User:Electionworld/sandbox/Poland

Multiple timeline of Poland

This scheme is a multiple timeline of the history of Poland, part of the series of Series of multiple timelines of European countries and territories. Timeline of Poland

Introduction - Other timelines - Index of timelines - Poland

Western Poland - Other regions in main section

The Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska) is a republic with a popularly elected president, a parliament, the National Assembly, with a Assembly and a Senate elected in free multi-party elections, and a government responsible to the parliament. Poland is member of the European Union.

400s: West Slavic and baltic Prussian tribes settle in present-day Poland. Polans 9th century: Gradually the Slavic tribes of the Polans found a state. There is a long list of legendary rulers. The first duke is said to be Siemowit of the Piast dynasty. Grand Principality of Rus' 9th century: Varangians establish Rus' and conquer what is now Galicia. Duchy of the Polans 960: The first confirmed duke of the Polans is Mieszko of the Piast dynasty. His realm includes Silesia. 967: Mieszko and his court embrace Christianity, which becomes the national religion of the Polans. 999: Bolesław of the Polanes conquers Moravia. 1000s: Siemomysł becomes the first duke of Slavic Pomerania. 1002: King Heinrich II of Germany and duke Bolesław commence a war over the control of Lusatia and Upper Lusatia, as well as Bohemia, Moravia and Slovakia. 1003: Bolesław overthrows Boleslav III of Bohemia and becomes by conquest duke of Bohemia. Bolesław conquers Lusatia and Meissen. At the Peace of Merseburg he keeps Lusatia as a fiefbut loses Meissen. 1004: Bolesław is defeated by Heinrich II and the personal union of Poland with Bohemia ends. Bolesław keeps Moravia and Slovakia and loses Lusatia, which is confirmed at the Peace of Poznán in 1005. 1013: Warfare continues, but at the Peace of Merseburg the 1002 arrangements are confirmed. 1018: After renewed warfare, the Peace of Bautzen reconfirms the 1002 arrangements. 1019: Duke Bretislav I of Bohemia recaptures Moravia. Kingdom of Poland 1025: Bolesław is crowned as king of Poland. 1028: Mieszko II invades the Eastern marches of Saxony. 1031: He is repulsed by emperor Konrad II and renounces his claims to Lusatia, which is confirmed in 1033 at the Treaty of Merseburg, finally ending the wat between the empire and Poland. The position of king Mieszko II is disputed by relatives. His brother Bezprym becomes as duke ruler of Poland. 1076: Duke Bolesław II is crowned as king. 1079: King Bolesław II is deposed and banished. His brother Władysław I Herman becomes duke of Poland. 1109: Bolesław III defeats at Hundsfeld emperor Heinrich IV and stops the German expansion to the centre of Europe. The same year he defeats the Pomeranians, re-establishing the Polish access to the sea. Principality of Volhynia 1119: Inside Rus' Ivan Vasilkovič becomes prince of Volhynia. 1138: After the death of duke Bolesław III, Poland gets divided in the Seniorate Province of the Duchy of Cracow and other provinces, including the Duchy of Silesia', Duchy of Greater Poland, Duchy of Masovia and Duchy of Sandomierz. The duke of the senoriate province is also high duke of Poland. Władysław II becomes high duke and duke of Silesia. 1146: Władysław is overthrown by his brother Bolesław IV. 1147: Poland takes part in the Wendish Crusade at the German border. 1205: Prince Roman Mstyslavič of Volhynia is defeated at Zawichost by high duke Leszek. 1189: Prince Roman Mstislavič of Volhynia becomes prince of Halych. 1205: He is defeated at Zawichost by high duke Leszek. Kingdom of Hungary 1214: The principalities are annexed to Hungary. 1241: A joint army of Poland, Moravia and Germans is defeated at Legnica by a Mongol army. 1259/1260: The Mongol army raids against Poland. 1287-1288: The Golden Horde raids Poland. 1295: High duke Przemysł II is crowned king of Poland. 1300: He is succeeded by king Vacláv II of Bohemia. 1305: Vacláv II is succeeded in both countries by his son Vacláv III. 1306: His son Václav III is murdered before he is crowned. Poland gets fragmented again and the personal union with Bohemia ends. One of the dukes Władysław becomes dominant and controls large parts of Poland. 1320: Władysław I is crowned king of Poland. 1335: Most of the Duchies of Silesia are incorporated into the Bohemian Crown. 1326–1332: Poland and the Teutonic Order commence a war over Pomerelia. 1331: After an undecisive batlle, the Teutonic Order gets the upper hands and an armistice is agreed. 