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Costco Wholesale Corporation
Company typePublic
Nasdaq: COST
NASDAQ-100 Component
S&P 100 Component
S&P 500 Component
IndustryRetail
FoundedSeptember 15, 1983; 41 years ago (1983-09-15) (as Costco)
Seattle, Washington, U.S.
FoundersJames Sinegal
Jeffrey Brotman
Headquarters
Issaquah, Washington
,
U.S.
Number of locations
839[1] (2022)
Area served
  • Australia
  • Canada
  • China
  • France
  • Iceland
  • Japan
  • Korea
  • Mexico
  • New Zealand
  • Spain
  • Sweden
  • Puerto Rico
  • Taiwan
  • United Kingdom
  • United States
[2]
Key people
Hamilton E. James
(Chairman)
W. Craig Jelinek
(President and CEO)
BrandsKirkland Signature
ServicesMerchandise
Cash & Carry
Warehouse club
Gas stations
RevenueIncrease US$226.95 billion[2] (2022)
Increase $7.7 billion[2] (2022)
Increase $5.84 billion[2] (2022)
Total assetsIncrease $64.17 billion[2] (2022)
Total equityIncrease $20.64 billion[2] (2022)
MembersIncrease 118.9 million[1] (2022)
Number of employees
Increase 304,000[1] (2022)
Original logo (used until 1993, but carried by stores until 1997)

Costco Wholesale Corporation (doing business as Costco Wholesale and also known simply as Costco) is an American multinational corporation which operates a chain of membership-only big-box retail stores (warehouse club).[3] As of 2020, Costco was the third largest retailer in the world,[4] and the world's largest retailer of choice and prime beef, organic foods, rotisserie chicken, and wine as of 2016.[5] In 2021, Costco was ranked #10 on the Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.[6]

Costco's worldwide headquarters are in Issaquah, Washington, an eastern suburb of Seattle, although its Kirkland Signature house label bears the name of its former location in Kirkland. The company opened its first warehouse (the chain's term for its retail outlets) in Seattle in 1983.[7][8] Through mergers, however, Costco's corporate history dates back to 1976, when its former competitor Price Club was founded in San Diego, California.[9][10][11] As of September 2022, Costco has 839 warehouses worldwide:[2] 578 in the United States and Puerto Rico, 107 in Canada, 40 in Mexico, 31 in Japan, 29 in the United Kingdom, 17 in Korea, 14 in Taiwan, 13 in Australia, four in Spain, two each in France and China, one in Iceland,[2] one in New Zealand,[1] and one in Sweden.[12]

History

[edit]
A Costco in Tlalpan, Mexico City
Australia's first Costco, located in Docklands, Victoria
Hashima, Gifu, Japan

Price Club

[edit]
Main article: Price Club

Costco's earliest predecessor, Price Club, opened its first store on July 12, 1976, on Morena Boulevard in San Diego, California. It was founded three months earlier by Sol Price and his son, Robert, following a dispute with the new owners of FedMart, Price's previous membership-only discount store.[13] Price Club was among the first retail warehouse clubs, beginning with its Morena Boulevard store inside a series of old airplane hangars once owned by Howard Hughes.[10][14] The store, known as Costco Warehouse #401, is still in operation today.[15][16]

Price Club's sales model targeted small business owners, selling items in bulk for a discounted price at no-frills outlets that were accessible only with an annual membership fee.[17] The company launched an initial public offering in 1980 and expanded to 24 locations in the Southwest and 1.1 million members by early 1986.[11][17] Price Club expanded into Canada in 1986, opening a store in Montreal,[18] followed by a Mexico City store in 1992 as part of a joint venture with hypermarket chain Controladora Comercial Mexicana.[19] The company also announced plans to open stores in Spain and Portugal through their Canadian subsidiary.[19]

Costco opens

[edit]

Jim Sinegal and Jeffrey H. Brotman[20] opened the first Costco warehouse in Seattle on September 15, 1983.[21] Sinegal had started in wholesale distribution by working for Sol Price at FedMart; Brotman, an attorney from an old Seattle retailing family, had also been involved in retail distribution from an early age. During this time, small businesses were given an 8% or 9% discount on inventories.[22] He began his retail involvement as a grocery bagger.[23] A second store opened in Portland in October, and a third in Spokane in December 1983.[7] The company went public in 1985.[21] The company was initially headquartered at its first warehouse in Seattle, but moved its headquarters to Kirkland in 1987.[21]

