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Salvadoran Civil War

[edit]

Salvadoran Civil War
Part of the Central American crisis and the Cold War
Clockwise from top right: two Salvadorans carrying the body of a casualty of war in 1982, a protest in Chicago against the civil war in 1989, Salvadoran president José Napoleón Duarte and United States president Ronald Reagan in 1987, a memorial to the El Mozote massacre of 1981, guerrilla fighers in Perquín in 1990.
Clockwise from top right: two Salvadorans carrying a casualty of war, an anti-war protest in Chicago, Salvadoran president José Napoleón Duarte and U.S. president Ronald Reagan, a memorial to the El Mozote massacre, ERP fighters in Perquín
Date15 October 1979 – 16 January 1992
(12 years, 3 months and 1 day)
Location
El Salvador
Result

Chapultepec Peace Accords

Belligerents
Commanders and leaders
Strength
  • 50,845 (1985)[2]
  • 9,000–11,000 (1985)[2]
Casualties and losses
10,360+ killed 12,274–20,000 killed
65,161+ civilians killed
5,292+ disappeared
550,000 internally displaced
500,000 refugees in other countries
Part of a series on the
History of El Salvador
Coat of Arms of El Salvador
flag El Salvador portal

The Salvadoran Civil War (Spanish: guerra civil de El Salvador) was a twelve-year-long civil war fought in El Salvador between the Salvadoran government and the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN), a coalition of left-wing rebel groups. The government was supported by the United States, while the FMLN received backing from Cuba and the Soviet Union.

Throughout the 1970s, repression by the Salvadoran military government against the Salvadoran lower classes led to social unrest in the country and the formation of various left-wing militant groups which sought to topple the military government. The civil war began on 15 October 1979 after a coup d'état led by junior military officers overthrew military president Carlos Humberto Romero and established the Revolutionary Government Junta (JRG) to govern the country. A subsequent increase in repression and the assassinations of various political and religious figures led to five left-wing militant groups forming the FMLN in October 1980. In January 1981, the FMLN launched a military offensive against the JRG and gained control of several rural areas of El Salvador.

Background

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Political situation

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Further information: Military dictatorship in El Salvador

Since the 1931 coup d'état which overthrew democratically elected president Arturo Araujo, El Salvador had been governed by a series of military dictatorships.[3] In January 1932, President and Brigadier General Maximiliano Hernández Martínez crushed an uprising led by the Communist Party of El Salvador following the cancelation of the 1932 legislative and municipal elections.[4] The ensuing government mass killings, known in El Salvador as La Matanza, resulted in the deaths of between 10,000 to 40,000 peasants and indigenous people.[5] Martínez was the longest serving president in Salvadoran history, remaining in office from 1931 until his resignation in 1944.[6][a] Martínez's military colleagues—Brigadier General Andrés Ignacio Menéndez, Colonel Osmín Aguirre y Salinas, and Brigadier General Salvador Castaneda Castro—continued Martínez's government after his resignation in short, consecutive presidential terms.[9][10]

The Majors' Coup of December 1948 overthrew Castaneda and established the Revolutionary Council of Government [es] (a military junta), ending the last remnants of Martínez's government.[10] From 1950 to 1960, Major Óscar Osorio and Lieutenant Colonel José María Lemus of the Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification held the presidency in two consecutive presidential terms until Lemus was overthrown in October 1960 by senior and junior military officers who established the Junta of Government.[11] This reformist government—which promised to implement economic, political, and social reforms–was short-lived, however; a counter-coup in January 1961 overthrew the Junta of Government and established the Civic-Military Directory.[12]

The leaders of the 1961 counter-coup established the military-run right-wing National Conciliation Party (PCN),[13] and in the 1962 presidential election, Lieutenant Colonel Julio Adalberto Rivera Carballo was elected as president of El Salvador unopposed.[14] Although the 1961 coup sought to undermine the reforms proposed by the Junta of Government, the Civic-Military Directory and subsequent PCN-led government eventually promised to carry out the promised economic, political, and social reforms.[14] Under the PCN's government, El Salvador held presidential and legislative elections in which opposition parties were allowed to participate.[15] During the PCN's rule of El Salvador, the center-left Christian Democratic Party (PDC) was the largest opposition party.[16]

Economic inequality

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For most of Salvadoran history, the majority of land had been controlled by a few wealthy landowners commonly referred to as the "Fourteen Families". By the 1970s, these landowners owned most of the country's coffee, sugar, and cotton plantations, accounting for over 60 percent of El Salvador's land.[17] Meanwhile, almost half of El Salvador's population owned no land.[18]

During the 1960s, the Salvadoran government allowed workers and peasants to organize trade unions and other workers' organizations.[18]

Prelude

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Football War

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Main article: Football War

1972 and 1977 presidential elections

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Political scientist Dieter Nohlen identified both the 1972 and 1977 presidential elections as having been marred by "massive electoral fraud".[19]

Presidency of Carlos Humberto Romero

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Brigadier General Carlos Humberto Romero, president of El Salvador from 1977 to 1979

Order of battle

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Further information: Weapons of the Salvadoran Civil War

Salvadoran government

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Locations of the Salvadoran Army's positions from 1979 through the final offensive of 1981

In 1979, the Salvadoran military implemented a mandatory 18-month (later 24-month) conscription period for all 18 and 19-year-olds, after which, the conscripts could continue military service or be reverted to reservists.[20]

The following is the chain of command of the Salvadoran security forces at the start of the civil war in 1979.[21][22]

