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Waldviertel (National Council electoral district)

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Waldviertel
Electoral District
for the National Council
Outline map
Location of Waldviertel within Austria
District
List
StateLower Austria
Population215,838 (2024)[1]
Electorate177,574 (2019)
Area4,615 km2 (2023)[2]
Current Electoral District
Created1994
Seats5 (1994–present)
Members[3]
List
  •   Lukas Brandweiner (ÖVP)
  •   Martina Diesner-Wais (ÖVP)

Waldviertel, also known as Electoral District 3B (German: Wahlkreis 3B), is one of the 39 multi-member regional electoral districts of the National Council, the lower house of the Austrian Parliament, the national legislature of Austria. The electoral district was created in 1992 when electoral regulations were amended to add regional electoral districts to the existing state-wide electoral districts and came into being at the following legislative election in 1994. It consists of the city of Krems an der Donau and the districts of Gmünd, Horn, Krems an der Donau, Waidhofen an der Thaya and Zwettl in the state of Lower Austria. The electoral district currently elects five of the 183 members of the National Council using the open party-list proportional representation electoral system. At the 2019 legislative election the constituency had 177,574 registered electors.

History

[edit]

Waldviertel was one 43 regional electoral districts (regionalwahlkreise) established by the "National Council Electoral Regulations 1992" (Nationalrats-Wahlordnung 1992) passed by the National Council in 1992.[4] It consisted of the city of Krems an der Donau and the districts of Gmünd, Horn, Krems an der Donau, Waidhofen an der Thaya and Zwettl in the state of Lower Austria.[5] The district was initially allocated five seats in May 1993.[6]

Electoral system

[edit]

Waldviertel currently elects five of the 183 members of the National Council using the open party-list proportional representation electoral system.[7][8][9] The allocation of seats is carried out in three stages.[10] In the first stage, seats are allocated to parties (lists) at the regional level using a state-wide Hare quota (wahlzahl) (valid votes in the state divided by the number of seats in the state).[11][12] In the second stage, seats are allocated to parties at the state/provincial level using the state-wide Hare quota (any seats won by the party at the regional stage are subtracted from the party's state seats).[11][12] In the third and final stage, seats are allocated to parties at the federal/national level using the D'Hondt method (any seats won by the party at the regional and state stages are subtracted from the party's federal seats).[11][12] Only parties that reach the 4% national threshold, or have won a seat at the regional stage, compete for seats at the state and federal stages.[11][12]

Electors may cast one preferential vote for individual candidates at the regional, state and federal levels.[12] Split-ticket voting (panachage), or voting for more than one candidate at each level, is not permitted and will result in the ballot paper being invalidated.[12][13] At the regional level, candidates must receive preferential votes amounting to at least 14% of the valid votes cast for their party to over-ride the order of the party list (10% and 7% respectively for the state and federal levels).[13] Prior to April 2013 electors could not cast preferential votes at the federal level and the thresholds candidates needed to over-ride the party list order were higher at the regional level (half the Hare quota or 1⁄6 of the party votes) and state level (Hare quota).[12][14][15]

Election results

[edit]

Summary

[edit]
Election Communists
KPÖ+ / KPÖ		 Social Democrats
SPÖ		 Greens
GRÜNE		 NEOS
NEOS / LiF		 People's
ÖVP		 Freedom
FPÖ
Votes % Seats Votes % Seats Votes % Seats Votes % Seats Votes % Seats Votes % Seats
2019 596 0.42% 0 23,217 16.28% 0 12,211 8.56% 0 8,926 6.26% 0 72,307 50.70% 2 22,976 16.11% 0
2017 664 0.44% 0 30,829 20.51% 1 3,412 2.27% 0 6,036 4.02% 0 63,820 42.46% 2 38,849 25.85% 1
2013 1,016 0.70% 0 35,295 24.19% 1 11,339 7.77% 0 4,817 3.30% 0 58,886 40.36% 2 24,284 16.64% 0
2008 932 0.62% 0 39,802 26.39% 1 9,425 6.25% 0 1,667 1.11% 0 64,012 42.45% 2 23,007 15.26% 0
2006 970 0.66% 0 45,282 30.61% 1 10,217 6.91% 0 72,561 49.05% 2 11,797 7.97% 0
2002 667 0.44% 0 45,840 30.33% 1 7,895 5.22% 0 963 0.64% 0 85,937 56.85% 3 9,851 6.52% 0
1999 460 0.32% 0 41,794 28.79% 1 6,841 4.71% 0 2,733 1.88% 0 60,613 41.75% 2 30,701 21.15% 1
1995 342 0.23% 0 48,714 32.70% 1 4,403 2.96% 0 5,462 3.67% 0 63,207 42.43% 2 25,233 16.94% 0
1994 313 0.21% 0 43,238 29.67% 1 6,433 4.41% 0 6,060 4.16% 0 62,805 43.10% 2 25,179 17.28% 0