The "PriceCostco" merger

[edit]

In 1993, Costco and Price Club agreed to merge operations themselves after Price declined an offer from Walmart to merge Price Club with their warehouse store chain, Sam's Club.[24] Costco's business model and size were similar to those of Price Club, which made the merger more natural for both companies.[11] The combined company took the name PriceCostco, and memberships became universal, meaning that a Price Club member could use their membership to shop at Costco and vice versa. PriceCostco boasted 206 locations generating $16 billion in annual sales.[10] PriceCostco was initially led by executives from both companies, but in 1994, the Price brothers left the company to form PriceSmart,[11][25] a warehouse club chain in Central America and the Caribbean unrelated to the current Costco.[26]

In 1996, Costco moved its headquarters from Kirkland to Issaquah.[21]

In 1997, Costco changed its name to Costco Wholesale Corporation, and all remaining Price Club locations were rebranded as Costco.[10][11]

Other company milestones

[edit]

In 2005, Costco replaced its first Seattle warehouse with a new warehouse on an adjacent lot.[21] The company was able to arrange to keep the same address for the new building.[21]

On April 26, 2012, CNBC premiered its documentary, The Costco Craze: Inside the Warehouse Giant.[27]

In 2014, Costco was the third largest retailer in the United States.[28] That year Costco announced plans to open an online store in China using Alibaba Group.[29]

Costco announced the opening of 29 new locations in 2016, the most in one year since 2007.[30][31] Span Construction, led by King Husein, has constructed almost all of Costco's buildings since 1989.[32]

Costco opened its first warehouse in China on August 27, 2019, in Shanghai. The store's opening garnered much attention, which led to its opening day being cut short over safety concerns.[33]

The first Costco in New Zealand was first opened at West Auckland in September 2022,[34][35] delayed from mid-August due to the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.[36]

Costco today

[edit]

In the United States, Costco's main competitors operating membership warehouses are Sam's Club (a subsidiary of Walmart) and BJ's Wholesale Club.[37] Costco employs 304,000 full and part-time employees worldwide.[1] In 2016, Costco had 86.7 million members.[38] This increased to 90.3 million members in 2017.[39][38] and 94.3 million in 2018.[38] In 2019, Costco had 98.5 million members.[40] In 2020, Costco had 105.5 million members.[41] In 2021, Costco had 111.6 million members.[42] As of 2022, Costco has 118.9 million members.[1]

Costco was the first company to grow from zero to $3 billion in sales in under six years.[10] For the fiscal year ending on August 31, 2012, the company's sales totaled $97.062 billion, with $1.709 billion net profit.[43] As of 2019, Costco is ranked #14 on the Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.[44] The ACSI (The American Customer Satisfaction Index) named Costco number one in the specialty retail store industry with a score of 84 in 2014.[45]

From December 2013, Costco's board of directors was chaired by co-founder Jeffrey H. Brotman and included James Sinegal, co-founder and director, and two officers of the company: president/CEO W. Craig Jelinek and CFO Richard A. Galanti. On August 1, 2017, Jeffrey Brotman died.[46] As of August 2017, James Sinegal and W. Craig Jelinek remained on the board. Jim Sinegal stepped down in 2018.[38]

Locations

[edit]
Map of Costco warehouses in the US, as well as parts of Canada and Mexico (January 2021)
Red: Wholesale locations
Blue: Business center locations
List of countries that operate Costco (blue: current, yellow: planned)

As of September 2022, Costco has 839 warehouses worldwide:[1]

  • 578 in the United States and Puerto Rico
  • 107 in Canada
  • 40 in Mexico
  • 31 in Japan
  • 29 in the United Kingdom
  • 18 in Korea
  • 14 in Taiwan
  • 13 in Australia
  • 4 in Spain
  • 2 in France
  • 2 in China
  • 1 in Iceland
  • 1 in New Zealand
  • 1 in Sweden

International locations

[edit]
The Costco in Perth Airport opened in March 2020
Aerial perspective of the Costco roof at Melbourne's Docklands store in March 2019

Warehouses outside the U.S. are similar to the company's domestic locations, featuring generally identical layout, signage, and even parking lot markings.[47][48][49][50] Food court menus are tailored to international tastes, with meat pies on offer in Australia; poutine in Canada and France; seafood-topped pizza in Asian locations; pastor taco-topped pizzas in Mexico; clam chowder in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan; plokkfiskur in Iceland; and jacket potatoes in the UK.[51] Additionally, Costco has led a strategic initiative to enhance the merchandise mix available at international warehouses by tailoring products to local tastes, offering a selection of both American and local products.