Rebel groups

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People's Revolutionary Army fighters in Perquín in 1990

The Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front was named after Farabundo Martí, a leader of the Communist Party of El Salvador who was executed by the Salvadoran government shortly after the events of La Matanza in 1932.[23]

The FMLN was composed of five major left-wing militant groups: the Communist Party of El Salvador (PCES), the Farabundo Martí Popular Liberation Forces (FPL), the National Resistance Armed Forces (FARN), the People's Revolutionary Army (ERP), and the Revolutionary Party of the Central American Workers (PRTC). Each of these military groups also had an associated political wing: the PCES' National Democratic Union (UDN), the FPL's People's Revolutionary Bloc (BPR), FARN's Unified Popular Action Front (FAPU), the ERP's 28 February Popular Leagues (LP-28), and the PRTC's People's Liberation Movement (MLP).[24]

The Revolutionary Democratic Front (FDR) served as the political and diplomatic branch of the FMLN.[25]

The following is the chain of command of the FMLN during the civil war.[24]

Course of civil war

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1979 coup d'état

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Main article: 1979 Salvadoran coup d'état

Assassination of Óscar Romero

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Final offensive of 1981

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Main article: Final offensive of 1981 (El Salvador)

General offensive of 1982

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Salvadoran Army soldiers during a training exercise in 1984

By 1985, 171 of El Salvador's then-262 municipalities had been directly affected by the civil war.[26]

Final offensive of 1989

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Main article: Final offensive of 1989

Foreign involvement

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United States

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U.S. president Ronald Reagan with Salvadoran president José Napoleón Duarte in 1984

Soviet Union

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Cuba

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Other involvement

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Casualties

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Supporters of the Salvadoran government claimed that a maximum of 20,000 people were killed during the civil war, while some activists claimed that more than 100,000 were killed. According to the Truth Commission for El Salvador, around 75,000 people were killed. In 2019, Demographic Research estimated that 71,629 were killed.[27]

According to the Truth Commission for El Salvador, the Commission for Human Rights in El Salvador, and the Catholic Archdiocese of San Salvador, the period between 1981 and 1983 was the most violent era of the civil war.[26]

Human rights abuses

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Massacres

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See also: List of massacres in El Salvador
A mural to the Tenango and Guadalupe massacre [es] in Suchitoto

Death squads

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Main article: Death squads in El Salvador

Peace efforts

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Anti-war protests

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A 1989 protest in Chicago against U.S. involvement in the civil war

Peace negotiations

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Chapultepec Peace Accords

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Main article: Chapultepec Peace Accords
The Chapultepec Peace Accords

Aftermath

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Political ramifications

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ARENA and the FMLN held an effective duopoly in Salvadoran politics until the 2019 presidential election where Nayib Bukele of the Grand Alliance for National Unity defeated both parties' candidates.[28][29][30]

Military and police reform

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Refugees and Salvadoran diaspora

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The Mesa Grande refugee camp in Honduras as seen in 1987

Truth Commission for El Salvador

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Main article: Truth Commission for El Salvador
The Monument to the Memory and the Truth inscribed with the names of thousands of victims of the civil war

Post-war litigation

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Amnesty law

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On 11 July 2016, the Supreme Court of Justice ruled the law to be unconstitutional for obstructing El Salvador's constitutional obligation to investigate crimes against humanity.[31]

Prosecution of war criminals

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Legacy

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Public perception in El Salvador

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In 2017, The Economist described the 25th anniversary of the peace accords as an "unhappy anniversary", reporting that celebrations to commemorate the anniversary were "emptier than normal" in comparison to other public events.[32]

Commemoration

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The Monument to the Reconciliation, demolished in January 2024

In January 2017, Cerén inaugurated the Monument to the Reconciliation to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the peace accords. The monument was demolished in January 2024 by the Ministry of Public Works to make way for a park.[33]

On 16 December 2020, Bukele stated that 16 January would no longer commemorate the signing of the peace accords but rather commemorate those who were killed or disappeared during the civil war. He further called the peace accords a "farce". Shortly after Bukele's remarks, 107 academic wrote an open letter to his government calling upon it to "honor the memory of the victims of the armed conflict, strengthening the positive legacy of the Peace Accords".[34]

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Several films and documentaries have been made which cover events of the Salvadoran Civil War.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Maximiliano Hernández Martínez was president of El Salvador from 1931 to 1944, however, he briefly left office from 1934 to 1935 in order to run for election in the 1935 presidential election. Minister of Defense Andrés Ignacio Menéndez served as provisional president during this period.[7][8]