Detailed

[edit]

2010s

[edit]
2019
[edit]

Results of the 2019 legislative election held on 29 September 2019:[16][17]

Party Votes per district Total
Votes		 % Seats
Gmünd Horn Krems
an der
Donau
City		 Krems
an der
Donau		 Waid-
hofen
an der
Thaya		 Zwettl Voting
card
Austrian People's Party ÖVP 11,106 11,382 5,263 18,692 9,072 16,623 169 72,307 50.70% 2
Social Democratic Party of Austria SPÖ 5,552 2,959 2,850 6,051 2,422 3,305 78 23,217 16.28% 0
Freedom Party of Austria FPÖ 3,789 3,099 2,014 5,980 3,175 4,852 67 22,976 16.11% 0
The Greens GRÜNE 1,607 1,625 1,853 3,793 1,249 1,928 156 12,211 8.56% 0
NEOS NEOS 1,182 1,180 1,127 2,789 909 1,660 79 8,926 6.26% 0
JETZT JETZT 308 236 249 497 224 283 27 1,824 1.28% 0
KPÖ Plus KPÖ+ 88 66 105 154 87 93 3 596 0.42% 0
Der Wandel WANDL 88 81 70 145 74 89 4 551 0.39% 0
Valid Votes 23,720 20,628 13,531 38,101 17,212 28,833 583 142,608 100.00% 2
Rejected Votes 487 336 172 668 330 579 6 2,578 1.78%
Total Polled 24,207 20,964 13,703 38,769 17,542 29,412 589 145,186 81.76%
Registered Electors 30,485 25,601 18,070 46,078 21,927 35,413 177,574
Turnout 79.41% 81.89% 75.83% 84.14% 80.00% 83.05% 81.76%

The following candidates were elected:[18][19]

2017
[edit]

Results of the 2017 legislative election held on 15 October 2017:[20][21]

Party Votes per district Total
Votes		 % Seats
Gmünd Horn Krems
an der
Donau
City		 Krems
an der
Donau		 Waid-
hofen
an der
Thaya		 Zwettl Voting
card
Austrian People's Party ÖVP 9,406 10,332 4,648 16,267 7,987 14,992 188 63,820 42.46% 2
Freedom Party of Austria FPÖ 6,681 5,361 3,500 10,000 5,294 7,880 133 38,849 25.85% 1
Social Democratic Party of Austria SPÖ 6,743 3,794 4,236 8,173 3,195 4,541 147 30,829 20.51% 1
NEOS NEOS 806 872 750 1,864 615 1,066 63 6,036 4.02% 0
Peter Pilz List PILZ 680 592 665 1,407 515 656 80 4,595 3.06% 0
The Greens GRÜNE 458 430 460 1,051 364 598 51 3,412 2.27% 0
My Vote Counts! GILT 240 256 169 455 167 276 12 1,575 1.05% 0
Communist Party of Austria KPÖ 98 75 129 180 76 92 14 664 0.44% 0
The Whites WEIßE 50 26 17 90 39 51 0 273 0.18% 0
Free List Austria FLÖ 56 27 13 55 38 48 0 237 0.16% 0
Valid Votes 25,218 21,765 14,587 39,542 18,290 30,200 688 150,290 100.00% 4
Rejected Votes 428 315 178 579 316 499 4 2,319 1.52%
Total Polled 25,646 22,080 14,765 40,121 18,606 30,699 692 152,609 85.28%
Registered Electors 30,884 25,788 18,158 46,201 22,156 35,771 178,958
Turnout 83.04% 85.62% 81.31% 86.84% 83.98% 85.82% 85.28%

