Boron trifluoride
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| Names | |||
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| IUPAC name
Boron trifluoride
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| Systematic IUPAC name
Trifluoroborane | |||
| Other names
Boron fluoride, Trifluoroborane
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| Identifiers | |||
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3D model (JSmol)
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| ChEBI | |||
| ChemSpider | |||
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.028.699 | ||
| EC Number |
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PubChem CID
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| RTECS number |
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| UNII | |||
| UN number | compressed: 1008. boron trifluoride dihydrate: 2851. | ||
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |||
| BF3 | |||
| Molar mass | 67.82 g/mol (anhydrous) 103.837 g/mol (dihydrate) | ||
| Appearance | colorless gas (anhydrous) colorless liquid (dihydrate) | ||
| Odor | Pungent | ||
| Density | 0.00276 g/cm3 (anhydrous gas) 1.64 g/cm3 (dihydrate) | ||
| Melting point | −126.8 °C (−196.2 °F; 146.3 K) | ||
| Boiling point | −100.3 °C (−148.5 °F; 172.8 K) | ||
| exothermic decomposition [1] (anhydrous) very soluble (dihydrate) | |||
| Solubility | soluble in benzene, toluene, hexane, chloroform and methylene chloride | ||
| Vapor pressure | >50 atm (20 °C)[2] | ||
| 0 D | |||
| Thermochemistry | |||
Heat capacity (C)
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50.46 J/(mol·K) | ||
Std molar
entropy (S⦵298) |
254.3 J/(mol·K) | ||
Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH⦵298) |
−1137 kJ/mol | ||
Gibbs free energy (ΔfG⦵)
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−1120 kJ/mol | ||
| Hazards[4][5] | |||
| GHS labelling: | |||
  
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| Danger | |||
| H314, H330, H335, H373 | |||
| P260, P280, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P403+P233 | |||
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |||
| Flash point | Nonflammable | ||
| Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |||
LC50 (median concentration)
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1227 ppm (mouse, 2 hr) 39 ppm (guinea pig, 4 hr) 418 ppm (rat, 4 hr)[3] | ||
| NIOSH (US health exposure limits): | |||
PEL (Permissible)
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C 1 ppm (3 mg/m3)[2] | ||
REL (Recommended)
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C 1 ppm (3 mg/m3)[2] | ||
IDLH (Immediate danger)
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25 ppm[2] | ||
| Safety data sheet (SDS) | ICSC | ||
| Related compounds | |||
Other anions
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Other cations
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Related compounds
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Boron monofluoride | ||
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Boron trifluoride is the inorganic compound with the formula BF3. This pungent, colourless, and toxic gas forms white fumes in moist air. It is a useful Lewis acid and a versatile building block for other boron compounds.
Structure and bonding
[edit]The geometry of a molecule of BF3 is trigonal planar. Its D3h symmetry conforms with the prediction of VSEPR theory. The molecule has no dipole moment by virtue of its high symmetry. The molecule is isoelectronic with the carbonate anion, CO2−3.
BF3 is commonly referred to as "electron deficient," a description that is reinforced by its exothermic reactivity toward Lewis bases.
In the boron trihalides, BX3, the length of the B–X bonds (1.30 Å) is shorter than would be expected for single bonds,[7] and this shortness may indicate stronger B–X π-bonding in the fluoride. A facile explanation invokes the symmetry-allowed overlap of a p orbital on the boron atom with the in-phase combination of the three similarly oriented p orbitals on fluorine atoms.[7] Others point to the ionic nature of the bonds in BF3.[8]
Synthesis and handling
[edit]BF3 is manufactured by the reaction of boron oxides with hydrogen fluoride:
- B2O3 + 6 HF → 2 BF3 + 3 H2O
Typically the HF is produced in situ from sulfuric acid and fluorite (CaF2).[9] Approximately 2300-4500 tonnes of boron trifluoride are produced every year.[10]
Laboratory scale
[edit]For laboratory scale reactions, BF3 is usually produced in situ using boron trifluoride etherate, which is a commercially available liquid.
Laboratory routes to the solvent-free materials are numerous. A well documented route involves the thermal decomposition of diazonium salts of [BF4]−:[11]
Alternatively it arises from the reaction of sodium tetrafluoroborate, boron trioxide, and sulfuric acid:[12]
- 6 Na[BF4] + B2O3 + 6 H2SO4 → 8 BF3 + 6 NaHSO4 + 3 H2O
Properties
[edit]Anhydrous boron trifluoride has a boiling point of −100.3 °C and a critical temperature of −12.3 °C, so that it can be stored as a refrigerated liquid only between those temperatures. Storage or transport vessels should be designed to withstand internal pressure, since a refrigeration system failure could cause pressures to rise to the critical pressure of 49.85 bar (4.985 MPa).[13]
Boron trifluoride is corrosive. Suitable metals for equipment handling boron trifluoride include stainless steel, monel, and hastelloy. In presence of moisture it corrodes steel, including stainless steel. It reacts with polyamides. Polytetrafluoroethylene, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, and polypropylene show satisfactory resistance. The grease used in the equipment should be fluorocarbon based, as boron trifluoride reacts with the hydrocarbon-based ones.[14]
Reactions
[edit]Unlike the aluminium and gallium trihalides, the boron trihalides are all monomeric. They undergo rapid halide exchange reactions:
- BF3 + BCl3 → BF2Cl + BCl2F
Because of the facility of this exchange process, the mixed halides cannot be obtained in pure form.