In Canada, it is a participant in the voluntary Scanner Price Accuracy Code managed by the Retail Council of Canada.[52]

Largest and smallest locations

[edit]

In 2005, the world's largest Costco by square feet was warehouse #692 in Hillsboro, Oregon.[53] In 2015, Costco completed an expansion in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States, making it the new largest Costco at 235,000 sq ft (21,800 m2).[54] In 2019, Costco opened its biggest store in Canada, in St. John's; the store is 182,000 sq ft (16,900 m2).[55]

In 2011, Costco's highest volume store was in Seoul, South Korea.[56] In 2018, Taiwan's Taichung ranked at the top in the number of members and was second in the world in sales volume, behind South Korea's Yangjae store in Seoul. Of the 14 Costco operations in Taiwan, three – Taichung, Neihu, and Chungho – ranked in the top 10 in the world in sales volume.[57]

As of 2019, the smallest Costco is in Juneau, Alaska.[58]

Costco Business Centers

[edit]

Costco Business Centers are warehouses similar to regular Costco warehouses, and are open to all Costco members, regardless of membership type. Their merchandise caters predominantly to enterprises, with a focus on small businesses. Business Centers do not carry most consumer items like clothing, jewelry, media, and tires, while carrying larger quantities and more options for the business products they do carry.[59] More than 70% of the items that can be acquired from a Costco Business Center cannot be found in a typical Costco store.[60] Some locations do have a food court, a gas station, or both. Unlike regular warehouses, most Costco Business Centers have a Print & Copy Center which provides printing professional services. They have large parking spaces for trucks and are capable of delivering goods to businesses in bulk quantities, with a delivery charge of $25 for orders that are below $250.[60] Costco Business Center operating hours are shorter than regular warehouses (usually opening at 7:00 am on Mondays to Saturdays and closed on Sundays), while discounts and coupons for Business Centers are issued separately from regular warehouses.[61][62]

Locations

[edit]

As of August 2022, there are 22 Costco Business Centers in the United States, located in Orlando, Florida; Stafford, Texas; Dallas, Texas; Minneapolis, Minnesota; Phoenix, Arizona; California (Commerce, Hawthorne, Hayward, North Hollywood, Sacramento, San Diego, South San Francisco, Ontario, Westminster, San Marcos, and San Jose); Denver, Colorado; Morrow, Georgia; Bedford Park, Illinois; Hackensack, New Jersey; Las Vegas, Nevada; and Washington (Lynnwood, and Fife).[63] A Business Center in San Marcos, California opened in March 2022.[64]

The first Costco Business Center outside the U.S. opened in Canada in Scarborough, Toronto in March 2017.[65] In September 2020, the second Canadian Costco Business Centre opened in Saint-Hubert, Quebec, near Montreal.[66] A third Canadian Business Centre opened in the Ottawa neighborhood of Gloucester in June 2022.[67]

Finances

[edit]

For the fiscal year 2022, Costco reported earnings of US$5.844 billion, with an annual revenue of $226.954 billion.[2]

Year Revenue
in mil. USD$ 		Net income
in mil. USD$ 		Price per Share
in USD$ (year end)[68] 		Warehouses Employees Ref(s)
2005 52,935 1,063 49.47 433 115,000 [69]
2006 60,151 1,103 52.87 458 127,000 [70]
2007 64,400 1,083 69.76 488 127,000 [71]
2008 72,483 1,283 52.50 512 137,000 [72]
2009 71,422 1,086 59.17 527 142,000 [73]
2010 77,946 1,303 72.21 540 147,000 [74]
2011 88,915 1,462 83.32 592 164,000 [75]
2012 99,137 1,709 98.73 608 174,000 [76]
2013 105,156 2,039 119.02 634 184,000 [77]
2014 112,640 2,058 141.75 663 195,000 [78]
2015 116,199 2,377 161.50 686 205,000 [79]
2016 118,719 2,350 160.11 715 218,000 [80]
2017 129,025 2,679 186.12 741 231,000 [80]
2018 141,576 3,134 203.71 768 245,000 [38]
2019 152,703 3,659 293.92 782 254,000 [40]
2020 166,761 4,002 376.78 795 273,000 [41]
2021 195,929 5,007 567.70 815 288,000 [42]
2022 226,954 5,844 838 304,000 [2]