The following candidates were elected:[22][23]

Substitutions:

  • Angela Fichtinger (ÖVP) resigned on 11 June 2019 and was replaced by Lukas Brandweiner (ÖVP) on 12 June 2019.[24]
  • Walter Rosenkranz (FPÖ) resigned on 30 June 2019 and was replaced by Alois Kainz (FPÖ) on 1 July 2019.[25]
2013
[edit]

Results of the 2013 legislative election held on 29 September 2013:[26][27]

Party Votes per district Total
Votes		 % Seats
Gmünd Horn Krems
an der
Donau
City		 Krems
an der
Donau		 Waid-
hofen
an der
Thaya		 Zwettl Voting
card
Austrian People's Party ÖVP 8,904 9,734 3,504 14,219 7,611 14,794 120 58,886 40.36% 2
Social Democratic Party of Austria SPÖ 8,288 4,584 4,197 9,051 3,848 5,245 82 35,295 24.19% 1
Freedom Party of Austria FPÖ 3,927 3,223 2,629 6,398 3,198 4,837 72 24,284 16.64% 0
The Greens GRÜNE 1,501 1,560 1,648 3,378 1,244 1,895 113 11,339 7.77% 0
Team Stronach FRANK 1,129 829 559 1,541 825 1,118 20 6,021 4.13% 0
NEOS NEOS 582 680 668 1,523 467 841 56 4,817 3.30% 0
Alliance for the Future of Austria BZÖ 513 498 366 979 382 639 19 3,396 2.33% 0
Pirate Party of Austria PIRAT 141 103 90 260 97 162 6 859 0.59% 0
Communist Party of Austria KPÖ 168 98 225 268 104 147 6 1,016 0.70% 0
Valid Votes 25,153 21,309 13,886 37,617 17,776 29,678 494 145,913 100.00% 3
Rejected Votes 701 537 261 997 508 896 9 3,909 2.61%
Total Polled 25,854 21,846 14,147 38,614 18,284 30,574 503 149,822 82.61%
Registered Electors 31,677 26,065 18,604 45,978 22,675 36,353 181,352
Turnout 81.62% 83.81% 76.04% 83.98% 80.64% 84.10% 82.61%

The following candidates were elected:[28][29]

2000s

[edit]
2008
[edit]

Results of the 2008 legislative election held on 28 September 2008:[30][31]

Party Votes per district Total
Votes		 % Seats
Gmünd Horn Krems
an der
Donau
City		 Krems
an der
Donau		 Waid-
hofen
an der
Thaya		 Zwettl Voting
card
Austrian People's Party ÖVP 9,320 10,519 4,018 15,531 8,491 15,690 443 64,012 42.45% 2
Social Democratic Party of Austria SPÖ 9,627 5,183 4,600 9,865 4,439 5,810 278 39,802 26.39% 1
Freedom Party of Austria FPÖ 3,745 2,800 2,541 6,083 3,030 4,557 251 23,007 15.26% 0
The Greens GRÜNE 1,308 1,319 1,401 2,554 1,051 1,574 218 9,425 6.25% 0
Alliance for the Future of Austria BZÖ 1,450 1,123 847 2,207 935 1,790 86 8,438 5.60% 0
Fritz Dinkhauser List – Citizens' Forum Tyrol FRITZ 226 234 209 581 191 363 24 1,828 1.21% 0
Liberal Forum LiF 208 222 299 496 159 244 39 1,667 1.11% 0
Independent Citizens' Initiative Save Austria RETTÖ 134 129 106 287 110 199 18 983 0.65% 0
Communist Party of Austria KPÖ 169 82 217 224 106 120 14 932 0.62% 0
The Christians DC 137 101 61 134 75 189 9 706 0.47% 0
Valid Votes 26,324 21,712 14,299 37,962 18,587 30,536 1,380 150,800 100.00% 3
Rejected Votes 863 575 323 1,105 614 1,105 22 4,607 2.96%
Total Polled 27,187 22,287 14,622 39,067 19,201 31,641 1,402 155,407 85.64%
Registered Electors 32,129 26,056 18,700 45,078 22,900 36,603 181,466
Turnout 84.62% 85.54% 78.19% 86.67% 83.85% 86.44% 85.64%