Boron trifluoride is a versatile Lewis acid that forms adducts with such Lewis bases as fluoride and ethers:
- CsF + BF3 → Cs[BF4]
- O(CH2CH3)2 + BF3 → BF3·O(CH2CH3)2
Tetrafluoroborate salts are commonly employed as non-coordinating anions. The adduct with diethyl ether, boron trifluoride diethyl etherate, or just boron trifluoride etherate, (BF3·O(CH2CH3)2) is a conveniently handled liquid and consequently is widely encountered as a laboratory source of BF3.[15] Another common adduct is the adduct with dimethyl sulfide (BF3·S(CH3)2), which can be handled as a neat liquid.[16]
Comparative Lewis acidity
[edit]All three lighter boron trihalides, BX3 (X = F, Cl, Br) form stable adducts with common Lewis bases. Their relative Lewis acidities can be evaluated in terms of the relative exothermicities of the adduct-forming reaction. Such measurements have revealed the following sequence for the Lewis acidity:
- BF3 < BCl3 < BBr3 < BI3 (strongest Lewis acid)
This trend is commonly attributed to the degree of π-bonding in the planar boron trihalide that would be lost upon pyramidalization of the BX3 molecule.[17] which follows this trend:
- BF3 > BCl3 > BBr3 < BI3 (most easily pyramidalized)
The criteria for evaluating the relative strength of π-bonding are not clear, however.[7] One suggestion is that the F atom is small compared to the larger Cl and Br atoms. As a consequence, the bond length between boron and the halogen increases while going from fluorine to iodine hence spatial overlap between the orbitals becomes more difficult. The lone pair electron in pz of F is readily and easily donated and overlapped to empty pz orbital of boron. As a result, the pi donation of F is greater than that of Cl or Br.
In an alternative explanation, the low Lewis acidity for BF3 is attributed to the relative weakness of the bond in the adducts F3B−L.[18][19]
Yet another explanation might be found in the fact that the pz orbitals in each higher period have an extra nodal plane and opposite signs of the wave function on each side of that plane. This results in bonding and antibonding regions within the same bond, diminishing the effective overlap and so lowering the π-donating blockage of the acidity.[20]
Hydrolysis
[edit]Boron trifluoride reacts with water to give boric acid and fluoroboric acid. The reaction commences with the formation of the aquo adduct, H2O−BF3, which then loses HF that gives fluoroboric acid with boron trifluoride.[21]
- 4 BF3 + 3 H2O → 3 H[BF4] + B(OH)3
The heavier trihalides do not undergo analogous reactions, possibly due to the lower stability of the tetrahedral ions [BCl4]− and [BBr4]−. Because of the high acidity of fluoroboric acid, the fluoroborate ion can be used to isolate particularly electrophilic cations, such as diazonium ions, that are otherwise difficult to isolate as solids.
Uses
[edit]Organic chemistry
[edit]Boron trifluoride is most importantly used as a reagent in organic synthesis, typically as a Lewis acid.[10][22] Examples include:
- initiates polymerisation reactions of unsaturated compounds, such as polyethers
- as a catalyst in some isomerization, acylation,[23] alkylation, esterification, dehydration,[24] condensation, Mukaiyama aldol addition, and other reactions[25][citation needed]
Niche uses
[edit]Other, less common uses for boron trifluoride include:
- applied as dopant in ion implantation
- p-type dopant for epitaxially grown silicon
- used in sensitive neutron detectors in ionization chambers and devices to monitor radiation levels in the Earth's atmosphere
- in fumigation
- as a flux for soldering magnesium
- to prepare diborane[12]
Discovery
[edit]Boron trifluoride was discovered in 1808 by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis Jacques Thénard, who were trying to isolate "fluoric acid" (i.e., hydrofluoric acid) by combining calcium fluoride with vitrified boric acid. The resulting vapours failed to etch glass, so they named it fluoboric gas.[26][27]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Prudent Practices in the Laboratory. 16 August 1995. doi:10.17226/4911. ISBN 978-0-309-05229-0. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help) - ^ a b c d NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0062". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
- ^ "Boron trifluoride". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
- ^ Index no. 005-001-00-X of Annex VI, Part 3, to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures, amending and repealing Directives 67/548/EEC and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006. OJEU L353, 31.12.2008, pp 1–1355 at p 341.