1340: After the poisoning of prince Boleslaw-Yuri II of Galicia, both Poland and Lithuania advances claims over the principality, which leads to an armed conflict. 1343: Pomerelia becomes in the Treaty of Kalisz between king Kazimierz III of Poland and the Teutonic Knights, a Teutonic possession. Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia 1221: Danylo Romanovyč becomes king of united independent Galicia-Volhynia. 1349: Poland annexes most of Galicia-Volhynia. 1370: After the death of king Kazimierz III he is succeeded by his nephew Lajos/Ludwik, king of Hungary. 1382: After his death the personal union with Hungary ends. His daughter Jadwiga Andegaweńska becomes queen. 1385: With the Union of Krewo grand duke Jogaila of Lithuania becomes as Władysław II Jagiełło king of Poland and a dynastic union between Poland and Lithuania is established. Jogaila is baptized Władysław II Jagiełło and becomes by marriage with Jadwiga also king of Poland, creating the Jagiellonian dynasty. 1392: Władysław II appoints Vytautas as regent-grand duke of Lithuania. Lithuania is governed by regent-grand dukes until 1447. After a prolonged conflict since 1340, Galicia–Volhynia is divided between Poland and Lithuania. 1401: The Pact of Vilnius and Radom reaffirms the Union of Krewo and grants autonomy to Lithuania. 1409: The Teutonic Order attacks Poland and Lithuania. 1410: The Teutonic and Livonian orders are defeated at Grunwald by Lithuania and allies. 1411: The Peace of Thorn ends the war. 1413: With the Union of Horodło Lithuania gets more autonomy and the right to have an own grand duke. 1414: The short Hunger War between Poland and Lithuania against the Teutonic Order ends in a stalemate. 1422: The Treaty of Melno ends the Gollub War between Poland and Lithuania with the Tuetonic Order. The Livonian Order secedes as a separate entity. 1431: A new war beween Poland and the Teutonic Order commences. 1432: The Union of Grodno reinforces the union between Poland and Lithuania. 1435: The Peace of Brześć Kujawski ends the war with a Polish victory. 1440: King Władysław III becomes also king of Hungary and Croatia. 1443: An alliance led by king Władysław III starts a crusade against the Ottomans in Bulgaria. 1444: The Ottomans are victorious at Varna over the allied armies and Władysław III dies. The personal union with Hungary and Croatia ends. An interregnum starts. 1447: Regent-grand duke Kazimieras of Lithuania becomes as Kazimierz IV also king of Poland. 1454: When the Prussian Confederation asks the Polish king to incorporate Prussia as a fief, A Thirteen Years' War between Poland and the Prussian Confederation against the Teutonic Order commences. 1466: With the Peace of Thorn the state of the Teutonic Order loses its western part to Poland and becomes a fief of Poland. 1492: Poland and Lithuania have separate rulers, the brothers Jan I Olbracht in Poland and Aleksandras in Lithuania. 1501: After the death of Jan I, Aleksandras of Lithuania becomes as Aleksander king of Poland. 1506: Poland and Lithuania are invaded by the Crimean Khanate. 1519–1521: After territorial demands of the Teutonic Order, Poland declares war against the Teutonic Order. The war ends in 1521 with an armistice. 1558: Russia commences the Livonian War to conquer present-day Estonia and Latvia against Poland-Lithuania. 1561: With the Treaty of Vilna the duchies of Courland and Semigallia and Livonia are subordinated to Poland. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1569: King and Grand duke Zygmunt II August merges Poland and Lithuania with the Union of Lublin into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The commonwealth becomes an elective monarchy. 1573: Prince Henri III of France is elected king of Poland-Lithuania. 1575: He resigns as king of Poland-Lithuania after he becomes king of France. He is succeeded by Anna Jagiellonka and her husband [[Stephen Báthory|Stefan Batory (Báthory István_]. 1578: Poland-Lithuania defeats the Kingdom of Livonia. 1581: Poland-Lithuania annexes Riga. 1582: With the Truce of Yam-Zapolsky the victory of king Stefan Batory over tsar Ivan IV Vasiljevič is confirmed. Poland-Lithuania annexes Dorpat. 1585: Denmark sells Courland to Poland-Lithuania. 1587–1588: After the death of Stefan Batory a War of the Polish Succession commences between the Swedish prince Sigismund III Vasa and Maximilian III of Austria. Maximilian III is defeated at Byczyna and Sigismund III becomes as Zygmunt III king and grand duke. 1592: He becomes as Sigismund also king of Sweden. 