Business model

[edit]
Costco warehouse interior in Mountain View, California

Costco is a membership-only warehouse which generates a majority of its revenue from retail sales and a small percentage from membership fees. Customers must buy memberships to access the warehouse and make purchases. This is executed through the direct sourcing and efficient inventory management techniques.[81]

Costco divides its business into three segments: United States Operations, Canadian Operations, and Other International Operations. These three business segments are reported by revenue and operating income.[82] Of the three, the United States Operations was the largest, followed by Canadian Operations.[81]

Sales model

[edit]

The company's rule is that no regular item may be marked up more than 14% over cost, and no Kirkland Signature item may be marked up more than 15% over cost.[5] The company runs very lean, with overhead costs at about 10% of revenue and profit margins at 2%.[5] Costco's annual membership fees (US$60/year for Gold Star, US$120/year for Executive as of 2019)[83] account for 80% of Costco's gross margin and 70% of its operating income.[84]

If Costco feels the wholesale price of any individual product is too high, they will refuse to stock the product. For example, in November 2009, Costco announced that it would stop selling Coca-Cola products, because the soft-drink maker refused to lower its wholesale prices.[85] Costco resumed selling Coca-Cola products the following month.[86][87]

Although the brand engages in visible efforts to reduce costs, the stores themselves are expensive. In 2013, Costco spent approximately $80 million on each of the new stores it opened.[88] The cost is partly driven by the cost of real estate, as each new store means that they need enough space to support a building of approximately 150,000 square feet (14,000 m2) in size, a large parking lot, and often a gas station.[88]

Lighting costs are reduced on sunny days, as most Costco locations have several skylights. During the day, electronic light meters measure how much light is coming in the skylights and turn off an appropriate percentage of the interior lights. During an average sunny day, it is normal for the center section of the warehouse not to have interior lights in use.[89] The company has no public relations department and buys no outside advertising.[5] A typical Costco warehouse carries only 3,700 distinct products, while a typical Walmart Supercenter carries approximately 140,000 products.[5]

Like many other retailers vertically integrating their food supply chains, Costco has brought in-house poultry production for their rotisserie chickens, which are a major driver of customer traffic and sales.[90][91][92] This is to allow keeping their pricing intact while maintaining a consistent quality control of its chickens as a result of annual growth of per-capita chicken consumption in the United States.[93][92]

Costco is known for its "exit greeters", who briefly compare receipts against shopping cart contents as customers exit. They are trained to quickly count cart contents and serve as a form of customer service to verify that customers were charged correctly, have redeemed any voucher-based items (e.g., tickets), and have not missed items placed in their cart's lower racks. Costco has used exit greeters since its first store in 1983.[94]

Online shopping

[edit]

Costco primarily focuses on getting members to come in to a warehouse for purchases, instead of ordering products online.[95] Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Costco's online sales increased dramatically, with more online sales growth in 2020 than the previous 5 years combined.[96]

The company opened its online shopping site at Costco.com on April 17, 2001.[97] Costco.com is for United States members; costco.ca is for Canadian members, and other countries, such as Mexico, South Korea, Taiwan and the UK, each have their own online Costco shopping website.

Instacart offers Costco delivery in a select number of states including Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Washington, and the District of Columbia.[98]

Similarly, in March 2017, Costco initiated a partnership with Shipt, an online grocery delivery service. Unlike Instacart, Shipt charges its own membership fee, $99 a year or $14 a month, in exchange for free delivery on orders over $35. As of November 2018, Shipt offers Costco delivery in select Florida markets.[99]

In October 2017, Costco launched same-day and two-day grocery delivery options for members.[100]

Products

[edit]

Costco has a frequently changing inventory and is known for carrying products for a time, then discontinuing them or using them as seasonal products.[101] Over the years, Costco has gradually expanded its range of products and services. Initially, it preferred to sell only boxed products that could be dispensed by simply tearing the stretch wrap off a pallet.[citation needed] It now[when?] sells many other products that are more difficult to handle, such as art, books, caskets, clothing, computer software, fine wine, furniture, home appliances, home electronics, hot tubs, jewelry, perishable items (such as dairy, fresh baked goods, flowers, fresh produce, meat, seafood), solar panels, tires, and vacuum cleaners.[citation needed][102] Many warehouses also have gas stations, pharmacies, hearing aid centers, optometrists, eye and sunglass centers, photo processors, and tire garages.[citation needed]