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ McClintock 1985, pp. 344–345.
  2. ^ a b Bosch 1999, p. 112.
  3. ^ Haggerty 1990, p. 33.
  4. ^ McClintock 1985, pp. 107–108.
  5. ^ Tulchin & Bland 1992, p. 167.
  6. ^ Haggerty 1990, pp. 17–18.
  7. ^ Luna 1969, pp. 50 & 97.
  8. ^ Ching 1997, p. 501.
  9. ^ Bosch 1999, p. 8.
  10. ^ a b McClintock 1985, pp. 130–132.
  11. ^ Haggerty 1990, pp. 18–21.
  12. ^ McClintock 1985, pp. 137 & 149.
  13. ^ Haggerty 1990, pp. 21 & 169–170.
  14. ^ a b McClintock 1985, p. 149.
  15. ^ Nohlen 2005, pp. 270–271.
  16. ^ Haggerty 1990, pp. 21 & 164.
  17. ^ Ram 1983, pp. 6–7.
  18. ^ a b Hoover Green & Ball 2019, p. 783.
  19. ^ Nohlen 2005, pp. 288–289.
  20. ^ Haggerty 1990, pp. 209–210.
  21. ^ Haggerty 1990, p. 210.
  22. ^ Bosch 1999, p. 21.
  23. ^ Lindo Fuentes, Ching & Lara Martínez 2007, pp. 184 & 242.
  24. ^ a b Central Intelligence Agency 1984, p. 9.
  25. ^ Ram 1983, p. 4.
  26. ^ a b Acosta et al. 2023, p. 206.
  27. ^ Hoover Green & Ball 2019, pp. 781–782.
  28. ^ Gonzalez 2019.
  29. ^ Harrison 2022.
  30. ^ Meléndez-Sánchez 2023, pp. 16 & 18.
  31. ^ DeLugan 2016.
  32. ^ The Economist 2017.
  33. ^ Beltrán Luna 2024.
  34. ^ Luz Nóchez 2021.

Bibliography

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Books

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Journals

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Newspapers

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Web sources

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Further reading

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Category:1970s in El Salvador Category:1980s in El Salvador Category:1990s in El Salvador Category:20th century in El Salvador Category:Civil wars involving the states and peoples of North America Category:Civil wars of the 20th century Category:Cold War Category:Communism in El Salvador Category:Coup-based civil wars Category:Guerrilla wars Category:MS-13 Category:Proxy wars Category:Revolution-based civil wars Category:Wars involving El Salvador

Totoposte War

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Totoposte Wars

Signatories of the Treaty of Marblehead which ended the third war on 28 July 1906
Location
Guatemala and El Salvador
Result Status quo ante bellum
Belligerents
 Guatemala  El Salvador
Commanders and leaders
Manuel Estrada
Strength
Unknown 55,000

For adding new infoboxes to president pages

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PizzaKing13/sandbox
President of El Salvador
Personal details
OccupationPolitician

Orders, decorations, and medals of El Salvador

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The following article lists the civil and military orders, decorations, and medals presented by the Republic of El Salvador.

Civil decorations

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Military decorations

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References

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Airports in El Salvador

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United States Air Force Plant 42

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For the civilian joint-use airport, see Palmdale Regional Airport.
United States Air Force Plant 42
Part of the Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC)
Located near Palmdale, California in the United States
An aerial image of a two-runway airport
USGS aerial image of United States Air Force Plant 42
USAF Plant 42 is located in the Los Angeles metropolitan area
USAF Plant 42
USAF Plant 42
USAF Plant 42 is located in California
USAF Plant 42
USAF Plant 42
USAF Plant 42 is located in the United States
USAF Plant 42
USAF Plant 42
Coordinates34°37′43″N 118°05′04″W / 34.62861°N 118.08444°W / 34.62861; -118.08444 (United States Air Force Plant 42)[1]
TypeUnited States government manufacturing facility
Area5,832 acres (2,360 ha)
Site information
OwnerUnited States Air Force
OperatorUnited States Department of Defense
ConditionOperational
Site history
Built1935–1956
Built byCivil Aeronautics Administration / United States Air Force
In use1935–present
Garrison information
Current
commander		Dr. David Smith
Garrison412th Test Wing Operating Location, Air Force Test Center
OccupantsAir Force Materiel Command
Airfield information
IdentifiersIATA: PMD, ICAO: KPMD, FAA LID: PMD, WMO: 72382
Elevation2,542 feet (775 m) AMSL
Runways
Direction Length and surface
04/22 12,001 feet (3,658 m) Concrete
07/25 12,002 feet (3,658 m) Concrete
072/252 6,000 feet (1,829 m) Concrete
Sources: Federal Aviation Administration[2]

United States Air Force Plant 42 (IATA: PMD, ICAO: KPMD, FAA LID: PMD),[3] formerly known as the Palmdale Airport and the Palmdale Army Airfield, is a United States Air Force aircraft manufacturing and maintenance facility located near Palmdale, California. Three aerospace manufacturers—Boeing, Lockheed Martin, and Northrop Grumman—have facilities and Plant 42, and other manufacturers formerly had facilities at the plant.

Plant 42 was established in 1953, although an airfield had existed on Plant 42's location since the 1930s. Various fighter aircraft, attack aircraft, trainer aircraft, bombers, and commercial airliners have been produced and tested at Plant 42. Some notable aircraft produced and tested at Plant 42 include the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress, the Lockheed L-1011 TriStar, the Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird, the Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit, and the Northrop Grumman B-21 Raider, which is currently being developed and tested at the plant. Plant 42 shares a runway with the Palmdale Regional Airport (PMD), although it has not serviced any scheduled commercial passenger flights since 2013.