1595: Polish troops intervene in Moldavia and put Ieremia Movilă on the throne. They defeat at Cecora an Ottoman-Crimean army. The Ottomans recognize Ieremia Movilă, making Moldavia a condominium. 1599: Sigismund is overthrown in Sweden by his uncle Karl IX. 1600: Sigismund claims the Swedish crown and commences the Polish-Swedish War over control of Livonia and Estonia. 1601-1603: Part of Estonia is occupied by Sweden. 1603: Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversk fall to Poland-Lithuania. 1605–1618: Polish-Lithuanian private armies and mercenaries raid Moscow. 1606: Mikołaj Zebrzydowski and others start a rebellion against king Sigismund. 1608: The Zebrzydowski rebellion is suppressed. 1609: Poland-Lithuania gets into a formal war with Russia. 1610: The Polish-Lithuanian army defeats at Klushino a combined Russian-Swedish army and conquers Moscow. 1611: The Polish-Swedish War ends with a truce. Russia loses Smolensk to Poland-Lithuania. 1613–1617: Poland-Lithuania is invaded by the Crimean Tatars dozens of times. 1617: In the Peace of Busza Poland-Lithuania agrees with the Ottoman Empire to cede the Khotyn to the Ottomans and to stop its interference in Moldavia. The Polish-Swedish War between Poland-Lithuania and Sweden recommences, but ends in 1618 with another truce. 1618: The Truce of Deulino ends the war between Poland-Lithuania and Moscow, after a Polish-Lithuanian victory. 1620–1621: A conflict between Poland-Lithuania and the Ottoman Empire commences. After the indecisive battle of Khotyn, the Treaty of Khotyn results in no border change but Poland-Lithuania agrees (again) to stop its interference in Moldavia. 1621: After a Swedish attack on Livonia and Riga the Polish-Swedish recommences. Riga is conquered by Sweden. 1625: Sweden conquers Livonia and Dorpat. 1626: The war shifts to Prussia. 1629: After Poland defeated at Trzciana the Swedes, the Truce of Altmark ends the hostilities between Sweden and Poland-Lithuania. Most of Livonia goes to Sweden, part of Livonia falls to Poland-Lithuania. 1632-1634: Russia commences the Smolensk War to conquer Smolensk from Poland-Lithuania. It is defeated and with the Treaty of Polyanovka the war ends. 1648: Cossacks in Polish Ukraine start and uprising against Polish nobility. Russia annexes Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversk. 1649: The uprising leads to the formation of the Zaporizhian Host, whereby the Treaty of Zboriv places three provinces of Polish Ukraine under the control of the Zaporizhian Host. 1651: The Treaty of Bila Tserkva establishes peace between Poland-Lithuania and the Cossacks after the Polish victory at Berestechko. 1654: Russia together with the Zaporizhian Host commences a war with Poland-Lithuania. Russia annexes Smolensk. 1655: Sweden invades Poland-Lithuania and conquers after the victory at Ujście and Kraków large parts of the country. The war leads to huge destructions of cities and robberies. Russia conquers large parts of the east of Poland-Lithuania. In the meantime the hetman of Lithuania, Jonušas Radvila, defects and signs the Treaty of Kėdainiai allying Lithuania with Sweden. At the end of the year the Poles succeed to stop the Swedes at Jasna Góra. The forces of Radvila are defeated by the Poles. 1656: Brandenburg-Prussia allies with Sweden and join the war. Russia starts a war with Sweden and invades Livonia. The joint Brandenburgian-Swedish army defeats at Warsaw the Poles. In the war between Russia and Poland-Lithuania the Truce of Vilna is agreed. 1657: Austria allies with Poland-Lithuania and joins the war. Transylvania supports the Swedes. With the Treaty of Bromberg king Jan II Kazimierz Waza accepts elector Friedrich Wilhelm of Brandenburg as full sovereign in Prussia. He joins Poland-Lithuania in the Second Northern War against Sweden. 1658: The Zaporizhian Host defects to the Poles. The war between Russia and Poland-Lithuania resumes. 1660: The Treaty of Oliva confirms the Swedish victory in the Second Northern War over Brandenburg-Prussia and Poland. 1665-1666: A rebellion forces after a victory at Mątwy king Jan II Kazimierz Waza to consessions. 1666: Poland-Lithuania gets into war in Ukraine with the Crimean Tatars and the Zaporozhian Host. 1667: After recapturing most of the areas earlier conquered by Russia, the Treaty of Andrusovo ends the war between Russia and Poland-Lithuania. Kiev and other Ukrainian cities are annexed by Russia. 