Some locations have liquor stores kept separate from the main warehouse in order to comply with liquor license restrictions, while in some states alcohol is sold in the warehouse with the rest of the merchandise. In some states (such as Texas), the liquor store must be owned and operated by a separate company with separate employees.[103] In 2006, Costco lost a lawsuit against the state of Washington in which it was seeking to purchase wine directly from the producer, bypassing the state retail monopoly.[104] In Australia, Costco has to comply with regulations set by each state they choose to trade in;[105] their first store in the Australian state of Victoria benefits from liberal-oriented alcohol licensing laws in that country, with retailers permitted to sell alcohol on shelves within the store in a manner similar to most European countries.[citation needed] In New Zealand, the country's sole warehouse in West Auckland cannot sell alcohol due to The Trusts' monopoly on liquor stores in the area.[106]

Kirkland Signature

[edit]
Kirkland Signature logo
Kirkland Signature logo
Kirkland Signature branded bottled water, pictured in 2005
Kirkland Signature "Extra Fancy Mixed Nuts", pictured in 2022.

"Kirkland Signature" is Costco's private label brand, used for a variety of products sold at Costco's warehouses and website. Costco introduced Kirkland Signature in 1995, deriving the name from the location of Costco's then corporate headquarters, Kirkland, Washington.[107][108] It accounts for almost a third of all Costco sales and is growing faster than Costco sales.[109]

The idea for the private label was to provide the appearance of brand name quality products at discounted prices.[110] To counteract the consumer confidence problem common in private labels, some of its products are co-branded with the name brands of their manufacturers,[111] such as Chinet, Jelly Belly, Keurig Green Mountain, Ocean Spray, Stearns & Foster, and Starbucks.[112] Some Kirkland Signature products still carry white-label brands but are otherwise manufactured by a partner, such as Duracell and Niagara Bottling.[112]

Publications

[edit]

Costco Connection

[edit]

Costco Connection is a magazine sent free to the Costco executive members; it can also be accessed online by anyone, free of charge.[113] Until the end of 2018, the magazine was known as The Costco Connection. But with the January/February 2019 issue, "the", the definite article was dropped from the name and now the magazine is known as just Costco Connection.

The magazine was established in 1987 as a newsprint publication and converted to a magazine in 1997.[114] It features articles which regularly tie into the corporation along with business, celebrity features, cooking, entertaining, health, home improvement, and social articles, as well as coupons and ads. MediaPost reports: "While about 90% of the magazine's advertising is co-op, increasingly national advertisers such as Procter & Gamble are buying space, notes Roeglin -- presumably because of the pub's gargantuan reach and the data it has on its subscribers (whose average household income is $156,000 a year). 'We see about 56% of our subscribers a month buy something at one of our stores based on something they've read in the magazine,' says Roeglin."[115] The magazine is one of the largest-circulation print monthlies in the United States[115] and presently is the third in circulation figures in the United States after AARP The Magazine and AARP Bulletin.

Other publications

[edit]

Costco also publishes the Costco Household Almanac, an annual edition started in 2007. The 200+ pages almanac carries a lot of helpful tips to Costco readers and carries ads from suppliers. Costco also publishes a cookbook series.

Services

[edit]

Concierge service

[edit]

Costco offers a free "concierge" service to members who purchase electronics, to help answer questions regarding setup and use and avoid potential returns due to not understanding how to use the products.[116]

Costco Auto and Home Insurance

[edit]

Costco has an agreement with CONNECT, powered by American Family Insurance, for auto insurance, home insurance and umbrella insurance.[117]

Costco business services

[edit]

On March 9, 2005, NOVA Information Systems (NOVA) partnered with Costco to market and support payment processing services to Costco Canada's Business Executive Members.[118]

Costco photo services

[edit]

Costco Photo Center is a multi-functional photography printing service offering photo items through its website, costcophotocenter.com. The website provides free unlimited digital file storage with a current membership. Prior to February 14, 2021, in-store photo centers offered many services such as same day photo printing (on select sizes/material) and online order pickup. In-store service/pickup is no longer offered, as all in-store photo centers closed permanently on February 14, 2021.