Overview

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Plant 42 is owned by the United States Air Force through the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base,[4] is operated by the United States Department of Defense, and is garrisoned by the 412th Test Wing Operating Location, Air Force Test Center.[5] It is located 3 miles (5 kilometers) northeast of Palmdale, California, covers 5,832 acres (2,360 hectares) of land, and is at an elevation of 2,542 feet (775 meters) above mean sea level.[6] Plant 42 is around 80 miles (129 kilometers) north of Los Angeles[7] and 23 miles (37 kilometers) southwest of Edwards Air Force Base. The land owned by Plant 42 is constrained to the north by Columbia Way (formerly named Avenue M), to the south by Avenue P, to the east by 40th Street East, and to the west by the Sierra Highway.[5]

Plant 42 employs around 9,000 people,[8] making it the second-largest employer in the Antelope Valley after Edwards Air Force Base.[7] Plant 42 has 3,200,000 square feet (297,290 square meters) of industrial space with various facilities which produce aircraft, maintenance and modify aircraft, and build spare parts for aircraft.[5]

In 1969, the United States House Committee on Appropriations stated that the mission of Plant 42 was to "augment the production potential of established aircraft industry by providing Government facilities to assigned contractors for final assembly, flight test and modification, and other approved Government contract work".[9]

Facilities

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Airfield layout

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Plant 42 has two runways and one military assault strip; the runways are designated as Runway 07/25 (12,002 feet (3,658 m) long and 200 feet (61 m) wide) and Runway 04/22 (12,001 feet (3,658 m) long and 150 feet (46 m) wide), and the assault strip is designated as Runway 072/252 (6,000 feet (1,829 m) long and 75 feet (23 m) wide). The two runways and the assault strip are all made of concrete.[6] Large aircraft primarily utilize Runway 07/25 while fighter and attack aircraft utilize Runway 04/22. The air force also utilizes both runways to practice touch-and-go landings.[10] The Los Angeles Air Route Traffic Control Center is located adjacent to Plant 42.[11] The Palmdale Flight Service Station was previously located at Plant 42.[9]

In January 2019, Plant 42 proposed replacing the airfield's 106-foot tall air traffic control tower which had been built in 1959, arguing that its view of the airfield's taxiways and parking spots was obstructed and that its replacement would be built in a more optimum location.[12] On July 5, 2019, a 7.1 magnitude earthquake damaged the air traffic control tower.[13] A new 160-foot tall air traffic control tower was completed at Plant 42 on November 30, 2022;[14] it was built by the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and Stronghold Engineering,[15] and was constructed with an "advanced buckling-restrained brace frame" to minimize earthquake damage.[16]

In August 2020, the United States Department of Defense awarded J G Contracting a contract to perform construction and maintenance work at Plant 42 through July 2025.[17] In August 2021, the Department of Defense awarded KAL Architects Inc. a contract to perform "architect and engineering services" at Plant 42 through August 2026.[18]

Plant 42 consists of 10 sites.

Site 5 consists of the two runways.[12]

Manufacturing facilities

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Three major manufacturers currently operate at Plant 42: Boeing, Lockheed Martin, and Northrop Grumman.[5] Additionally, Convair, Douglas, Hughes, IT&T, Lockheed Air Terminal, Lockheed California, McDonnell Douglas, Norair, and Rockwell International formerly had facilities at Plant 42.[5][7][9] Manufacturers at the plant either own their own facilities or lease facilities from the air force through the Government Owned Contractor Operated (GOCO) program. In total, there are eight production facilities.[5]

Some aircraft produced at Plant 42 are flown to Edwards Air Force Base, Area 51, or the Tonopah Test Range either on board a Lockheed C-5 Galaxy, a Boeing C-17 Globemaster III, or are flown under their own power.[19]

Boeing

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Rockwell

Rockwell utilized Plant 42 for final assembly of the Space Shuttles,[20] as well as for producing parts and systems for the Space Shuttles. The company also serviced the B-1 Lancer at Plant 42.[7]

North American
Convair
Douglas
Hughes

Lockheed Skunk Works

[edit]
Main article: Skunk Works

In 1956, the Lockheed Corporation signed a lease to utilize 237 acres (96 hectares) of land at Plant 42 for aircraft final assembly and aircraft testing.[7]

Final assembly for the SR-71 Blackbird occurred at Plant 42.[22]

Lockheed

Northrop Grumman

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Northrop Grumman developed the B-2 Spirit stealth bomber at Plant 42 during the 1980s.[29] The B-2 Spirit flew for the first time on July 17, 1989, and flew from Plant 42 to Edwards Air Force Base.[30] Plant 42 continues to service and maintenance the B-2 Spirit,[31][32] and every two to three years, the B-2's stealth coating is repaired at Plant 42.[33]

The Northrop Grumman B-21 Raider long-rang stealth bomber is being developed at Plant 42. The aircraft was publicly displayed for the first time on December 9, 2022,[34] and flew for the first time on November 10, 2023. The air force plans to purchase around 100 B-21's to replace its B-1 and B-2 fleet.[35]

Northrop

NASA

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NASA utilized Plant 42 to service the Space Shuttles until 2002 when it moved its servicing operations to Florida.[7]

Airline services

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From the 1960s to 1980s, Los Angeles World Airports (LAWA) wanted to utilize the runways at Plant 42 as a part of an auxiliary airport to reduce congestion at the Los Angeles International Airport.[36] Additionally, LAWA purchased 17,000 acres (6,900 hectares) of land east of Plant 42 to construct a new airport known as Palmdale International Airport, however, no airport was ever built. Airlines did offer passenger services out of Plant 42; airlines utilized the plant's runways and a leased passenger terminal during the 1990s and 2000s, however, all commercial airlines have since ceased all routes to Plant 42.[7]

Janet, a United States Department of the Air Force-operated passenger airline, operates routes from Plant 42 to Harry Reid International Airport in Las Vegas, Nevada and to the Homey Airport, more commonly known as Area 51. Janet designates Plant 42 as "Station 1".[37]

Museums

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Two museums are located adjacent to Plant 42: the Blackbird Airpark Museum and the Joe Davies Heritage Airpark. The Blackbird Airpark Museum displays 4 Cold War-era reconnaissance aircraft which were developed by the Lockheed Corporation,[38] while the Joe Davies Heritage Airpark displays 22 aircraft from multiple manufacturers which were designed, built, and flown at Plant 42.[39]

