Northwest Indiana Times. November 3, 1992. Archived from the original on June 9, 2021. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
  131. ^ Allen 1992, p. 110.
  132. ^ Allen 1992, p. 114.
  133. ^ Newman, Katelyn (December 5, 2018). "The Health Care Legacy of George H.W. Bush". Archived from the original on June 5, 2021. Retrieved June 5, 2021.
  134. ^ Allen 1992, p. 115–116.
  135. ^ a b Allen 1992, p. 117.
  136. ^ Allen 1992, p. 112–113.
  137. ^ Allen 1992, p. 111–116.
  138. ^ Devlin, L. Patrick (November 1, 1993). "Contrasts in presidential campaign commercials of 1992". American Behavioral Scientist. 37 (2): 272–291. doi:10.1177/0002764293037002015. S2CID 145621042. Archived from the original on June 9, 2021. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  139. ^ Kolbert, Elizabeth (October 30, 1992). "The 1992 Campaign: The Media; For the Most Negative Ads, Turn On the Nearest Radio". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 16, 2019. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  140. ^ "The Living Room Candidate - Commercials - 1992 - Gray Dot". Living Room Candidate. Archived from the original on June 10, 2021. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  141. ^ Kurtz, Howard (September 16, 1992). "30-Second Politics". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on June 9, 2021. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  142. ^ "Bush, George – Candidate overview". FEC.gov. January 1987. Archived from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
  143. ^ Boyette, John (April 25, 2020). "Column: 'It's the economy, stupid' as true today as in 1992". Post and Courier. Archived from the original on June 9, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
  144. ^ a b Suro, Roberto (April 26, 1992). "The 1992 Campaign: President's Family; One of Bush's Campaign Advisers Is Also His Son". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 9, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
  145. ^ "Seven Who Will Manage Bush's 1992 Presidential Campaign". The New York Times. December 6, 1991. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
  146. ^ "13 Nov 1992, Page 2 - Democrat and Chronicle". Archived from the original on June 10, 2021. Retrieved June 10, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  147. ^ Toner, Robin (October 2, 1992). "The 1992 Campaign: The Overview – Perot Re-Enters the Campaign, Saying Bush and Clinton Fail to Address Government 'Mess'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 5, 2021. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  148. ^ "AllPolitics – 1992 Debates Overview". CNN. Archived from the original on June 9, 2021. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
  149. ^ "CPD: October 15, 1992 First Half Debate Transcript". www.debates.org. Archived from the original on June 9, 2021. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
  150. ^ "RealClearSports – George H.W. Bush Glances at His Watch". www.realclearpolitics.com. November 11, 2015. Archived from the original on June 9, 2021. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
  151. ^ "1992 Electoral College Results". National Archives. November 5, 2019. Archived from the original on June 9, 2021. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
  152. ^ Andersen, Travis (November 11, 2020). "What it looked like when George H.W. Bush conceded". BostonGlobe.com. Archived from the original on June 9, 2021. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
  153. ^ a b "The Economy and 'Read My Lips,' Not Ross Perot, Cost President Bush His 1992 Reelection". Texas Monthly. December 6, 2018. Archived from the original on June 9, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
  154. ^ Bush 2006, p. 370.
  155. ^ Gehl, Katherine M.; Eskrich, Sara. "Ross Perot changed American politics by disrupting Republicans and Democrats alike. We can learn from that". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Archived from the original on June 9, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
  156. ^ Lacy, Dean; Burden, Barry C. (1999). "The Vote-Stealing and Turnout Effects of Ross Perot in the 1992 U.S. Presidential Election" (PDF). American Journal of Political Science. 43 (1): 233. doi:10.2307/2991792. ISSN 0092-5853. JSTOR 2991792. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
  157. ^ Collins, Eliza (July 10, 2019). "Did Perot Spoil 1992 Election for Bush? It's Complicated". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on June 9, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
  158. ^ a b "Perot: Critics out to destroy him". Kingman Daily Miner. October 5, 1992. Archived from the original on June 9, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021 – via Google News.
