Timeline of Havana

The following is a timeline of the history of Havana, Cuba.

Prior to 18th century

1514 – Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar founds settlement.
1519 – Current location of the city
1537 – Town sacked.^[1]
1555 – Town sacked by Jacques de Sores.^[2]
1577 – Castillo de la Real Fuerza built.
1578 – Church of Santo Domingo built.^[3]
1589 – Governor's residence relocated to Havana from Santiago de Cuba.^[1]
1591 – Basilica Menor de San Francisco de Asis built.
1592 – City status granted.^[4]
1607 – Havana becomes capital of Cuba.^[5]
1608 – San Agustin church built.^[1]
1630 – San Salvador de la Punta Fortress built.^{[citation needed]}
1640 – Morro Castle built.^[1]
1644 – Convent of Santa Clara founded.^[4]^[6]
1648 – Epidemic.^[4]
1668 – Church of San Francisco de Paula (Havana) [es] construction begins.^{[citation needed]}
1688 – Recollect Dominicans of Santa Cataline de Siena founded.^[6]
1693 – San Felipe church built.^[1]
1700
- Discalced Carmelites of Santa Teresa de Jesus founded.^[6]
- Santa Catalina church built.^[1]

18th century

1702 – City walls built.^[1]
1704 – Jesuit college built.^[1]
1728 – Royal and Pontifical University of Saint Jerome established (University of Havana).^[7]

1748 – Battle of Havana.
1762 – Battle of Havana; British in power.^[8]
1763 – 6 July: Spanish in power per Treaty of Paris (1763).^[9]
1767 – Castillo de Atarés built.^[3]
1768
- Hurricane.^[1]
- New city districts established: Campeche (including barrios San Francisco, San Isidro, Santa Paula, Santa Teresa) and La Punte (including barrios El Angel, Dragones, La Estrella, Monserrate).^[10]^[11]
1772 – Paseo del Prado laid out (approximate date).^{[citation needed]}
1774 – La Cabaña fortress built.
1775 – El Coleseo (theatre) built on the Alameda de Paula.^[4]
1777 – Cathedral of Havana built.^[4]
1780 – Castle del Príncipe built.^[1]
1781 –
- Hospital de San Lazaro, Havana
1787 – Roman Catholic diocese of San Cristóbal de la Habana established.^[12]
1789 – Bishopric established.^[1]
1791 – Population: 51,307.^[1]
1792
- Sociedad Económica de los Amigos del País de la Habana established.^[7]
- Palace built.^[1]
1794
- Consulado (merchant guild) established.^[13]
- La Casa de Beneficencia y Maternidad de La Habana^[1]
1799
- Bateria de Santa Clara, 1799 File:Battery of Santa Clara areal. Havana, Cuba.jpg

19th century

1806 – Espada Cemetery
1810 – Hurricane.^[1]
1811 – Population: 94,023.^[1]
1813 – El Lucero de la Habana newspaper begins publication.
1817
- Botanical Gardens established.^[14]
- La Piña de Plata eatery in business.
1828 – El Templete built in the Plaza de Armas.^[1]
1832 – El Noticioso y Lucero de la Habana newspaper begins publication.
1834 – President's Palace built.^[3]
1835
- Fernando VII aqueduct constructed.^[1]
- Mercado de Cristina (market) built on Plaza Vieja.^[15]
1837 – Railway (Havana-Bejucal), Mercado de Cristina, and city jail^[1] constructed.
1838 – Teatro Tacón opens.^[4]
1840 – Plaza del Vapor
1841 – Population: 184,508.^[1]
1844
- Liceo Artistico y Literario de la Habana (lyceum) founded.^[16]^[17]
- Palacio de Aldama built.^[18]
1846 – Great Havana Hurricane.
1847 – Premiere of Bottesini's opera Cristoforo Colombo.^[19]
1853
- Susini cigarette factory in operation.^[20]
- Revista de la Habana literary magazine begins publication.^[4]
1854 – Colegio de Belén founded.^[7]
- Plaza del Vapor, Havana
1856 – Hotel Inglaterra built.^[14]
1861 – Royal Academy of Medical, Physical, and Natural Sciences established.^[7]^[21]
1863
- Fuente de la India (fountain) installed in Parque Central.
- City walls dismantled.
1868
- El Ansador Comercial begins publication.^[1]
- Colon Cemetery inaugurated.^[22]
1871 – 27 November: Students executed.^[3]^(es)
1876 – Hotel Pasaje built.^[23]
1877
- Villalba palace built.^[14]
- Payret Theatre opens.^[24]
1878
- Acueducto de Albear inaugurated.
- City becomes part of La Habana Province.
1880 – Colegio de Abogados de La Habana (bar association) founded.^[7]
1881 – Jane Theater-Circus built.^[14]
1882 – School of arts and trades opens.^[1]
1884 – La Lucha newspaper begins publication.^[1]
1888 – La Discusion newspaper begins publication.^[1]
1889 – Population: 200,000.^[25]
1890 – Alhambra Theatre opens.^[26]
1894 – Manzana de Gómez built.^[14]
1898 – 15 February: United States Navy Ship Maine explosion.^[27]^[1]
1899
- U.S. military occupation begins.^[1]
- Population: 235,981.^[1]