History

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Pre-1953 use

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An aerial black-and-white image a a three runway airport
The Palmdale Airport in 1953

The Civil Aeronautics Administration designated the airfield, located in Palmdale, California, as "CAA Intermediate #5".[1]

From 1940 to 1946,[40] United States Army Air Corps (USAAC) leased the Palmdale Airport from Palmdale's irrigation district, during which, the Works Progress Administration built a 9,000-foot-long (2,743-meter) runway and a 5,000-foot-long (1,524-meter) auxiliary runway.[5] Renamed as the Palmdale Army Airfield, it was utilized as a sub-base to both the Muroc Army Airfield (the modern-day Edwards Air Force Base) and the Hammer Army Airfield (the modern-day Fresno Yosemite International Airport).[1] The USAAC utilized the Palmdale Army Airfield for North American B-25 Mitchell support training and for emergency landings.[7] In 1946, USAAC transfered ownership of the airfield to the Los Angeles County to resume operations as a municipal airport.[40]

Air force ownership

[edit]

In 1951, the United States Air Force purchased 5,832 acres (2,360 hectares) of land from the Los Angeles County, and in 1953, officially established Plant 42[40] for the purpose of producing aircraft and testing jet aircraft.[7] The construction of Plant 42 led to Palmdale shifting from an agriculture-based economy to an aerospace manufacturing-based economy.[41]

In October 1993, the air force stated that it would review closing Plant 42 and the other seven air force plants nationwide as a result of a cut in defense spending after the end of the Cold War. Arnie Rodio, the mayor of Lancaster, California, opposed closing Plant 42, stressing its importance to the air force, while Howard Brooks, the executive director of the Antelope Valley Board of Trade, believed that Plant 42 would not be affected by the air force's review.[27] Contrarily, William J. Knight, a member of the California State Assembly and a retired air force colonel, supported closing the plant believing that it could be better utilized by private industry. He argued that if there would no longer be any military contracts at Plant 42, the plant would be useless and "essentially closed".[42]

In 1999, the United States Congress cut US$3.3 million from Plant 42's operating budget and various officials worried that such a budget cut would lead to Plant 42 being shutdown. Buck McKeon, a member of the United States House of Representatives from California's 25th congressional district, stated that the budget cut would be "disastrous".[43]

In January 2021, Plant 42 allowed the Samaritan's Purse humanitarian aid organization to utilize its runways to delivery emergency supplies to the Antelope Valley Hospital to treat patients of COVID-19.[44]

On March 26, 2021, John P. Roth, the United States Secretary of the Air Force, and Mike Garcia, a member of the United States House of Representatives from the then California's 25th congressional district, toured Plant 42. After the tour, Garcia stated that Plant 42 played a "critical role" in the United States' defense, "[helped] advance and improve" the United States military's "presence and strength in air and space", and that it was a "significant job source" for residents of his congressional district.[45]

During late-2020, the air force considered Plant 42 as a potential permanent headquarters for the United States Space Command. Brigadier General Matthew W. Higer, the commander of the 412th Test Wing, supported selecting Plant 42 as the space command's headquarters, stating, "Air Force Plant 42, already a vital part of our Nation's critical defense industrial base, is a natural fit for Headquarters U.S. Space Command".[46]

Commanders

[edit]

Plant 42 was commanded by Joe Davies from 1963 to 1967.[28]

Major Peter Drinkwater commanded plant 42 during the early 1990s.[42]

Lieutenant Colonel Robert Catlin commanded Plant 42 during the late 1990s.[43]

Colonel Dwayne Robison commanded Plant 42 until July 1, 2020, when he relinquished command to Dr. David Smith.[47]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