1669: The Treaty of Karlowitz ends the war between the alliance consisting of Habsburg Austria, Venice and Poland-Lithuania on one side and Ottoman Empire on the other side. [Podolia]] returns to Poland-Lithuania. Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki/Mykolas I Kaributas Višnioveckis is elected ruler of Poland-Lithuania. 1672: When khan Selim Geray of Crimea is defeated by the Polish forces, the war in Ukraine develops into a war between Poland-Lithuania and the Ottoman Empire. The Lipka Tatars in the Polish army stage a mutiny. The Treaty of Buczacz brings Podolia under Ottoman control. 1673: After an Ottoman campaign to help the Ukrainian Cossacks, the Polish leader Jan Sobieski defeats at Khotyn the Ottomans 1674: Jan III Sobieski is elected king/grand duke. The Lipska mutineers are defeated and reincorporated in the army. 1676: The Battle of Żurawno ends indecisive and the Poland-Lithuania and the Ottoman Empire agree on the Treaty of Żurawno, in which Poland-Lithuania regains part of the lost territories. The treaty is not ratified by the Polish Sejm. 1683: The Ottoman Empire attacks the Habsburg Empire and almost captures Vienna. In reaction Poland-Lithuania joins an alliance led by the Habsburgs to fight the Ottoman Empire and its vassal states. Austria and their main ally Poland-Lithuania under the command of king Jan III Sobieski defeat the [Ottoman Empire at the second siege of Vienna. 1686: With the Treaty of Perpetual Peace Russia and Poland agree on their borders in Ukraine. Russia joins the war against the Ottoman Empire. 1697: With the election of elector Friedrich August II of Saxony as ruler of Poland-Lithuania under the name August II a period of personal union between Poland-Lithuania and Saxony starts. 1699: The Treaty of Karlowitz ends the Great Turkish War. The Ottomans return Podolia to Poland-Lithuania. 1700: King August II enters as an Russian ally the Great Northern War with Sweden. 1704: After Sweden occupied large parts of Poland, the Polish nobility deposes August II and Stanisław Leszczyński is put on the throne by king Karl XII of Sweden. 1706: With the Treaty of Altranstädt August II resigns as king of Poland-Lithuania. 1709: Karl XII is defeated and August resumes the throne, restoring the personal union with Saxony. 1720/1721: Sweden loses the war against the coalition. 1726: Poland-Lithuania annexes Courland and Semigallia. 1733: After the death of August II the War of the Polish Succession starts between Stanisław Leszczyński, supported by France, Spain and Sardinia, and August III, elector of Saxony, supported by Russia, Austria and Prussia. 1734: Stanisław is defeated and August III becomes king. 1737: Stanisławs renounces his claim on the Polish throne and becomes duke of Lorraine and Bar, confirmed with the Treaty of Vienna in 1738. 1740: Poland-Lithuania disputes in the War of the Austrian Succession succession of Maria Theresia as archduchess of Austria and her husband Franz Stefan as Holy Roman Emperor. 1748: The Treaty of Aachen ends the War of the Austrian Succession. Silesia is recognized as part of Prussia. 1764: Stanisław August Poniatowski is elected ruler, ending the personal union with Saxony. 1768: The Bar Confederation of Polish magnates fights both the Russian Empire and king Stanisław II August Poniatowski. 1772: The Russian victory over the Bar Confederation leads to the first partition of Poland. Prussia, Habsburg Austria and Russia annex part of the country. 1791: The Polish parliament adopts a consitution making Poland-Lithuania a constitutional monarchy. 1792: In reaction to the new constitution an alliance of Polish nobles and Russia stage a war. The Russian victory leads to the second partition of Poland, in which Russia and Prussia annex large parts of the country. The city of Danzig becomes part of Prussia. 1794: An uprising against the against Poland’s foreign occupiers commences. Poland is defeated at Maciejowice by Russia and the uprising is suppressed. 1795: In a reaction to the uprising Russia, Prussia and Austria decide to wipe out Poland-Lithuania and with the third partition they divide the country between themselves. Kingdom of Prussia 1795: The western part of Poland becomes part of Prussia. Russian Empire 1795: The eastern part becomes part of Russia. Habsburg Monarchy 1795: The southern part becomes part of Austria. Empire of Austria 1804: Archduke Franz II becomes emperor of Austria, being at the same time emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (until 1806). The Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria forms a constituent kingdom of the Austrian Empire. Duchy of Warsaw 1807: With the Treaties of Tilsit France, Russia and Prussia create the Duchy of Warsaw. King Friedrich August of Saxony becomes duke of Warsaw, a French client state. 