Civic Directory

Civic Directory
Civic Directory
; Military junta of El Salvador
	The members of the Civic Directory
Date formed	2 December 1931
Date dissolved	4 December 1931
People and organisations
Chairmen	Colonel Osmín Aguirre y Salinas; Colonel Joaquín Valdés
No. of ministers	12
Member party	Armed Forces of El Salvador

The Civic Directory (Spanish: Directorio Cívico) was a military junta which governed El Salvador from 2 to 4 December 1931. The junta was composed of twelve members of the Armed Forces from the Army, Air Force, and National Guard. The directory marked the beginning of the era of military dictatorship in El Salvador which lasted until October 1979 with the 1979 coup d'état and the establishment of the Revolutionary Government Junta, a joint civilian-military government which ruled until 1982.

Background

1931 general election

In early-January 1931, El Salvador held its first fair and free democratic election in its history.^[1] Of the six candidates, the military supported the candidacy of Doctor Alberto Gómez Zárate, who served as the minister of national defense from 1927 to 1930 during the presidency of Pío Romero Bosque.^[1]^[2] Gómez Zárate's primary opponent was Arturo Araujo, an engineer, coffee planter, and rancher of the Labor Party who promised agricultural reforms and the industrialization of the country.^[1] Araujo had the support of the United States.^[1] A third contender was General Maximiliano Hernández Martínez of the National Republican Party, although, he later ended his campaign to be the vice presidential candidate for Araujo.^[3]

The election resulted in a victory for Araujo and Hernández Martínez, who won 106,777 votes against Gómez Zárate's 64,280 votes.^[3]^[4] Although the United States was wary of the military's intentions following the election, the military remained loyal to Araujo, mostly due to Hernández Martínez's presence in his administration.^[3]

Araujo's presidency

During his presidency, which began on 1 March 1931,^[5] was faced by economic troubles due to the Great Depression, waning political support leading to social unrest, and over time, growing military disloyalty.^[6] Throughout his presidency, the military's loyalty depended on Hernández Martínez's position as vice president and minister of national defense.^[6]

In late-1931, Araujo attempted to reduce the budget of the military and issued orders to some military officials to retire in an attempt to improve the country's economy.^[6] His attempts, however, were strongly resisted by the military, and when his administration failed to adequately pay the military, the armed forces staged a coup d'état against Araujo's administration on 2 December 1931, forcing Araujo to flee the country to the United States.^[7] The coup was solely orchestrated by the military without any influence from the country's politicians.^[6]

History of the junta

In the aftermath of the coup, the military established a military junta called the Civic Directory to govern the country.^[8]^[9] The junta was composed of twelve members, all of whom were military officers.^[9] It was led by Colonels Osmín Aguirre y Salinas and Joaquín Valdés, who served as co-chairmen.^[8] Aguirre y Salinas also served as minister of national defense under the junta.^[2]

On 4 December 1931, only two days after the coup which deposed Araujo and established the Civic Directory, the junta dissolved itself.^[8] Despite having no direct role in the coup, even being detained by the military during the coup, Hernández Martínez as the country's acting president.^[10] The 1931 coup led to the start of 48 years of military rule in El Salvador.^[11]

United States opposition to the junta

In assessment of the junta, Charles B. Curtis, the minister of the United States to El Salvador, remarked that the junta's members were "half-witted" and "utterly irresponsible youths," adding that they had "no fixed plan beyond getting rid of the present government."^[8] The United States Department of State announced that it would not recognize the military government in accordance with the 1923 Central American Treaty of Peace and Amity.^[12] The United States kept its position of not recognizing the military government after Hernández Martínez was installed as acting president, a position which was also held by the government of Costa Rica, another signatory of the treaty.^[13] The United States only recognized the military government on 26 January 1934, over two years after the coup and the Civic Directory being dissolved.^[14]^[15]

Junta members

The Civic Directory was composed of twelve military officers from the army, air force, and National Guard.^[9]

Army

First Infantry Regiment

Captain Manuel Urbina
Captain Visitación Antonio Pacheco
Lieutenant Joaquín Castro Canizales

First Artillery Regiment

Lieutenant Carlos Rodríguez
Second Lieutenant Julio Cañas

First Machine Gun Regiment

Second Lieutenant José Alonso Huezo
Second Lieutenant Miguel Hernández Saldaña

Cavalry Regiment

Lieutenant Héctor Montalvo

Ministry of National Defense

Colonel Osmín Aguirre y Salinas, served as co-chairman as minister of national defense