  1. ^ a b c "California World War II Airfield Database". Airfields Database. Archived from the original on 27 September 2016. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
  2. ^ "FAA Airport Form 5010 for PMD" (PDF). United States Department of Transportation. 30 November 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  3. ^ "Palmdale Regional/USAF Plant 42 Airport". Business Air News. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  4. ^ "Air Force Plant 42". Aerotech News. 30 December 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g "January 8, 1942: Palmdale Airport Becomes Plant 42". Air Force Test Center. Mojave, California. 8 January 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  6. ^ a b "Palmdale USAF Plant 42 Airport". SkyVector. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Air Force Plant 42". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2 November 2013.
  8. ^ "Palmdale USAF Plant 42 Airport". Los Angeles Air Route Traffic Control Center. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  9. ^ a b c United States House Committee on Appropriations (1969). Department of Defense Appropriations for 1970: Hearings ... Ninety-First Congress, First Session. pt. 1–2. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Publishing Office. pp. 816–817. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
  10. ^ "Palmdale International Airport, New Airport: Environmental Impact Statement, Volume 1". Los Angeles, California: Federal Aviation Administration. February 1979. p. 51. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  11. ^ "Los Angeles Air Route Traffic Control Center, California". Center for Land Use Interpretation. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  12. ^ a b "Air Traffic Control Tower Replacement Air Force Plant 42, Palmdale, California". City of Palmdale. Palmdale, California. January 2019. pp. 1-1 & 1-3 & 2-2. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
  13. ^ Everstine, Brian W. (8 July 2019). "Earthquakes Damage Edwards AFB Plant 42, Navy's China Lake Base". Air and Space Forces Magazine. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  14. ^ Grooms, Larry (1 December 2022). "New AF Plant 42 Control Tower Dedicated". Aero Tech News. Palmdale, California. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  15. ^ O'Dell, Dena (8 December 2022). "Corps Joins Air Force to Unveil Completion of Air Traffic Control Tower at Plant 42, Described as "Center of the Aerospace Testing Universe"". United States Army Corps of Engineers. Palmdale, California. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  16. ^ "Construct Air Traffic Control Tower, Air Force Plant 42". Stronghold Engineering. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  17. ^ "Contracts For Aug. 7, 2020". United States Department of Defense. 7 August 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  18. ^ "Contracts For Aug. 31, 2021". United States Department of Defense. 31 August 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
  19. ^ "Air Force Plant 42". Dreamland Resort. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  20. ^ "Overland Transport of Space Shuttle Orbiter, USAF Plant 42 to Dryden Flight Research Center, Edwards Air Force Base (AFB): Environmental Impact Statement". NASA. January 1976. p. i. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "FAA Team Study of R-484 & Southern California ATC Problems". Washington, D.C.: Federal Aviation Administration. 18 February 1959. p. 213. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  22. ^ a b Goodall, James C. (13 May 2021). 75 years of the Lockheed Martin Skunk Works. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 147 & 171. ISBN 9781472846457. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  23. ^ Lobner, Peter (16 June 2023). "Lockheed Martin – P-791 Hybrid Airship" (PDF). Lynceans. p. 7. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  24. ^ X-33 Advanced Technology Demonstrator Vehicle Program [CA,UT,WA]: Environmental Impact Statement. NASA. June 1997. p. 3-12. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  25. ^ Kaufman, Derek (3 June 2009). "Advanced Composite Cargo Aircraft Makes First Flight". United States Air Force. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. Archived from the original on 10 June 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  26. ^ van Geffen, Theo (2022). "Joint Task Force Proven Force and the Gulf War (Part 2)". Air & Space Power History. 69 (2). Air Force Historical Foundation: 12–13. JSTOR 48712438.
  27. ^ a b c Chandler, John (14 October 1993). "Air Force's Plant 42 May Face Closure: Military: The Only California Facility is Among Eight Nationwide to be Studied". Los Angeles Times. Palmdale, California. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  28. ^ a b c Gatlin, Allison (20 August 2021). "Palmdale Legend Davies is Honored". Antelope Valley Press. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  29. ^ a b c d e "Air Force B-21 Raider Long-Range Strike Bomber". Congressional Research Service. 22 September 2021. p. 8. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  30. ^ "Strategic Bombers: B-2 Program Status and Current Issues : Report to the Chairman, Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives". Washington, D.C.: Government Accountability Office. February 1990. p. 9. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  31. ^ Casem, Giancarlo (29 September 2020). "Plant 42 Gears Up "Spirit of Pennsylvania" for Next Mission". Edwards Air Force Base. Edwards Air Force Base. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  32. ^ Trevithick, Joseph (22 September 2022). "Damaged B-2 Returns To Palmdale For Repairs A Year After Landing Mishap". The Drive. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  33. ^ Stephens, Hampton (11 July 2003). "Contractor Seeks $31 Million in DOD Spending Bill: Feinstein Pushes for Funds to Fix Cracks in B-2's Stealthy Skin". Inside the Air Force. 14 (28). Inside Washington Publishers: 9. JSTOR 24792164.
  34. ^ Stone, Mike; Whitcomb, Dan (3 December 2022). Gregorio, David; Feast, Lincoln (eds.). "Northrop Grumman Unveils B-21 Nuclear Bomber for U.S. Air Force". Reuters. Washington, D.C. and Los Angeles. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  35. ^ Swanson, David; Stone, David; Insinna, Valerie (11 November 2023). Paul, Franklin (ed.). "US Air Force's New B-21 Raider "Flying Wing" Bomber Takes First Flight". Reuters. Palmdale and Washington, D.C. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  36. ^ McGarry, T. W. (8 May 1988). "Plans for "Superport" Announced in 1968: Palmdale Airport: Undying Dream". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  37. ^ "Janet Flight Schedule". Dreamland Resort. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  38. ^ K., Igor (7 March 2019). "Air Force Flight Test Museum – Blackbird Airpark". Air Museum Guide. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  39. ^ K., Igor (27 April 2017). "Joe Davies Heritage Airpark at Palmdale Plant 42". Air Museum Guide. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  40. ^ a b c "Joe Davies Heritage Airpark Brochure". City of Palmdale. pp. 1–2. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  41. ^ "Antelope Valley Frequently Asked Questions". County of Los Angeles Public Library. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  42. ^ a b Sneiderman, Phil; Moeser, Sharon (18 October 1993). "Closing Plant 42 Could Be Beneficial, Knight Says: Economy: The Assemblyman Says Area Could See Job Gains if the Facility is Used by Private Industry. Many Disagree". Los Angeles Times. Palmdale, California. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  43. ^ a b "The State of United States Military Forces: Hearing Before the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixth Congress, First Session: Hearing Held January 20, 1999, Volume 4". Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. 1999. pp. 141 & 169. ISBN 9780160600203. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  44. ^ Casem, Giancarlo (15 January 2021). "Aircraft Carrying Supplies for Emergency Field Hospital Lands at Plant 42". United States Department of Defense. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  45. ^ "Secretary of US Air Force Tours Plant 42". Antelope Valley Press. Palmdale, California. 30 March 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  46. ^ "Palmdale In The Running For Future, Permanent Home Of US Space Command". CBS News. Palmdale, California. 24 August 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  47. ^ Casem, Giancarlo (1 July 2020). "Plant 42 Changes Leadership". Air Force Test Center. Edwards Air Force Base. Retrieved 19 December 2023.