20th century

1900s–1940s

1901
- Biblioteca Nacional José Martí (library) established.^[1]
- Malecón (esplanade) construction begins.
1902
- 20 May: U.S. occupation of Cuba ends. Republic of Cuba promulgated.
- El Mundo^[1] and Tierra newspapers begin publication.^[28]
1905 – Petroleum refinery in operation.^[1]
1907
- Palace of the Association of Store Clerks built.^[14]
- Population: 297,159.^[1]
- Sociedad de Ingenieros y Arquitectos de Cuba (engineering society) headquartered in city.^[7]
1908
- Partido Independiente de Color (political party) founded in Havana.^[29]
- Bohemia magazine begins publication.^[30]
- Hotel Sevilla built.
1909 – Lonja del Comercio building (stock exchange) and Hotel Plaza [es] constructed.^[14]
1910 – Pimp Alberto Yarini is killed in the San Isidro barrio of Old Havana.
1913
- National Museum of Fine Arts of Havana founded.
- El Heraldo de Cuba newspaper begins publication.^[31]
1917
- Manzana de Gómez shopping arcade built.^[4]
- Club Atenas organized.^[29]
1919
- Florida West Indies Airways begins flights to/from Key West, USA.^[20]
- Population: 363,506 city; 697,583 province.^[32]
- La Casa de Beneficencia y Maternidad during cyclone of 1919 with the statute of Antonio Maceo in the background.
1920
- Museum of the Revolution (Presidential Palace before 1959) built.^[14]
- Biblioteca Municipal (library)^[33] and Ruston Academy^[34] established.
1923 – Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus [es] built.
1925 Colegio de Belen, designed by Leonardo Morales y Pedroso is built.
1927 – Regina Theatre^[26] and Centro Asturiano open.^[14]
1928
- January–February: Pan-American Conference held in Havana.
- Parque de la Fraternidad Americana (park) and Teatro Auditorium^[4] inaugurated.
1929 – National Capitol Building constructed.^[4]
1930
- Hotel Nacional de Cuba opens.
- Rancho Boyeros Airport begins operating.
- Bacardi Building constructed.^[35]
1934 – Orquesta de Cámara de La Habana (musical group) formed.^[30]
1938 – Office of the Historian of Havana [es] created; Emilio Roig de Leuchsenring becomes city historian.^[36]
1939
- Tropicana Club in business.
- Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame inaugurated.
- Lyceum and Lawn Tennis Club formed.^[34]
1945 – International Air Transport Association founded in Havana.
1946
- Havana Conference held.
- Manuel Fernandez Supervielle becomes mayor.^{[citation needed]}
1947
- Radiocentro CMQ Building
1948 – Cuban National Ballet founded.