Costco Optical

[edit]

Costco Optical ranks as the fifth-largest optical company in the US, as of 2015.[119] Optometrists working at Costco locations will see patients without Costco memberships,[120] although a membership is required to fill a prescription at the optical department.[121]

Costco Travel

[edit]

Costco Travel is a wholly owned subsidiary of Costco Wholesale and offers leisure travel to Costco members of the United States and Canada.[122]

The program offers vacation packages to the Caribbean, Europe, Florida, Hawaii, Las Vegas, Mexico, and the South Pacific.[123]

Food service

[edit]
Food concession stand at the Costco warehouse in Overland Park, Kansas

If you raise the [price of the] effing hot dog, I will kill you.

Jim Sinegal to W. Craig Jelinek, when Jelinek suggested increasing the price of the hot dog.[124]

In 1985, Costco started to sell freshly prepared food through a hot dog cart at its original Seattle warehouse.[21] Most Costco locations now have a food court.[125] They can be indoors or outdoors,[126] but the menu is essentially the same: hot dog with drink (one of the most popular items), pizza, frozen yogurt/ice cream, Pepsico beverages, baked items, and sandwiches.[127] Costco offers a quarter-pound 100% beef hot dog and 20 US fluid ounces (590 ml) drink (with refills) for US$1.50, the same price since 1985. Some US locations also offer Polish sausage or bratwurst in addition to hot dogs, at the same $1.50 price.[128][129][130] In Australia and New Zealand, the hot dog is made of pork and is sold with a large soda for $1.99 (AUD/NZD). In Canada, the price for a hot dog and soda with refills is C$1.50.[131] In Mexico, the hot dog is made of 100% beef and includes a drink (with refills) for MXN$35. In the UK, the hot dog is also made from beef and customers also get a drink (with refills) for £1.50. Costco sold more than 137 million quarter-pound (113 g) hot dogs in its food courts in 2017.[130] In Taiwan and Japan, the hot dog is made of pork as well. Japan's price for their 120-gram hot dog & refillable 600-ml drink is ¥180.[132]

As of June 2022, cheese or pepperoni pizza (along with pre-ordering of full pizzas to take home), chicken bakes, ice cream (vanilla), ice cream sundae (vanilla, with very berry or chocolate sauce toppings), fruit smoothies, latte freeze (without chocolate), mocha freeze (with chocolate), and twisted churros (in select stores) are offered at all United States locations.[133] Some food court items are only available in certain countries.[134] For example, the bulgogi bake and mango boba tea are only available in Australia, Taiwan, Korea, and Japan;[135] poutine is available in Canada and France. There are, however, temporary menu items available exclusively in several countries, like the pastor taco-topped pizzas in Mexico.[136][137]

United States menu changes in March 2020
Original Item Replacement Item
Veggie/Combo Pizza No longer offered (this includes the discontinuation of the "Italian Sausage" pizza topping as well)
Frozen Yogurt Vanilla Ice Cream (with addition of chocolate sauce sundae)
Turkey Provolone No longer offered
Twisted Churro Replaced with dual-flavor churro in late 2020/early 2021, name remained same
Chicken Caesar Salad No longer offered
Chicken Bake Replaced with factory-made item of same name, no longer hand-made in store (at most locations)
Diced Onion (topping) No longer offered
Sauerkraut (topping)
Deli Mustard (condiment)
Relish (condiment) Offered in select locations, expected to resume at all locations (no time period for return)

Due to slow sales, in 2009, the pretzel was replaced by the churro.[138] In April 2013, Pepsi replaced all Coca-Cola fountain drinks at U.S. locations because Coke had raised its prices; this helped keep the hot dog combo with soda at its original US$1.50 price.[139]

In select Costco food courts, Costco was selling cheeseburgers for a limited time to experiment sales. The cheeseburger was not successful, and never spread to more than a few locations.[140][needs update]

Costco credit card

[edit]