1813: The duchy is occupied by Prussia and Russia. Kingdom of Poland → Russia 1815: The Final Act of the Congress of Vienna provides that the Duchy of Warsaw is divided between Russia and Prussia. The emperor of Russia becomes king of Poland in real union with Russia. 1831: An uprising in Poland and Lithuania since 1830 is defeated at Warsaw. Free City of Cracow 1815: Austria, Prussia and Russia create the protectorate of Cracow with a parliament elected by limited suffrage and a government responsible to the parliament. 1833: The balance of power shifts to the commissars of the protecting powers. 1846: A Polish uprising of nobles is defeated by an Austrian supported peasant uprising. After another Greater Poland uprising is defeated, Cracow is incorporated into Austrian Galicia 1864: An uprising, started in 1863, of Polish and Lithuanian insurgents is crushed by Russia. Russian Empire 1867: Poland is fully incorporated into Russia. Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy 1867: Emperor Franz Joseph makes Austria a constitutional dual monarchy as the Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy. 1905-1907: The revolution in Russia spreads over Poland, e.g. at Łódź, but is defeated. During this revolution the Zagłębie Republic and the Ostrowiec Republic shortly exist. 1914: After Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia and Germany attacks France, Belgium and Luxembourg, Russia declares war on Austria-Hungary and Germany. World War I is a fact. 1914: After Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia and Germany attacks France, Belgium and Luxembourg, Russia declares war on Austria-Hungary and Germany. World War I is a fact. Kingdom of Poland 1916: Poland becomes as kingdom governed by a Provisional Council of State a German puppet state. Republic of Poland 1918: Austria-Hungary and the other Central Powers lose World War I. Austria-Hungary collapses. Russia pulls out of the war with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. A provisional government comes to power and proclaim an independent republic. Eastern Galicia secedes as Western Ukraine. The Komancza Republic plans to unite with Western Ukraine. The Ruthenian National Republic of the Lemko People secedes, headed by the president of a central national council as provisional government. The Republic of Zakopane is established and later that year annexed to Poland. The same year the Republic of Tarnobrzeg is established. A Polish–Ukrainian War between Poland and Western Ukraine over Galicia commences. The same year Germany and the other Central Powers are defeated. An uprising of Poles against the German authorities commences. 1919: A right-wing coup attempt to overthrow the government fails. conflicts, leading to a war commence between Poland and Soviet Russia. Poland and Czechoslovakia fight a Polish–Czechoslovak War, leading to the annexation of a part of Cieszyn Silesia to Czechoslovakia. Lithuania tries to defend its borders during the Polish-Soviet war. Poland claims part of Lithuania. The war between Poland and Western Ukraine ends with a Polish victory. West Ukraine, Komancza and Tarnobrzeg are annexed to Poland.With the Treaty of Versailles parts of Germany are ceded to Poland. Ethnic Poles commence uprisings in Silesia the German rule. The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye between France, the United Kingdom and Italy and other allied powers with Germany-Austria ends the war with the formal dissolution of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire. 1920: Poland is a founding member of the League of Nations. In a plebiscite the Allenstein region of East Prussia votes to remain with Germany. Poland defeats at the Niemen River the Lithuanians. During the war the Polish general Lucjan Żeligowski conquers Vilnius and establishes Central Lithuania as a client state of Poland. In parts of Galicia the Galician Soviet Socialist Republic is established, but the same year defeated by Poland. Lemko is incorporated the same year. 1921: The constitution stipulates a bicameral parliament elected in free multi-party elections, with in the senate special representation of national minorities. The president is elected by the parliament. The government is responsible to the parliament. In a plebiscite the majority of the Upper Silesians vote to remain with Germany. It leads in 1922 to a division of Upper Silesia between Poland and Germany. The war between Poland and Soviet Russia ends with the Peace of Riga. Polish forces prevent Soviet occupation of Poland, Poland takes control of Western Ukraine and West Belarus and the Soviet forces take control of Eastern Ukraine and East Belarus. 