1950s–1990s

1952 – 1952 Cuban coup d'état
1953 – Iglesia de Jesús de Miramar (church) and Embassy of the United States built.
1954 – Cuban general election
1956 – FOCSA Building.
1957
- 13 March: Presidential Palace Attack.
- Supreme Court [es] building constructed on Plaza Cívica.^[10]
- Coliseo de la Ciudad Deportiva (arena) opens.
1958
- November: Rafael Guas Inclán elected mayor.
- José Martí Memorial erected in Plaza Cívica.
- 1958 Cuban general election
- Andrés Rivero Agüero is the last democratically elected president of Cuba under the 1940 Constitution.
1959
- January: Revolutionary forces take city.^[37]
- Instituto Nacional de Ahorro y Vivienda (housing agency) headquartered in Havana.^[38]
- Plaza del Vapor demolished by the Castro government.^[39]
- Plaza Cívica renamed "Plaza de la Revolución".
1960 – International Ballet Festival of Havana begins.
1961
- Cuban Ministry of the Interior headquartered in Havana.
- Instituto Tecnico Militar established.
1962 – Cuban National Ballet School established.
1963 – Cuban Journalists Union headquartered in Havana.^[40]
1964
- Jaime Lucas Ortega y Alamino becomes Catholic archbishop of Havana.
- Population: 940,700 city; 1,517,700 urban agglomeration.^[41]
1965
- Palacio de la Revolución [es] in use as headquarters of the Communist Party.
- International School of Havana established.
1968 – Jardín botánico Nacional de Cuba [es] (garden) established.^[42]
1970 – Population: 1,008,500 city; 1,751,216 urban agglomeration.^[43]
1971 – Danza Contemporanea de Cuba active.
1975 – December: 1st Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba held in Havana.
1976 – Arroyo Naranjo, Boyeros, Centro Habana, Cerro, Cotorro, Diez de Octubre, Guanabacoa, La Habana del Este, La Habana Vieja, La Lisa, Marianao, Playa, Plaza de la Revolución, Regla, San Miguel del Padrón administrative municipalities created.
1977 – Ministerio de Cultura de la República de Cuba's Editorial Letras Cubanas publishing house headquartered in Havana.^[40]
1978 – City hosts World Festival of Youth and Students.
1979
- Havana Film Festival begins.
- Palacio de las Convenciones [es] built.
1982
- Old Havana designated an UNESCO World Heritage Site.^[5]
- Havana International Book Fair begins.
1983 – Centro de Investigaciones Psicológicas y Sociológicas [es] headquartered in Havana.
1984 – Havana Biennial Art Exhibition begins.
1987
- Grupo para el Desarrollo Integral de la Capital (urban planning group) formed.^[10]
- Russian embassy built.^[44]
- Instituto de Historia de Cuba headquartered in Havana.
1991
- Estadio Panamericano (stadium) opens.
- 1991 Pan American Games held in Havana.
1993 – Population: 2,175,888 city (estimate).^[45]
1994
- August 1994 protest in Cuba.
- Bán Rarra group active.^[46]
- Meliá Cohiba Hotel in business.
1998 – January: Catholic Pope visits Havana.
1999 – Population: 2,189,716 city; 2,891,500 province.^[40]

21st century

2001 – Ballet Rakatan founded.
2003
- Damas de Blanco protest begins.
- Juan Contino Aslán becomes mayor.^[47]
2005 – December: World Trade Union Congress held in city.^[48]
2011
- April: 6th Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba held in Havana.
- Marta Hernández Romero becomes mayor.
2012 – Population: 2,105,291.^[49]
2014
- Fábrica de Arte Cubano cultural space established.
- Population: 2,121,871.^[50]
2015
- January: United States–Cuban talks held in Havana.^[37]^[51]
- September: Catholic pope visits city.^[52]
2016
- March: U.S. president Obama visits Havana.
- 7 April: Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba held in Havana.
2019
- An EF4 tornado seriously damage the city and kills at least three.^[53]
- Havana's celebrates its 500th anniversary of founding.^[54]
2022 – Hotel Saratoga explosion

References

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^ "Cuba". Political Chronology of the Americas. Europa Publications. 2001. ISBN 978-1-85743-118-6.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Baedeker 1909.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Bonavía 2003.
^ ^a ^b "Old Havana and its Fortification System". World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c John James Clune (2001). "A Cuban Convent in the Age of Enlightened Reform: The Observant Franciscan Community of Santa Clara of Havana, 1768–1808". The Americas. 57.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Cuba". Handbook of Learned Societies and Institutions: America. Publication ;no. 39. USA: Carnegie Institution of Washington. 1908. hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t5t72q98c.
^ "Timelines: History of Cuba from 1492 to 2008", World Book, USA
^ Morse 1797.
^ ^a ^b ^c Scarpaci et al. 2002.
^ Maria Dolores González-Ripoll Navarro (1999). Cuba, la isla de los ensayos: cultura y sociedad (1790–1815) (in Spanish). Madrid: Spanish National Research Council. ISBN 978-84-00-07852-2.
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^ Pedro M. Pruna (1994). "National Science in a Colonial Context: The Royal Academy of Sciences of Havana, 1861–1898". Isis. 85 (3): 412–426. doi:10.1086/356890. JSTOR 235461. S2CID 143229761.
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^ Karl August Zehden (1889), Commercial Geography, London: Blacke & Son, Limited
^ ^a ^b Susan Thomas (2008), Cuban Zarzuela: Performing Race and Gender on Havana's Lyric Stage, University of Illinois Press, ISBN 9780252033315, OL 10227809M, 0252033310
^ "On This Day", The New York Times, retrieved 1 June 2015
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^ ^a ^b Kwame Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates, eds. (2005). Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517055-9.
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^ "Demolition dreams: the world's 'worst' buildings", Financial Times, London, 31 October 2014
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^ Rebecca M. Bodenheimer (2015). Geographies of Cubanidad: Place, Race, and Musical Performance in Contemporary Cuba. USA: University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-62674-684-8.
^ "El alcalde invisible". El Mundo (in Spanish). Spain. 2 November 2009.
^ Richard Green (2004). Chronology of International Organizations. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-35590-6.
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^ Cuba: Pope Francis celebrates Mass before thousands, BBC News, 20 September 2015
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^ Staff writer (19 April 2019). "Culture celebrates Havana's 500th Anniversary". The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Retrieved 20 March 2021.