  159. ^ "CPD: October 13, 1992 Debate Transcript". www.debates.org. Archived from the original on April 23, 2021. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
  160. ^ "Candidate Character vs. The Economy in the 1992 Election". ResearchGate. Archived from the original on June 9, 2021. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  161. ^ Mann, Jim (November 8, 1992). "Encounter can be icy as presidents pass torch". The Charlotte Observer. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on June 9, 2021. Retrieved February 2, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  162. ^ Hess, Stephen (March 1, 2001). "First Impressions: A Look Back at Five Presidential Transitions". Brookings. Archived from the original on June 9, 2021. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
  163. ^ Jelly, Jon (December 2, 2018). "George HW Bush: What Makes a One-Term President?". BBC News. Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
  164. ^ Kim, Eun Kyung; Caulfield, Philip (October 20, 2016). "A look back at the letter George Bush wrote Bill Clinton as he left office". Today. Archived from the original on May 2, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
  165. ^ Clinton, Bill (December 1, 2018). "George H.W. Bush's Oval Office note to me revealed the heart of who he was". Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 9, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
  166. ^ "Presidential Job Approval: The American Presidency Project". Presidency.ucsb.edu. Archived from the original on June 9, 2021. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
  167. ^ Lyman, Rick; Navarro, Mireya (November 4, 1998). "The 1998 Elections: The Nation - Party Leaders – George W. and Jeb Bush Are Easily Elected Governors in Texas and Florida". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
  168. ^ "President George H.W. Bush Interview Debating Our Destiny April 10, 1999 PBS". PBS NewsHour. Archived from the original on June 9, 2021. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
  169. ^ Wizard, Mariann G. (2007). The Pictorial Key to Republican Tarot. Lulu.com. p. 129. ISBN 978-1-4357-0113-7. Archived from the original on June 9, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
  170. ^ "Inside the Surprising Friendship Between George H.W. Bush and Bill Clinton". Time. Archived from the original on June 9, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
  171. ^ Fetters, Ashley (December 2, 2018). "How George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton Went From Political Rivals to Best Friends". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on May 17, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
  172. ^ "The Presidents Club: Inside the World's Most Exclusive Fraternity". IndieBound.org. Archived from the original on June 9, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
  173. ^ a b c d "Remarks at a Rally in St. Louis". Presidency.ucsb.edu. October 30, 1992. Archived from the original on September 2, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  174. ^ a b c d e "Remarks to the Ace Community in Albuquerque, New Mexico". Presidency.ucsb.edu. October 26, 1992. Archived from the original on September 4, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  175. ^ "Remarks to Vaagen Brothers Lumber Employees in Colville, Washington". Presidency.ucsb.edu. September 14, 1992. Archived from the original on September 7, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  176. ^ a b "Remarks to the Community in Stevens Point, Wiscosin". Presidency.ucsb.edu. October 31, 1992. Archived from the original on September 4, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  177. ^ "Remarks on Arrival in Louisville, Kentucky". Presidency.ucsb.edu. November 2, 1992. Archived from the original on September 4, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  178. ^ "Remarks to the Community in Enid, Oklahoma". Presidency.ucsb.edu. September 17, 1992. Archived from the original on September 7, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  179. ^ a b c d e f g h "Remarks to the Community in Sioux Falls, South Dakota". Presidency.ucsb.edu. October 25, 1992. Archived from the original on September 4, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  180. ^ a b c "Remarks to the Community in Dover, Delaware". Presidency.ucsb.edu. October 5, 1992. Archived from the original on September 5, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  181. ^ a b "Remarks to the Ace Hardware Convention in Denver, Colorado". Presidency.ucsb.edu. October 26, 1992. Archived from the original on September 4, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  182. ^ a b c "Remarks to the Community in Spartanburg, South Carolina". Presidency.ucsb.edu. October 20, 1992. Archived from the original on September 4, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  183. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Remarks on Arrival in Blountville, Tennessee". Presidency.ucsb.edu. September 29, 1992. Archived from the original on September 5, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  184. ^ a b c d e f "Remarks at the Bush-Quayle Campaign Kickoff in Bethesda, Maryland". Presidency.ucsb.edu. February 24, 1992. Archived from the original on September 7, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  185. ^ "Remarks to the Community in Baton Rouge, Louisiana". Presidency.ucsb.edu. November 2, 1992. Archived from the original on April 17, 2024. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  186. ^ a b c d "Remarks to the Community in Gastonia, North Carolina". Presidency.ucsb.edu. October 21, 1992. Archived from the original on September 4, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  187. ^ a b "Remarks at a Miami Valley Rally in Kettering, Ohio". Presidency.ucsb.edu. October 26, 1992. Archived from the original on September 4, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  188. ^ a b "Remarks to the Community in Macomb County, Michigan". Presidency.ucsb.edu. October 29, 1992. Archived from the original on September 4, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  189. ^ a b c d "Remarks to the Briarcliff Father and Son Athletic Association in Glenolden, Pennsylvania". Presidency.ucsb.edu. November 2, 1992. Archived from the original on September 4, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  190. ^ a b "Remarks to Motorola Employees in Schaumburg, Illinois". Presidency.ucsb.edu. September 25, 1992. Archived from the original on September 7, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  191. ^ a b c "Remarks to the Community in Montgomery, Alabama". Presidency.ucsb.edu. October 24, 1992. Archived from the original on September 4, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  192. ^ a b c d e "Remarks to the Community in Stratford, Connecticut". Presidency.ucsb.edu. November 1, 1992. Archived from the original on September 4, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  193. ^ a b "Remarks to the Community in Madison, New Jersey". Presidency.ucsb.edu. November 2, 1992. Archived from the original on September 4, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  194. ^ a b "Remarks to the Community in Marysville, Ohio". Presidency.ucsb.edu. September 26, 1992. Archived from the original on September 5, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  195. ^ a b "Remarks at the East Dallas Renaissance Neighborhood Project in Dallas, Texas". Presidency.ucsb.edu. September 28, 1992. Archived from the original on September 5, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  196. ^ a b "Remarks to the Community in Sussex, Wisconsin". Presidency.ucsb.edu. October 31, 1992. Archived from the original on September 4, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  197. ^ a b "Remarks on Arrival in Akron, Ohio". Presidency.ucsb.edu. November 2, 1992. Archived from the original on September 4, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  198. ^ a b "Remarks at a Laurel County Rally in London, Kentucky". Presidency.ucsb.edu. October 23, 1992. Archived from the original on September 4, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  199. ^ a b "Remarks to the Community in Ridgewood, New Jersey". Presidency.ucsb.edu. October 22, 1992. Archived from the original on September 4, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  200. ^ "Remarks on Arrival in Trenton, New Jersey". Presidency.ucsb.edu. October 22, 1992. Archived from the original on September 4, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  201. ^ a b c d "Remarks at a Rally in Columbus, Ohio". Presidency.ucsb.edu. October 28, 1992. Archived from the original on September 4, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  202. ^ "Remarks on Arrival in Greenville, Mississippi". Presidency.ucsb.edu. September 22, 1992. Archived from the original on September 7, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  203. ^ "Remarks to the Community in Holland, Michigan". Presidency.ucsb.edu. October 12, 1992. Archived from the original on September 5, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  204. ^ a b "Remarks at a Rally in Toledo, Ohio". Presidency.ucsb.edu. October 28, 1992. Archived from the original on September 4, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  205. ^ a b "Remarks to the Community in Auburn Hills, Michigan". Presidency.ucsb.edu. November 1, 1992. Archived from the original on September 4, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  206. ^ a b c d e f "Perot, Economy Cool Hollywood Push for Clinton : Art and Politics: In 1988, Dukakis Got a Warm Welcome in Traditionally Democratic Filmland, but Times Have Changed". Los Angeles Times. July 3, 1992. Archived from the original on April 7, 2024. Retrieved April 7, 2024.
  207. ^ a b c d "Remarks to the Community in Nashville, Tennessee". Presidency.ucsb.edu. September 29, 1992. Archived from the original on September 5, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  208. ^ a b c "Remarks at a Post-Debate Rally in Lansing, Michigan". Presidency.ucsb.edu. October 19, 1992. Archived from the original on September 4, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  209. ^ "Black Celebrities Have a Long History of Endorsing Republican Presidents". The Washington Post. November 3, 2020. Archived from the original on June 30, 2023. Retrieved April 7, 2024.
  210. ^ a b "Remarks to the Community in St. Louis". Presidency.ucsb.edu. October 11, 1992. Archived from the original on September 5, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  211. ^ "Remarks on Arrival in Knoxville, Tennessee". Presidency.ucsb.edu. September 29, 1992. Archived from the original on September 5, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_H._W._Bush_1992_presidential_campaign&oldid=1257908485"