1923: Poland annexes Central Lithuania. 1926: Józef Piłsudski overthrows the government and establishes a dictatorship. The powers of parliament are restricted. Elections take place under unfair and unfree conditions. 1935: The parliament is elected on a non-party basis. The senate is partially appointed and partially elected by colleges. The executive president is popularly elected between a candidate proposed by the parliament and a candidate proposed by the retiring president. 1938: Poland annexes the Czech part of Cieszyn Silesia. 1939: Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union sign the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. World War II starts with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany. France and the United Kingdom declare war on Nazi Germany. The Soviet Union invades Poland. Poland is divided between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. German Empire 1939: Western parts of Poland are occupied by and annexed to Nazi Germany. Eastern parts of Poland are occupied by and annexed to the Soviet Union (Ukraine and Belarus). 1941: As part of the invasion of the Soviet Union, Eastern Poland is occupied by Nazi Germany. Nazi Germany starts the genocide in which around six million jews are killed. 1942: The Home Army (AK), together with the Peasants'Battalions becomes the leading resistance organization against the German occupation. 1943: An uprising in the ghetto of Warsaw is suppressed. 1944: Communists establish the People's Army as a resistance organization. The same year the Home Army starts an uprising to liberate Warsaw from German occupation. Republic of Poland 1944: Poland is liberated from Nazi-Germany. A provisional government dominated by communists is formed. Eastern Poland is conquered by annexed to the Soviet Union. It is divided inside the Soviet Union between Ukraine and Belarus. 1945: After the defeat of Nazi Germany, Germany loses the areas east of the Oder river to Poland, including Danzig, which becomes Gdańsk. Poland annexes part of Germany and cedes the eastern part of Poland to the Soviet Union. The northern part of East Prussia is annexed to the Soviet Union. Poland is a founding member of the United Nations. 1946: A unicameral parliament is elected in an unfree and unfair multi-party election. 1947: The office of president is replaced by a Council of State. Parliament is replaced on a unicameral parliament elected on a single-list basis. 1949: Poland is a founding member of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon). People's Republic of Poland 1952: Poland is renamed. 1955: Poland is a founding member of the Warsaw Pact and joins the United Nations. 1956: An uprising in Poznań is suppressed with a military action by the government. Afterwards the reform communist Władysław Gomułka comes to power. 1968: The Soviet Union, Poland and other member states of the Warsaw Pact invade Czechoslovakia and overthrow the reform government. 1970: With the Treaty of Warsaw West Germany and Poland accept the Oder–Neisse line as border. 1979: The visit of the Polish-born pope Jan Paweł II to Poland sparks resistance against the communist rule. 1980: The Solidarity trade union at Poland's Gdańsk Shipyard is founded and begins agitation for greater personal freedoms. 1981: A military junta led by general Wojciech Jaruzelski takes power and introduces martial law in an attempt to crush political opposition. 1988: Massive 1988 Polish strikes force the Polish government to recognize the Solidarity trade union. 1989: In the Round Table Agreement the government and the opposition agree on holding elections. Republic of Poland 1989: At these elections 35 % of the seats can be freely elected. 1990: Poland holds free and direct presidential elections. Poland withdraws from the Warsaw Pact. 1991: Poland joins the Council of Europe. The Comecon is disbanded. The transition to democracy is with the establishment of the bicameral parliament elected in free multiparty elections and a government responsible to the parliament. 1999: Poland joins the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 2004: Poland joins the European Union.