Air Force

Second Lieutenant Juan Ramón Munés

National Guard

Colonel Joaquín Valdés, served as co-chairman
Colonel Juan Vicente Vidal

References

Citations

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Grieb 1971, p. 152.
^ ^a ^b "Exministros de Defense" [Ex-Ministers of Defense]. fuerzaarmada.mil. (in Spanish). Armed Forces of El Salvador. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c Grieb 1971, p. 153.
^ Nohlen 2005, p. 287.
^ "Presidentes de El Salvador – Ingeniero Arturo Araujo" [Presidents of El Salvador – Engineer Arturo Araujo]. casapres.gob (in Spanish). Government of El Salvador. Archived from the original on 2 March 2009. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Grieb 1971, p. 154.
^ Grieb 1971, pp. 154–155.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Grieb 1971, p. 155.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Presidentes de El Salvador – Directorio Cívico" [Presidents of El Salvador – Civic Directory]. casapres.gob (in Spanish). Government of El Salvador. Archived from the original on 2 March 2009. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
^ Grieb 1971, pp. 155, 158.
^ Wood 2003, p. 22.
^ Grieb 1971, pp. 155–156.
^ Grieb 1971, pp. 156.
^ Astilla 1976, p. 86.
^ Bosch 1999, pp. xi, 6–7.

Bibliography

Astilla, Carmelo Francisco Esmeralda (1976). "The Martínez Era: Salvadoran-American Relations, 1931–1944". Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College.
Bosch, Brian J. (1999). The Salvadoran Officer Corps and the Final Offensive of 1981. Jefferson, North Carolina; London: McFarland & Company Incorporated Publishers. ISBN 0-7864-0612-7.
Grieb, Kenneth J. (1971). "The United States and the Rise of General Maximiliano Hernández Martínez". Journal of Latin American Studies. 3 (2): 151–172. doi:10.1017/S0022216X00001425. JSTOR 156558. S2CID 146607906.
Nohlen, Dieter (2005). Elections in the Americas: A Data Handbook. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199253587.
Wood, Elizabeth Jean (2003). Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521010500.

v t e Heads of state of El Salvador
Post-independence (1821–1823)	Barriere Delgado Filísola Codallos Consultive Junta^‡ Prado^†
Federal Republic of Central America (1823–1841)	J. Rodríguez Prado J. V. Villacorta Prado Cornejo J. D. Villacorta Cornejo Morazán^† J. San Martín Prado J. San Martín C. Salazar^† G. Salazar^† Escolán^† Silva Espinoza F. Gómez Vigil T. Menéndez Vigil T. Menéndez Cañas^† Morazán Silva^† Cañas^† Ramírez^† Lindo^†
Republic of El Salvador (1841–1931)	Lindo^† Arce^† Marín^† J. J. Guzmán D. Villacorta^† Marín^† J. J. Guzmán C. Molina^† Arce^† C. Molina^† Arce^† Palacios^† Malespín Palacios^† J. E. Guzmán Palacios^† Aguilar Palacios^† Aguilar Medina^† Quirós^† Vasconcelos R. Rodríguez^† Vasconcelos Dueñas^† Quirós^† Dueñas J. M. San Martín^† Dueñas V. Gómez^† J. M. San Martín Dueñas^† Campo Dueñas^† Campo Zepeda^† Santín Barrios^† Santín J. E. Guzmán^† Peralta^† Barrios Dueñas González Méndez^† González del Valle Zaldívar Guirola^† Zaldívar Figueroa^† Rosales^† F. Menéndez C. Ezeta A. Ezeta^† Gutiérrez Regalado Escalón Figueroa M. Araujo C. Meléndez^† Quiñónez^† C. Meléndez Quiñónez^† J. Meléndez Quiñónez P. Romero A. Araujo
Military presidents (1931–1979)	Civic Directory^‡ Hernández Martínez^† A. Menéndez^† Hernández Martínez A. Menéndez^† Aguirre^† Castaneda Revolutionary Council of Government^‡ Osorio Lemus Junta of Government^‡ Civic-Military Directory^‡ Cordón^† Rivera F. Sánchez A. Molina C. Romero
Salvadoran Civil War (1979–1992)	Revolutionary Government Junta^‡ Magaña Duarte Cristiani
Post-Civil War (since 1992)	Cristiani Calderón Flores Saca Funes S. Sánchez Bukele C. Rodríguez^†
^† – Acting or provisional president ^‡ – Military junta