The following candidates were elected:[32][33]

2006
[edit]

Results of the 2006 legislative election held on 1 October 2006:[34][35]

Party Votes per district Total
Votes		 % Seats
Gmünd Horn Krems
an der
Donau
City		 Krems
an der
Donau		 Waid-
hofen
an der
Thaya		 Zwettl Voting
card
Austrian People's Party ÖVP 10,189 11,443 4,620 17,374 9,296 17,344 2,295 72,561 49.05% 2
Social Democratic Party of Austria SPÖ 10,850 5,737 5,139 10,749 5,023 6,570 1,214 45,282 30.61% 1
Freedom Party of Austria FPÖ 1,761 1,349 1,460 3,050 1,402 2,357 418 11,797 7.97% 0
The Greens GRÜNE 1,240 1,328 1,549 2,499 1,006 1,632 963 10,217 6.91% 0
Hans-Peter Martin's List MATIN 669 512 431 988 490 718 139 3,947 2.67% 0
Alliance for the Future of Austria BZÖ 567 379 337 820 392 560 116 3,171 2.14% 0
Communist Party of Austria KPÖ 147 109 168 213 125 167 41 970 0.66% 0
Valid Votes 25,423 20,857 13,704 35,693 17,734 29,348 5,186 147,945 100.00% 3
Rejected Votes 773 526 303 891 544 906 57 4,000 2.63%
Total Polled 26,196 21,383 14,007 36,584 18,278 30,254 5,243 151,945 86.63%
Registered Electors 31,348 25,123 18,168 43,196 22,117 35,440 175,392
Turnout 83.57% 85.11% 77.10% 84.69% 82.64% 85.37% 86.63%

The following candidates were elected:[36][37]

2002
[edit]

Results of the 2002 legislative election held on 24 November 2002:[38][39]

Party Votes per district Total
Votes		 % Seats
Gmünd Horn Krems
an der
Donau
City		 Krems
an der
Donau		 Waid-
hofen
an der
Thaya		 Zwettl Voting
card
Austrian People's Party ÖVP 12,393 13,067 6,348 20,590 11,117 20,148 2,274 85,937 56.85% 3
Social Democratic Party of Austria SPÖ 11,244 5,689 5,513 10,725 5,039 6,517 1,113 45,840 30.33% 1
Freedom Party of Austria FPÖ 1,645 1,234 1,124 2,344 1,360 1,872 272 9,851 6.52% 0
The Greens GRÜNE 1,030 997 1,255 1,897 775 1,148 793 7,895 5.22% 0
Liberal Forum LiF 140 129 132 237 124 135 66 963 0.64% 0
Communist Party of Austria KPÖ 114 67 133 148 74 115 16 667 0.44% 0
Valid Votes 26,566 21,183 14,505 35,941 18,489 29,935 4,534 151,153 100.00% 4
Rejected Votes 648 367 231 677 402 620 37 2,982 1.93%
Total Polled 27,214 21,550 14,736 36,618 18,891 30,555 4,571 154,135 89.50%
Registered Electors 31,237 24,700 17,875 41,927 21,909 34,566 172,214
Turnout 87.12% 87.25% 82.44% 87.34% 86.22% 88.40% 89.50%

The following candidates were elected:[40][41]

1990s

[edit]
1999
[edit]

Results of the 1999 legislative election held on 3 October 1999:[42][43]