Further reading

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[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Air Force Plant 42.


Category:1935 establishments in California Category:1953 establishments in California Category:Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in California Category:Antelope Valley Category:Boeing manufacturing facilities Category:Buildings and structures in Palmdale, California Category:Edwards Air Force Base Category:Government buildings completed in 1953 Category:Industrial buildings completed in 1935 Category:Lockheed Martin-associated military facilities Category:Military facilities in Greater Los Angeles Category:Military facilities in the Mojave Desert Category:Plants of the United States Air Force Category:Science and technology in Greater Los Angeles

Municipalities template

[edit]
[MUNICIPALITY NAME]
Municipality
Country El Salvador
Established1 May 2024
GovernmentMayor–council

[MUNICIPALITY NAME] (Spanish for "[MUNICIPALITY NAME TRANSLATED]") is a municipality of El Salvador. [MUNICIPALITY NAME] was established on 1 May 2024. The municipality consists of [NUMBER] districts: [DISTRICT NAMES], all of which were municipalities before [MUNICIPALITY NAME]'s establishment.

History

[edit]

On 1 June 2023, Salvadoran President Nayib Bukele presented a bill, known as the Special Law to Restructure Municipal Territory, to the Legislative Assembly of El Salvador proposing the reduction number of the country's 262 municipalities down to 44. The Legislative Assembly approved the bill on 13 June. The borders of [MUNICIPALITY NAME] and the number of districts, third-level subdivisions, it would have were outlined in the bill.[1]

During the 2024 municipal elections, [NAME] of (the) [PARTY] (political party) was elected as [MUNICIPALITY NAME]'s first mayor. [IF APPLICABLE: Prior to being elected as mayor of [MUNICIPALITY NAME], [LAST NAME] served as the mayor of [DISTRICT NAME] since [YEAR].<ref here>

Districts

[edit]

[MUNICIPALITY NAME] is composed of [NUMBER] districts, third-layer subdivisions which formerly were municipalities.[2]

Government

[edit]

[MUNICIPALITY NAME] is governed by a mayor and a municipal council, consisting of 1 trustee, 4 proprietary aldermen, and 4 substitute aldermen. Mayors and municipal councils are elected every three years.[3] The following table lists all the mayors of the municipality since its establishment in May 2024.

SANTA ANA CENTRO and SAN MIGUEL CENTRO: [MUNICIPALITY NAME] is governed by a mayor and a municipal council, consisting of 1 trustee, 10 proprietary aldermen, and 4 substitute aldermen. Mayors and municipal councils are elected every three years.[4] The following table lists all the mayors of the municipality since its establishment in May 2024.

SAN SALVADOR CENTRO and SAN SALVADOR ESTE: [MUNICIPALITY NAME] is governed by a mayor and a municipal council, consisting of 1 trustee, 10 proprietary aldermen, and 4 substitute aldermen. Mayors and municipal councils are elected every three years.[5] The following table lists all the mayors of the municipality since its establishment in May 2024.

Mayor Elected Term of office Political party Ref.
Assumed office Left office Duration
2024 1 May 2024 Incumbent 194 days

References

[edit]
  1. ^ García, Jessica (13 June 2023). "Asamblea Aprueba Reducir de 262 a 44 el Número de Municipios en El Salvador" [The Assembly Approves to Reduce the Number of Municipalities in El Salvador from 262 to 44]. El Diario de Hoy (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  2. ^ "Los 44 Municipios de El Salvador a Partir del 1 de Mayo de 2024" [The 44 Municipalities of El Salvador Beginning on 1 May 2024]. El Mundo (in Spanish). 26 February 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  3. ^ "Los 622 Funcionarios Públicos que Elegirán los Salvadoreños en 2024" [The 622 Public Workers that Salvadorans Will Elect in 2024]. El Mundo (in Spanish). 3 July 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  4. ^ "Los 622 Funcionarios Públicos que Elegirán los Salvadoreños en 2024" [The 622 Public Workers that Salvadorans Will Elect in 2024]. El Mundo (in Spanish). 3 July 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  5. ^ "Los 622 Funcionarios Públicos que Elegirán los Salvadoreños en 2024" [The 622 Public Workers that Salvadorans Will Elect in 2024]. El Mundo (in Spanish). 3 July 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2024.

Municipalities to do

[edit]

Ahuachapán Centro

[edit]
Ahuachapán Centro
Municipality
Country El Salvador
Department Ahuachapán
Established1 May 2024
GovernmentMayor–council
Area
• Total
449 km2 (173 sq mi) (19th)
Population
• 2024 estimate
162,590 (8th)
• Density
325.8/km2 (843.8/sq mi) (19th)

Ahuachapán Centro (Spanish for "Central Ahuachapán") is a municipality of El Salvador. Ahuachapán Centro was established on 1 May 2024. The municipality consists of four districts: Ahuachapán, Apaneca, Concepción de Ataco, and Tacuba, all of which were municipalities before Ahuachapán Centro's establishment.

