Salvador Castaneda Castro

Brigadier General
Salvador Castaneda Castro
Brigadier General Salvador Castaneda Castro
31st President of El Salvador
	In office; 1 March 1945 – 14 December 1948
Vice President	Manuel Adriano Vilanova
Preceded by	Osmín Aguirre
Succeeded by	Revolutionary Council of Government; Óscar Osorio as President
Minister of National Defense
	In office; 1 March 1945 – March 1945
Preceded by	Salvador Peña Trejo
Succeeded by	Mauro Espínola Castro
Personal details
Born	6 August 1888; Chalchuapa, El Salvador
Died	5 March 1965 (aged 76); San Salvador, El Salvador
Political party	Unification Social Democratic Party
Alma mater	Captain General Gerardo Barrios Military School
Occupation	Military officer, politician
Military service
Allegiance	El Salvador
Branch/service	Salvadoran Army

Salvador Castaneda Castro (6 August 1888 – 5 March 1965) was President of El Salvador from 1 March 1945 to 14 December 1948. He had previously served as Interior Minister under President Maximiliano Hernández Martínez. He was elected unopposed during martial law in January 1945, and was overthrown in a coup by other military officers in December 1948.

1944 Salvadoran uprisings

A general strike had begun on 19 April 1944 in reaction to the repressive policies of the President Maximiliano Hernández Martínez,^[1] which included acts of civil disobedience by workers, students, and government employees, who refused to attend work or school during the strike.^[2] During the strike a member of the police killed the son of a wealthy United States immigrant. The US ambassador demanded an explanation, and the struggling economy also contributed to the pressure on Hernández Martínez, who resigned.^[1] Before leaving for exile, Hernández Martínez appointed General Andrés Ignacio Menéndez as provisional president.^[2] Although the strike succeeded in ousting Hernández Martínez, its leaders were not organized well enough to form an enduring organization.^[2] Hernández Martínez' supporters also succeeded in arresting or exiling many of the leaders of the strike.^[1]

In October 1944, Osmín Aguirre y Salinas, who had been the director of the National Police, staged a counter-coup along with many other very conservative military officials.^[2] He promptly repressed most dissident groups.^[2] This repression radicalized the opposition, which armed itself in neighboring Guatemala, which had just overthrown its dictator Jorge Ubico during the Guatemalan Revolution.^[2] An armed uprising was launched by students in San Salvador on 8 December, followed by an insurgent attack from Guatemala four days later. Both movements were crushed by the Aguirre government, which thus consolidated its position in power.^[2]

Presidency

In early 1945, Aguirre transferred power to Castaneda Castro.^[2] In January 1945, Castaneda Castro was elected president, with the backing of the elites that had supported Hernández Martínez.^[1] He contested the election as a candidate of Partido Agraria, or the Agrarian Party.^[3] He faced no opposition in the election, and the country remained under martial law during the entire process.^[2] Castaneda Castro had previously served as the interior minister in the government of Hernández Martínez,^[4] as had many of the ministers that Castaneda Castro appointed.^[2]

The Castaneda Castro government passed a measure that loosened the restrictions on labor unions in January 1946. However, the government did not liberalize its response to strikes; In October 1946, workers from a bakers union and a textile factory led a general strike in the hope of ousting Castaneda Castro from the presidency. The strike was put down by the government, and two hundred workers were arrested.^[1] In September 1946, in response to a further strike, Castaneda Castro disbanded all the labor organizations and exiled their leaders.^[2] The situation in the country during Castro's government has been described by historian Paul Almeida as a "state of siege.^[2] R.V. Elam stated that the governments of Aguirre and Castaneda Castro "reestablished elitist rule, [and] restricted political activity."^[2] James Dunkerley has stated that during Castaneda Castro's government, the country saw an economic recovery as the price of coffee rose, even as a return to democracy became less likely as the Cold War strengthened anti-communist sentiment.^[3]

In 1945 Castaneda Castro met Guatemalan President Juan José Arévalo to discuss the possibility of a Central American Union. In 1946, the two presidents signed the Pact of Santa Ana, and a year afterward they signed the Pact of the Confederate Union of the Central American States. However, this project was never fully realized.^[5]