Party Votes per district Total
Votes		 % Seats
Gmünd Horn Krems
an der
Donau
City		 Krems
an der
Donau		 Waid-
hofen
an der
Thaya		 Zwettl Voting
card
Austrian People's Party ÖVP 8,694 9,779 3,697 13,880 8,040 14,887 1,636 60,613 41.75% 2
Social Democratic Party of Austria SPÖ 9,941 5,104 4,763 9,760 4,708 6,290 1,228 41,794 28.79% 1
Freedom Party of Austria FPÖ 5,164 3,982 3,528 7,642 3,764 5,750 871 30,701 21.15% 1
The Greens GRÜNE 987 844 983 1,652 743 1,131 501 6,841 4.71% 0
Liberal Forum LiF 352 300 470 709 245 344 313 2,733 1.88% 0
The Independents DU 235 160 210 368 155 205 34 1,367 0.94% 0
No to NATO and EU –
Neutral Austria Citizens' Initiative		 NEIN 150 69 61 128 86 155 13 662 0.46% 0
Communist Party of Austria KPÖ 68 45 113 100 46 70 18 460 0.32% 0
Valid Votes 25,591 20,283 13,825 34,239 17,787 28,832 4,614 145,171 100.00% 4
Rejected Votes 692 472 247 740 453 737 40 3,381 2.28%
Total Polled 26,283 20,755 14,072 34,979 18,240 29,569 4,654 148,552 86.31%
Registered Electors 31,525 24,707 18,078 41,136 21,979 34,693 172,118
Turnout 83.37% 84.00% 77.84% 85.03% 82.99% 85.23% 86.31%

The following candidates were elected:[44][45]

1995
[edit]

Results of the 1995 legislative election held on 17 December 1995:[46][47]

Party Votes per district Total
Votes		 % Seats
Gmünd Horn Krems
an der
Donau
City		 Krems
an der
Donau		 Waid-
hofen
an der
Thaya		 Zwettl Voting
card
Austrian People's Party ÖVP 9,026 10,335 4,031 14,533 8,226 15,410 1,646 63,207 42.43% 2
Social Democratic Party of Austria SPÖ 11,847 6,078 5,902 11,001 5,505 7,241 1,140 48,714 32.70% 1
Freedom Party of Austria FPÖ 4,267 3,299 2,811 6,095 3,215 4,841 705 25,233 16.94% 0
Liberal Forum LiF 697 717 1,004 1,351 521 738 434 5,462 3.67% 0
The Greens GRÜNE 632 530 687 965 448 694 447 4,403 2.96% 0
No – Civic Action Group
Against the Sale of Austria		 NEIN 317 169 138 331 219 391 46 1,611 1.08% 0
Communist Party of Austria KPÖ 38 25 111 72 44 44 8 342 0.23% 0
Valid Votes 26,824 21,153 14,684 34,348 18,178 29,359 4,426 148,972 100.00% 3
Rejected Votes 857 523 355 912 571 844 33 4,095 2.68%
Total Polled 27,681 21,676 15,039 35,260 18,749 30,203 4,459 153,067 88.97%
Registered Electors 31,874 25,014 17,955 40,593 22,021 34,578 172,035
Turnout 86.85% 86.66% 83.76% 86.86% 85.14% 87.35% 88.97%

The following candidates were elected:[48][49]

1994
[edit]

Results of the 1994 legislative election held on 9 October 1994:[50][51]

Party Votes per district Total
Votes		 % Seats
Gmünd Horn Krems
an der
Donau
City		 Krems
an der
Donau		 Waid-
hofen
an der
Thaya		 Zwettl Voting
card
Austrian People's Party ÖVP 9,110 10,188 3,853 14,222 8,391 15,633 1,408 62,805 43.10% 2
Social Democratic Party of Austria SPÖ 11,124 5,453 5,070 9,624 4,829 6,183 955 43,238 29.67% 1
Freedom Party of Austria FPÖ 4,070 3,329 2,750 6,173 3,259 4,721 877 25,179 17.28% 0
The Greens GRÜNE 918 822 960 1,473 662 1,101 497 6,433 4.41% 0
Liberal Forum LiF 839 822 1,043 1,564 551 833 408 6,060 4.16% 0
No – Civic Action Group
Against the Sale of Austria		 NEIN 289 143 131 339 210 345 38 1,495 1.03% 0
Communist Party of Austria KPÖ 51 20 116 49 32 36 9 313 0.21% 0
United Greens Austria – List Adi Pinter VGÖ 24 7 13 36 12 26 5 123 0.08% 0
Citizen Greens Austria – Free Democrats BGÖ 13 12 13 16 9 21 2 86 0.06% 0
Valid Votes 26,438 20,796 13,949 33,496 17,955 28,899 4,199 145,732 100.00% 3
Rejected Votes 867 599 356 931 566 807 41 4,167 2.78%
Total Polled 27,305 21,395 14,305 34,427 18,521 29,706 4,240 149,899 86.80%
Registered Electors 32,046 25,125 18,059 40,605 22,091 34,763 172,689
Turnout 85.21% 85.15% 79.21% 84.79% 83.84% 85.45% 86.80%