On April 1, 2016, in US, Citigroup became the exclusive issuer of Costco's branded credit cards. Prior to that, Costco credit cards had been issued by American Express since 2001, and Costco accepted only American Express cards for credit transactions. After the switch of its co-branded cards to Citi, Costco ceased accepting AmEx and began exclusively accepting Visa. AmEx cited the reason for the split that Costco was asking for lower transaction fees than AmEx was willing to grant.[141][142][143] In Canada, Costco ended its AmEx relationship in 2014, and starting in 2015,[144] it partnered with Capital One Mastercard for branded credit cards.[145] In 2020, Capital One announced it would be ending the partnership in late 2021.[146] It was announced that beginning in March 2022, Costco will begin a partnership with CIBC Mastercard.[147] Costco branded credit cards from both issuers also serve as alternate Costco membership cards, with a customized reverse side containing membership info.[148]

Costco Audiobook App

[edit]

In March 2021, Costco started selling audiobooks and launched a corresponding iOS and Android app to listen to purchases.[149] The app is free, however the books are exclusive to Costco members. The retailer sells audiobooks in bundles grouped by genre or author, with prices ranging from $5 to $50. Audiobooks are currently only available at U.S. locations.[150]

Labor relations

[edit]

Employee rights

[edit]

While some former Price Club locations in California and the northeastern United States are staffed by Teamsters,[151] the majority of Costco locations are not unionized, although there was a drive in 2012 to unionize some locations in Canada.[152] The Teamsters claim that over 15,000 Costco employees are union members.[153] The non-union locations have revisions to their Costco Employee Agreement every three years concurrent with union contract ratifications in locations with collective bargaining agreements. The Employee Agreement sets forth such things as benefits, wages, disciplinary procedures, paid holidays, bonuses, and seniority. The Employee Agreement is subject to change by Costco at any time and offers no absolute protection to the workers. As of June 2022, non-supervisory hourly wages ranged from $17.50 to $28.45 in the U.S., $16.00 to $28.70 in Canada, and £9.75 to £13.90 in the United Kingdom. In the U.S. as of 2005, eighty-five percent of Costco's workers had health insurance, compared with less than fifty percent at Walmart and Target.[154] Health benefits include coverage through Aetna,[155] remote primary care through Teladoc, second opinions and clinical navigation by Grand Rounds, varieties of health insurance agencies with Custom Benefit Consultants Inc. (CBC),[155] and wellness coaching by Omada.[citation needed]

In February 2021, Costco announced that it would be raising the starting rate for its hourly store workers in the United States to $16 an hour. Costco has been actively raising their minimum wage starting with $14 during 2018, and into $15 during 2019. They further add that 20% of their hourly employees will be subject to the minimum wage change.[156]

Contractors

[edit]

Product-demonstration (e.g., food samples) employees work for an independent company. In the western U.S., the company is called Warehouse Demo Services, Kirkland, Washington.[157] Costco also uses Club Demonstration Services (CDS), based in San Diego, California.[158] Demonstration employees receive a pay and benefit package that is less than that of Costco employees. As of August 1, 2017, demonstrations/samples are provided by CDS in Canada.[159]

Public health

[edit]

Following the COVID-19 outbreak, the first Costco store in Perth, Australia, unexpectedly opened on March 19, 2020, without an opening ceremony and earlier than its planned time of 8:00AM due to high demand, especially for toilet paper products, to ease panic buying in mainstream supermarkets in Australia, although toilet paper was limited to only one per transaction. Carts and other objects were cleaned regularly to minimize the risk of contracting the virus.[citation needed]

Costco contractor CDS temporarily stopped providing free food samples March 6, 2020 at Costco stores globally amid public health concerns regarding COVID-19.[160]

On December 23, 2020, a Costco store in Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico, was forced to temporarily close after the store ignored restrictions on store capacity.[161]

Discontinued concepts

[edit]

Costco Home

[edit]

The first Costco Home warehouse opened in 1983, and was rebuilt / expanded in 2002, in Seattle.[162] The warehouse's concept was to combine the value, setting and members-only elements of Costco's warehouse clubs with the product array one would find at an upscale home store, such as Fortunoff or Crate & Barrel. The Costco Home warehouses sold furniture, housewares, kitchen products and accessories from higher-end brands such as Lexington, Ralph Lauren and Waterford[163] in a warehouse-club setting. Costco claimed that, similar to its main warehouses, it accepted lower margins in return for greater volume with minimal overhead.

On April 2, 2009, the company announced that it would be abandoning its Costco Home concept, closing the two existing stores in Kirkland, Washington and Tempe, Arizona on July 3, 2009, and abandoning plans for a third store on the West Coast.[164] The company cited cutbacks in consumer spending on home products and its interest in focusing on its core business as the main reasons.