History

[edit]

On 1 June 2023, Salvadoran President Nayib Bukele presented a bill to the Legislative Assembly of El Salvador proposing the reduction number of the country's 262 municipalities down to 44. The Legislative Assembly approved the bill on 7 June.[1]

Districts

[edit]

Ahuachapán Centro is composed of four districts, third-layer subdivisions which formerly were municipalities. Those districts are Ahuachapán, Apaneca, Concepción de Ataco, and Tacuba.[2]

Government

[edit]

Ahuachapán Centro is governed by a mayor and a municipal council, consisting of 1 trustee, 4 proprietary aldermen, and 4 substitute aldermen. Mayors and municipal councils are elected every three years.[3] The following table lists all the mayors of the municipality since its establishment in May 2024.

Mayor Elected Term of office Political party Ref.
Assumed office Left office Duration
2024 1 May 2024 Incumbent 194 days

References

[edit]
  1. ^ García, Jessica (13 June 2023). "Asamblea Aprueba Reducir de 262 a 44 el Número de Municipios en El Salvador" [The Assembly Approves to Reduce the Number of Municipalities in El Salvador from 262 to 44]. El Diario de Hoy (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  2. ^ "Los 44 Municipios de El Salvador a Partir del 1 de Mayo de 2024" [The 44 Municipalities of El Salvador Beginning on 1 May 2024]. El Mundo (in Spanish). 26 February 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  3. ^ "Los 622 Funcionarios Públicos que Elegirán los Salvadoreños en 2024" [The 622 Public Workers that Salvadorans Will Elect in 2024]. El Mundo (in Spanish). 3 July 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2024.

Category:Municipalities of the Ahuachapán Department

Ahuachapán Norte

[edit]
Ahuachapán Norte
Municipality
Country El Salvador
Department Ahuachapán
Established1 May 2024
GovernmentMayor–council

Ahuachapán Norte (Spanish for "North Ahuachapán") is a municipality of El Salvador. Ahuachapán Norte was established on 1 May 2024. The municipality consists of four districts: Atiquizaya, El Refugio, San Lorenzo, and Turín, all of which were municipalities before Ahuachapán Norte's establishment.

References

[edit]

Category:Municipalities of the Ahuachapán Department

Ahuachapán Sur

[edit]
Ahuachapán Sur
Municipality
Country El Salvador
Department Ahuachapán
Established1 May 2024
GovernmentMayor–council

Ahuachapán Sur (Spanish for "South Ahuachapán") is a municipality of El Salvador. Ahuachapán Sur was established on 1 May 2024. The municipality consists of four districts: Guaymango, Jujutla, San Francisco Menéndez, and San Pedro Puxtla, all of which were municipalities before Ahuachapán Sur's establishment.

References

[edit]

Category:Municipalities of the Ahuachapán Department

Christian Guevara

[edit]

In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Guevara and the second or maternal family name is Guadrón.
Christian Guevara
Deputy of the Legislative Assembly of El Salvador from San Salvador
Incumbent
Assumed office
1 May 2021
Personal details
Born
Christian Reynaldo Guevara Guadrón

El Salvador
Political partyNuevas Ideas
Alma materCentral American University
Ibero-American University
OccupationPolitician, businessman, journalist

Christian Reynaldo Guevara Guadrón is a Salvadoran politician, businessman, and journalist who serves as a leader of the Nuevas Ideas political party in the Legislative Assembly of El Salvador.

Early life

[edit]

Guevara attended the Central American University in San Salvador and the Ibero-American University in Mexico City, Mexico, where he earned a degree in communications and journalism.[1]

In 2008, Guevara jointly established the E-Com distribution company with Porfirio de Jesús Chica Argueta, a supplement deputy of the Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA).[2]

Political career

[edit]

Guevara's supplement deputy is Jenny del Carmen Solano Chávez.[3]

Guevara served as the chairman of the Legislative Assembly's treasury and special budget commission;[4] and as the secretary of the ad doc commission to study the Water Resources Law draft.[5] He was also a member of the politics commission.[6]

In June 2021, the United States Department of State listed Guevara on the Section 353 List of Corrupt and Undemocratic Actors and placed sanctions on him for proposing the Gang Prohibition Law which allegedly censored freedom of expression.[7]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Perfil Público del Diputado: Christian Reynaldo Guevara Guadrón" [Public Profile of the Deputy: Christian Reynaldo Guevara Guadrón]. Legislative Assembly of El Salvador (in Spanish). Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  2. ^ Lemus, Efren; Labrador, Gabriel; Rauda, Nelson (19 February 2021). "El Candidato de NI que Promete Combatir a los Evasores Está Insolvente con Hacienda" [The NI Candidate Who Promises to Fight Evaders Is Insolvent with the Treasury]. El Faro (in Spanish). Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  3. ^ "Diputado Christian Reynaldo Guevara Guadrón y Suplente" [Deputy Christian Reynaldo Guevara Guadrón and Supplement]. Legislative Assembly of El Salvador (in Spanish). Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  4. ^ "Comisión: Hacienda y Especial del Presupuesto" [Commission: Treasury and Special Budget]. Legislative Assembly of El Salvador (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 1 December 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  5. ^ "Comisión: Ad Hoc para que Estudie el Proyecto de Ley de Recursos Hídricos" [Commission: Ad Hoc to Study the Water Resources Law Draft]. Legislative Assembly of El Salvador (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  6. ^ "Comisión: Política" [Commission: Politics]. Legislative Assembly of El Salvador (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 29 September 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  7. ^ Méndez Dardón, Ana María (21 July 2022). "Engel List: What is the United States Telling Central America?". Washington Office on Latin America. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 13 May 2024.


Category:21st-century Salvadoran politicians Category:Living people Category:Members of the Legislative Assembly of El Salvador Category:Nuevas Ideas politicians

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