The following candidates were elected:[52][53]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ ÖVP: 2nd placed candidate Werner Groiß was elected in Lower Austria.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Bevölkerung zu Jahresbeginn nach Politischen Bezirken bzw. Wiener Gemeindebezirken seit 2002" (in German). Vienna, Austria: Statistics Austria. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
  2. ^ "Stadtgebiet nach Nutzungsklassen und Gemeindebezirken" (in German). Vienna, Austria: Municipal Council and Landtag of Vienna. Archived from the original on 25 June 2024. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
  3. ^ "Nationalrat: Abgeordnete zum Nationalrat" (in German). Vienna, Austria: National Council. Retrieved 7 October 2024.
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  5. ^ "471. Bundesgesetz über die Wahl des Nationalrates (Nationalrats-Wahlordnung 1992 — NRWO)" (PDF). Bundesgesetzblatt (in German). Vol. 1992, no. 164. Vienna, Austria. 4 August 1992. p. 1917. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 April 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2024 – via Rechtsinformationssystem des Bundes.
  6. ^ "322. Kundmachung des Bundesministers für Inneres über die Zahl der auf jeden Wahlkreis entfallenden Mandate für die Wahl des Nationalrates" (PDF). Bundesgesetzblatt (in German). Vol. 1993, no. 118. Vienna, Austria. 11 May 1993. p. 2707. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2024 – via Rechtsinformationssystem des Bundes.
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  10. ^ Müller, Wolfgang C. (15 September 2005). "Austria: A Complex Electoral System with Subtle Effects". In Gallagher, Michael; Mitchell, Paul (eds.). The Politics of Electoral Systems. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 396–416. ISBN 9780191603280. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
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  12. ^ a b c d e f g Reimink, Elwin. "Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945: Austria" (PDF). Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945. Jean-Benoit Pilet and Alan Renwick. pp. 7–8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
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  17. ^ "Nationalratswahl 2019: Niederösterreich - Regionalwahlkreis Waldviertel". Bundeswahlen (in German). Vienna, Austria: Ministry of the Interior. Archived from the original on 27 January 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2024.
  18. ^ "Nationalratswahl 2019: Broschüre Landeswahlvorschläge" (PDF) (in German). Vienna, Austria: Ministry of the Interior. p. 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
  19. ^ "Nationalrat seit 1920: Alle Abgeordneten zum Nationalrat seit 1920" (in German). Vienna, Austria: National Council. Retrieved 7 October 2024.
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  21. ^ "Nationalratswahl 2017: Niederösterreich - Regionalwahlkreis Waldviertel". Bundeswahlen (in German). Vienna, Austria: Ministry of the Interior. Archived from the original on 10 July 2022. Retrieved 7 October 2024.
  22. ^ "Nationalratswahl 2017: Landeswahlvorschläge - Landesparteilisten - Regionalparteilisten einschließlich erreichter Vorzugsstimmen" (PDF) (in German). Vienna, Austria: Ministry of the Interior. p. 20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
  23. ^ "Nationalrat seit 1920: Alle Abgeordneten zum Nationalrat seit 1920" (in German). Vienna, Austria: National Council. Retrieved 7 October 2024.
  24. ^ "XXVI. Gesetzgebungsperiode: 80. Sitzung des Nationalrates der Republik Österreich - Mittwoch, 12. Juni 2019" (PDF). Stenographisches Protokoll (in German). Vol. XXVI, no. 80. Vienna, Austria: National Council. 12 June 2019. p. 25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2024. Retrieved 7 October 2024.
  25. ^ "XXVI. Gesetzgebungsperiode: 84. Sitzung des Nationalrates der Republik Österreich - Dienstag, 2. Juli 2019" (PDF). Stenographisches Protokoll (in German). Vol. XXVI, no. 84. Vienna, Austria: National Council. 2 July 2019. p. 32. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 August 2024. Retrieved 7 October 2024.
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