Controversies

[edit]

In 2010, Mercy for Animals conducted an undercover investigation at Buckeye Veal Farm, a veal supplier to Costco.[165] Immediately following the investigative release, Costco adopted a policy against purchasing veal from producers that use the crate-and-chain production method.[166] The case prompted Ohio lawmakers to vote in favor of a veal crate phase-out in the state.[167]

In 2012, Mercy for Animals conducted another undercover investigation of a pork supplier to major retailers such as Costco, Walmart, Safeway, Kroger, and Kmart.[168] Before the public release of the investigation, Costco announced they would begin requiring their pork suppliers to phase out gestation crates.[169][170]

In 2014, The Guardian reported that Costco is a client of Charoen Pokphand Foods. Over six months, The Guardian traced down a supply chain from slave ships in Asian waters to leading producers and retailers. Costco has published a statement saying it has had a supplier code of conduct since 1999 which does not allow this practice, and that independent auditors check for violations regularly.[171][172][173][174]

In 2015, The Humane Society of the United States conducted an undercover investigation at an egg supplier to Costco.[175] An undercover worker at Hillandale Farms, a major egg supplier to Costco, filmed conditions in which egg-laying hens lived in tiny, wire cages.[176] Following the investigations, several celebrities including Brad Pitt and Ryan Gosling publicly wrote to Costco to address this issue.[177] Following efforts by animal protection nonprofits including The Humane League,[178] Costco released an updated commitment to source exclusively cage-free eggs in its operations.[179]

In 2016, a follow up to Costco's shift to cage-free eggs by animal rights group Direct Action Everywhere (DxE) reported cannibalism and high mortality at a cage-free Costco egg supplier.[180][181] Costco denied the allegations, but the video sparked a discussion about animal welfare problems continuing to exist at cage-free egg farms.[180] Writing in The Huffington Post, DxE co-founder Wayne Hsiung argued that the new investigation, rather than suggesting that Costco should keep birds in cages, indicated that hens should have the right not to be raised for food or kept on farms at all.[182]

In January 2017, Costco was brought to court in the US for lax pharmacy controls by violation of the Controlled Substances Act. Allegations such as Costco "filling prescriptions that were incomplete", or were for substances "beyond various doctors' scope of practice". The case was settled after Costco paid US$11.75 million.[183]

In August 2017, a federal judge ordered a "deceptive" Costco to pay Tiffany & Co. $19.4 million for misleading consumers into thinking they could buy legitimate Tiffany merchandise at warehouse club prices.[184][185]

Costco was criticised in 2019 by the Natural Resources Defense Council and SumOfUs for using virgin Canadian boreal forest to make its toilet paper. NRDC says that over the previous twenty years, 28 million acres of Canadian boreal forest had been cut down to make toilet paper.[186][187]

In September 2020, CBS News reported that Costco has stopped selling Palmetto Cheese after the owner of the pimento cheese brand called Black Lives Matter a "terror organization." Costco posted a note to the item in their Myrtle Beach location indicating that the item will not be reordered, and over 120 Costco's throughout the US will no longer be carrying the item.[188]

In October 2020, Costco dropped Chaokoh coconut milk over the allegations of forced monkey labor. PETA accused the manufacturer, Theppadungporn Coconut Co., of using forced monkey labor, finding cruelty to monkeys at their farms and facilities. Ken Kimble, Costco's Vice President of Corporate Food and Sundries, stated Costco has launched an investigation regarding the issue and have ceased purchasing from the supplier/owner of the brand Chaokoh condemning the use of monkey labor. Kimble also stated that Costco will continue to monitor the implementation of the harvest policies and once satisfied will resume purchasing.[189]

In December 2020, Costco announced plans to end the use of eggs from caged chickens throughout its operations worldwide.[190] It became the first US retailer to issue a global policy on the confinement of animals in its supply chain.[191] Josh Dahmen, Costco financial planning and investor relations director also said that "We are in the process of making that transition to cage-free eggs. We will continue to increase the percentage over time, with a goal of eventually getting to 100%."[192]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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Category:1983 establishments in Washington (state) Category:Companies based in King County, Washington Category:Discount stores of the United States Category:Online retailers of the United States Category:Organizations based in Issaquah, Washington Category:American companies established in 1983 Category:Retail companies established in 1983 Category:Supermarkets of the United States

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