Castro was deposed in a coup in December 1948, after he attempted to extend his stay in office.^[1] He initially intended to hand over power in 1949, but it was clear that his chosen successor Mauro Espinola Castro was unpopular while Osmín Aguirre y Salinas was among the favourites to win the election. The coup was led by many younger military officers.^[2]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Armstrong, Robert; Shenk, Janet (1982). El Salvador: The Face of Revolution. South End Press. pp. 36–38. ISBN 9780896081376. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Almeida, Paul D. (2008). Waves of Protest: Popular Struggle in El Salvador, 1925–2005. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 53–57. ISBN 9781452913520. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
^ ^a ^b Dunkerley, James (1992). Political Suicide in Latin America and Other Essays. Verso. pp. 59–60. ISBN 9780860915607. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
^ Krehm, William (1999). Democracies and Tyrannies of the Caribbean in the 1940s. COMER Publications. ISBN 9781896266817. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
^ Rivarola Puntigliano, Andrés; Briceño-Ruiz, José (2013). Resilience of Regionalism in Latin America and the Caribbean. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 131–132. ISBN 9781137328373. Retrieved 14 January 2016.

External links

Biography from the Salvadoran government

Political offices
Preceded by Osmín Aguirre (provisional)	President of El Salvador 1945–1948	Succeeded by Revolutionary Council

[Armstrong_&_Shenk-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Armstrong, Robert; Shenk, Janet (1982). El Salvador: The Face of Revolution. South End Press. pp. 36–38. ISBN 9780896081376. Retrieved 13 January 2016.

[Almeida-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Almeida, Paul D. (2008). Waves of Protest: Popular Struggle in El Salvador, 1925–2005. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 53–57. ISBN 9781452913520. Retrieved 13 January 2016.

[Dunkerley-3] Dunkerley, James (1992). Political Suicide in Latin America and Other Essays. Verso. pp. 59–60. ISBN 9780860915607. Retrieved 14 January 2016.

[4] Krehm, William (1999). Democracies and Tyrannies of the Caribbean in the 1940s. COMER Publications. ISBN 9781896266817. Retrieved 14 January 2016.

[5] Rivarola Puntigliano, Andrés; Briceño-Ruiz, José (2013). Resilience of Regionalism in Latin America and the Caribbean. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 131–132. ISBN 9781137328373. Retrieved 14 January 2016.

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v t e Heads of state of El Salvador
Post-independence (1821–1823)	Barriere Delgado Filísola Codallos Consultive Junta^‡ Prado^†
Federal Republic of Central America (1823–1841)	J. Rodríguez Prado J. V. Villacorta Prado Cornejo J. D. Villacorta Cornejo Morazán^† J. San Martín Prado J. San Martín C. Salazar^† G. Salazar^† Escolán^† Silva Espinoza F. Gómez Vigil T. Menéndez Vigil T. Menéndez Cañas^† Morazán Silva^† Cañas^† Ramírez^† Lindo^†
Republic of El Salvador (1841–1931)	Lindo^† Arce^† Marín^† J. J. Guzmán D. Villacorta^† Marín^† J. J. Guzmán Arce^† Palacios^† Malespín Palacios^† J. E. Guzmán Palacios^† Aguilar Palacios^† Aguilar Medina^† Quirós^† Vasconcelos R. Rodríguez^† Vasconcelos Dueñas^† Quirós^† Dueñas J. M. San Martín^† Dueñas V. Gómez^† J. M. San Martín J. Hernández^† J. M. San Martín Dueñas^† Campo Dueñas^† Campo Zepeda^† Santín Barrios^† Santín J. E. Guzmán^† Peralta^† Barrios Dueñas González Méndez^† González del Valle Zaldívar Guirola^† Zaldívar Figueroa^† Rosales^† F. Menéndez C. Ezeta A. Ezeta^† Gutiérrez Regalado Escalón Figueroa M. Araujo C. Meléndez^† Quiñónez^† C. Meléndez Quiñónez^† J. Meléndez Quiñónez P. Romero A. Araujo
Military presidents (1931–1979)	Civic Directory^‡ Hernández Martínez^† A. Menéndez^† Hernández Martínez A. Menéndez^† Aguirre^† Castaneda Revolutionary Council of Government^‡ Osorio Lemus Junta of Government^‡ Civic-Military Directory^‡ Cordón^† Rivera F. Sánchez A. Molina C. Romero
Salvadoran Civil War (1979–1992)	Revolutionary Government Junta^‡ Magaña Duarte Cristiani
Post-Civil War (since 1992)	Cristiani Calderón Flores Saca Funes S. Sánchez Bukele C. Rodríguez^†
^† – Acting or provisional president ^‡ – Military junta