- ^ "Boron trifluoride", Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NIOSH) Publication No. 2005-149, Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2005, ISBN 9780160727511.
- ^ Inc, New Environment. "New Environment Inc. - NFPA Chemicals". www.newenv.com. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
{{cite web}}:|last=has generic name (help) - ^ a b c Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
- ^ Gillespie, Ronald J. (1998). "Covalent and Ionic Molecules: Why Are BeF2 and AlF3 High Melting Point Solids whereas BF3 and SiF4 Are Gases?". Journal of Chemical Education. 75 (7): 923. Bibcode:1998JChEd..75..923G. doi:10.1021/ed075p923.
- ^ Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. (2001). Inorganic Chemistry. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.
- ^ a b Brotherton, R. J.; Weber, C. J.; Guibert, C. R.; Little, J. L. "Boron Compounds". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a04_309. ISBN 978-3527306732.
- ^ Flood, D. T. (1933). "Fluorobenzene". Organic Syntheses. 13: 46; Collected Volumes, vol. 2, p. 295.
- ^ a b Brauer, Georg (1963). Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). New York: Academic Press. p. 220 & 773. ISBN 978-0121266011.
- ^ Yaws, C. L., ed. (1999). Chemical Properties Handbook. McGraw-Hill. p. 25.
- ^ "Boron trifluoride". Gas Encyclopedia. Air Liquide. 2016-12-15. Archived from the original on 2006-12-06.
- ^ Cornel, Veronica; Lovely, Carl J. (2007). "Boron Trifluoride Etherate". Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. doi:10.1002/9780470842898.rb249.pub2. ISBN 978-0471936237. S2CID 100921225.
- ^ Heaney, Harry (2001). "Boron Trifluoride-Dimethyl Sulfide". Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rb247. ISBN 0471936235.
- ^ Cotton, F. Albert; Wilkinson, Geoffrey; Murillo, Carlos A.; Bochmann, Manfred (1999), Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (6th ed.), New York: Wiley-Interscience, ISBN 0-471-19957-5
- ^ Boorman, P. M.; Potts, D. (1974). "Group V Chalcogenide Complexes of Boron Trihalides". Canadian Journal of Chemistry. 52 (11): 2016–2020. doi:10.1139/v74-291.
- ^ Brinck, T.; Murray, J. S.; Politzer, P. (1993). "A Computational Analysis of the Bonding in Boron Trifluoride and Boron Trichloride and their Complexes with Ammonia". Inorganic Chemistry. 32 (12): 2622–2625. doi:10.1021/ic00064a008.
- ^ Here on Wikipedia an easy to understand table is found, which shows drawings of the several higher p orbitals.
- ^ Wamser, C. A. (1951). "Equilibria in the System Boron Trifluoride–Water at 25°". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 73 (1): 409–416. doi:10.1021/ja01145a134.
- ^ Heaney, H. (2001). "Boron Trifluoride". Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rb250. ISBN 0-471-93623-5.
- ^ Mani, Rama I.; Erbert, Larry H.; Manise, Daniel (1991). "Boron Trifluoride in the Synthesis of Plant Phenolics: Synthesis of Phenolic Ketones and Phenyl Stryl Ketones" (PDF). Journal of Tennessee Academy of Science. 66 (1): 1–8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 October 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
- ^ Sowa, F. J.; Hennion, G. F.; Nieuwland, J. A. (1935). "Organic Reactions with Boron Fluoride. IX. The Alkylation of Phenol with Alcohols". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 57 (4): 709–711. doi:10.1021/ja01307a034.
- ^ "Boron Trifluoride (BF3) Applications". Honeywell. Archived from the original on 2012-01-29.
- ^ Gay-Lussac, J. L.; Thénard, L. J. (1809). "Sur l'acide fluorique". Annales de Chimie. 69: 204–220.
- ^ Gay-Lussac, J. L.; Thénard, L. J. (1809). "Des propriétés de l'acide fluorique et sur-tout de son action sur le métal de la potasse". Mémoires de Physique et de Chimie de la Société d'Arcueil. 2: 317–331.
External links
[edit]- "Safety and Health Topics: Boron Trifluoride". OSHA.
- "BORON TRIFLUORIDE ICSC: 0231". International Chemical Safety Cards. CDC. Archived from the original on 2017-11-23. Retrieved 2017-09-08.
- "Boron & Compounds: Overview". National Pollutant Inventory. Australian Government.
- "Fluoride Compounds: Overview". National Pollutant Inventory. Australian Government.
- "Boron trifluoride". WebBook. NIST.
- "Boron Trifluoride (BF3) Applications". Honeywell. Archived from the original on 2012-01-29. Retrieved 2012-02-14.