Timeline of Western Poland Introduction - Other timelines - Index of timelines - Poland Western Poland - Other regions in main section

120 BC: The Vandals are believed to have migrated from southern Scandinavia and to have settled in Silesia from around 120 BC. 330: The Vandals are confined to Pannonia by the Goths. 400s: West Slavic and baltic Prussian tribes settle in present-day Poland. Prussians before 800s: Prussians populate the area later known as Prussia. 800s: Vikings try to defeat the Prussian tribes. Duchy of the Polans 960: The first confirmed duke of the Polans is Mieszko of the Piast dynasty. His realm includes Silesia. 900s: Polans tries to defeat the Prussians. Kingdom of Poland 1025: Bolesław is crowned as king of Poland. Duchy of Pomerania 1000s: Siemomysł becomes the first duke of Slavic Pomerania. 1109: Bolesław III defeats the Pomeranians, re-establishing the Polish access to the sea. 1125: Duke Wartislaw becomes vassal of Poland. Pomerelia falls to Poland. 1138: After the death of duke Bolesław III, Poland gets divided in the Seniorate Province of the Duchy of Cracow and other provinces, including the Duchy of Silesia. Władysław II becomes high duke and duke of Silesia. 1172: Silesia gets partitioned. 1164: Pomerania becomes part of the Holy Roman Empire. 1185: Duke Bogusław becomes vassal of Denmark. 1217: The Teutonic Order starts the Prussian Crusade against the paganic Prussian tribes. 1208: Pomerania is partitioned. State of the Teutonic Order 1230: As part of the Northern Crusades the Teutonic Order defeats the Prussians and create its own state. The state gradually enlarges in northern direction, defeating other Baltic tribes. 1237: Its Livonian Order conquers Livonia in present-day Latvia and Estonia. 1238: The Teutonic Order with its Livonian Order start a Lithuanian Crusade against the paganic Lithuanians. 1242: A uprising against the Teutonic Knights led by duke Swietopelk II of Pomerellia commences. 1249: The Treaty of Christburg establishes peace between the Prussian clans and the Teutonic Knights. 1252: The Teutonic Order founds a castle at Memel, inhabited by Baltic tribes. 1227: Pomerania becomes a fief of the Holy Roman Empire. 1295: Pomerania is partitioned. Lands of the Bohemian Crown 1335: Most of the Duchies of Silesia are incorporated into the Bohemian Crown. 1326–1332: Poland and the Teutonic Order commence a war over Pomerelia. 1331: After an undecisive batlle, the Teutonic Order gets the upper hands and an armistice is agreed. 1343: Pomerelia becomes in the Treaty of Kalisz between king Kazimierz III of Poland and the Teutonic Knights, a Teutonic possession. 1343: Pomerelia becomes in the Treaty of Kalisz between king Kazimierz III of Poland and the Teutonic Knights, a Teutonic possession. 1346: King Valdemar IV of Denmark sells Estonia to the Teutonic Order. 1409: The Teutonic Order attacks Poland and Lithuania. 1410: The Teutonic and Livonian orders are defeated at Grunwald by Lithuania and allies. The Livonian Order is separated from the Teutonic Order. 1411: The Peace of Thorn ends the war. 1414: The short Hunger War between Poland and Lithuania against the Teutonic Order ends in a stalemate. 1422: The Treaty of Melno ends the Gollub War between Poland and Lithuania with the Tuetonic Order. 1431: A new war beween Poland and the Teutonic Order commences. 1435: The Peace of Brześć Kujawski ends the war with a Polish victory. 1440: Nobles, clergy and cities establish the Prussian Confederation against the rule by the Teutonic Order. 1443: The Teutonic Knights takes part in a crusade to defend the Roman Empire against the Ottoman Empire, defeated by the Ottomans at Varna. 1454: When the Prussian Confederation asks the Polish king to incorporate Prussia as a fief, A Thirteen Years' War between Poland and the Prussian Confederation against the Teutonic Order commences. 1466: With the Peace of Thorn the western part of the Teutonic Order goes to Poland. 1466: With the Peace of Thorn the state loses its western part to Poland and becomes a fief of Poland. Kingdom of Hungary 1469: Moravia and Silesia are conquered by Hungary under Hunyadi Mátyás. 1478: In the Treaty of Brno, Moravia and Silesia goes to Hunyadi Mátyás. 1478: Duke Bogislaw X unites Pomerania. Lands of the Bohemian Crown 1490: When Vladislav II of Bohemia becomes king of Hungary, Silesia is returned to the Bohemian Crown. 1519–1521: After territorial demands of the Teutonic Order, Poland declares war against the Teutonic Order. The war ends in 1521 with an armistice. 1519–1521: After territorial demands of the Teutonic Order, Poland declares war against the Teutonic Order. The war ends in 1521 with an armistice. Duchy of Prussia 1525: The state is secularized. Grandmaster Albrecht of Brandenburg-Ansbach becomes duke Albrecht of Prussia as a Polish vassal. Parts of the territory are included in Poland. Habsburg Monarchy 1526: Archduke Ferdinand of Austria becomes also king of Bohemia, Hungary and Croatia, together rendered as Habsburg Monarchy. 1532: The co-dukes partition the duchy. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1569: King and Grand duke Zygmunt II August merges Poland and Lithuania with the Union of Lublin into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. 1618: After the death of duke Albrecht Friedrich without surviving male heirs, his son-in-law Johann Sigismund of Brandenburg becomes duke of Prussia and establishes a de facto real union, together rendered as Brandenburg-Prussia, Brandenburg (inside the Holy Roman Empire) and Prussia (outside the Holy Roman Empire). 1625: Bogislaw XIV unites Pomerania. Duchy of Pomerania → Sweden 1637: Pomerania falls to queen Kristina of Sweden, but remains inside the Holy Roman Empire. Electorate of Brandenburg 1648: Pomerania is divided between Sweden and Brandenburg, parts east of the Oder fall to Brandenburg. 1653: The Treaty of Stettin defines the borders between Swedish and Brandenburgian Pomerania. 1656: Friedrich Wilhelm becomes as duke of Prussia a vassal of Sweden. The joint Brandenburgian-Swedish army defeats at Warsaw the Poles. In the war between Russia and Poland-Lithuania the Truce of Vilna is agreed. 1657: With the Treaty of Bromberg king Jan II Kazimierz Waza accepts elector Friedrich Wilhelm of Brandenburg as full sovereign in Prussia. Kingdom of Prussia 1701: Elector/duke Friedrich becomes king in Prussia, de facto merging Brandenburg and Prussia. 1740: Friedrich II comes to power in Prussia. He disputes in the War of the Austrian Succession the succession of Maria Theresia as archduchess of Austria and her husband Franz Stefan as Holy Roman Emperor and starts a war over Silesia. 1748: The Treaty of Aachen ends the War of the Austrian Succession. Silesia is recognized as part of Prussia. 1742: Most of Silesia is conquered by king Friedrich II of Prussia, a small part remains part of Habsburg Bohemia. The Treaty of Berlin ends the War of the Austrian Succession over Silesia. The Habsburg Monarchy cedes most of Silesia to Prussia. 1745: In the Treaty of Dresden between Prussia, Saxony and Austria after the Second Silesian War, Austria confirms the loss of Silesia to Prussia. 1748: The Treaty of Aachen ends the War of the Austrian Succession. Silesia is recognized as part of Prussia. 1756: Austria's desire to recover Silesia from Prussia leads France to the Seven Years' War. 1763: The war ends with a Status quo ante bellum in Europe. The Treaty of Hubertusburg arranges the peace between Prussia and Austria. 1772: The Russian victory over the Bar Confederation leads to the first partition of Poland. Prussia, Habsburg Austria and Russia annex part of the country. 1792: In reaction to the new constitution of Poland an alliance of Polish nobles and Russia stage a war. The Russian victory leads to the second partition of Poland, in which Russia and Prussia annex large parts of the country. The city of Danzig becomes part of Prussia. 1794: An uprising against the against Poland’s foreign occupiers commences. Poland is defeated at Maciejowice by Russia and the uprising is suppressed. 1795: In a reaction to the uprising Russia, Prussia and Austria decide to wipe out Poland-Lithuania and with the third partition they divide the country between themselves. The western part of Poland becomes part of Prussia. Republic of Danzig 1807: Danzig becomes a client state of France under protection of Saxony, ruled by a French governor. 1814: Danzig is reincorporated into Prussia, confirmed in the 1815 in the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna. North German Confederation 1867: Prussia joins the North German Confederation as a constituent state. German Empire 1871: It becomes a constituent state of the newly formed German Empire. 1914: After Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia and Germany attacks France, Belgium and Luxembourg, Russia declares war on Austria-Hungary and Germany. World War I is a fact. Republic of Poland 1918: Austria-Hungary and the other Central Powers lose World War I. Austria-Hungary collapses. Russia pulls out of the war with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. A provisional government comes to power and proclaim an independent republic. An uprising of Poles against the German authorities commences. Republic of Poland 1919: With the Treaty of Versailles parts of Germany are ceded to Poland. Ethnic Poles commence uprisings in Silesia the German rule. 1920: Poland annexes parts of Prussia. In a plebiscite the Allenstein region of East Prussia votes to remain with Germany. Free City of Danzig 1920: Danzig becomes a League of Nations protectorate with a government and a People's Diet elected in free multi-party elections on a universal suffrage. 1921: In a plebiscite the majority of the Upper Silesians vote to remain with Germany. It leads in 1922 to a division of Upper Silesia between Poland and Germany. 1934: Danzig becomes a national-socialist dictatorship. 1933: Germany becomes a national-socialist dictatorship. 1939: Western parts of Poland are occupied by and annexed to Nazi Germany. Danzig is reincorporated into Nazi Germany. Republic of Poland 1945: After the defeat of Nazi Germany, Germany loses the areas east of the Oder river to Poland.