Bibliography

Published in the 18th–19th century

in English

Jedidiah Morse (1797), "Havannah", The American Gazetteer, Boston: S. Hall, and Thomas & Andrews
R. H. Bonnycastle (1819). "Havannah". Spanish America. Philadelphia: A. Small.
C. D. Tyng (1868), The Stranger in the Tropics: Being a Hand-book for Havana, New York: American News Co.
George Henry Townsend (1877), "Havana", A Manual of Dates (5th ed.), London: Frederick Warne & Co., hdl:2027/wu.89097349427
Charles Morris (1899), "Havana", Our Island Empire: a Hand-book of Cuba, Porto Rico, Hawaii, and the Philippine Islands, Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company, OCLC 541085
Abel Linares (1899). Cuba, an illustrated guide book on the island. Havana: Wilson's International Book Store.
Jose de Olivares (1899), "Havana: the Key of the New Possessions", Our Islands and Their People as Seen with Camera and Pencil, vol. 1, USA: N.D. Thompson, pp. 19–32 – via Internet Archive
Albert James Norton (1900), Norton's Complete Hand-book of Havana and Cuba, Chicago: Rand, McNally & Co., OCLC 4617287, OL 13488445M

in Spanish

Ordenanzas municipales de la ciudad de La Habana (in Spanish). Imprenta del gobierno y capitania general. 1855.
José María de la Torre (1857). Lo que fuimos y lo que somos, o, La Habana antiqua y moderna [Havana, Past and Present] (in Spanish). Spencer y Compania.
Jacobo de la Pezuela (1863). "Habana: Historia". Diccionario geografico, estadístico, historico, de la isla de Cuba (in Spanish). Vol. 3. Madrid: Mellado. hdl:2027/uc1.32106019739058 – via HathiTrust. (chronology)
"Profesiones de la Isla de Cuba: Provincia de la Habana", Directorio Hispano-Americano (in Spanish), Habana: Caine y Carricaburu, 1879, hdl:2027/uc1.31175012500693 – via HathiTrust
Serafín Ramírez (1891). La Habana Artística: Apuntes Históricos (in Spanish). Habana: Capitania General.

Published in the 20th century

in English

"Havana". Chambers's Encyclopaedia. London. 1901. hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t1fj2r624.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
José Toribio Medina (1904). La imprenta en La Habana (1707–1810) (in Spanish). Santiago de Chile: Imprenta Elzeviriana – via HathiTrust. (Annotated list of titles published in Havana, arranged chronologically)
"Havana", The United States, with Excursions to Mexico, Cuba, Porto Rico, and Alaska (4th ed.), Leipzig: K. Baedeker, 1909
Charles B. Reynolds (1909), "Havana", Standard Guide to Cuba, Havana: Foster & Reynolds, OCLC 21914222
"Havana" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). 1910. pp. 76–78.
Benjamin Vincent (1910), "Havana", Haydn's Dictionary of Dates (25th ed.), London: Ward, Lock & Co., hdl:2027/loc.ark:/13960/t89g6g776 – via Hathi Trust
New York Public Library (1912). "Cuba: History and Description: Havana (City)". List of Works Relating to the West Indies. USA. pp. 170–74.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
J.W. Sanger (1919), "Publications in Habana", Advertising Methods in Cuba, Special Agents Series, Washington DC: United States Department of Commerce, pp. 226 v, hdl:2027/nyp.33433023652054
U.S. Merchant Marine, Social Service Bureau (1920). "Havana, Cuba". Seaman's Handbook for Shore Leave (2nd ed.). Boston: Custom House.
Walker Evans: Havana 1933. Thames and Hudson. 1989.
Juliet Barclay (1993). Havana: Portrait of a City. Cassell Illustrated. ISBN 978-1-84403-127-6.
Sergio Díaz-Briquets (1994). "Cuba". In Gerald Michael Greenfield (ed.). Latin American Urbanization: Historical Profiles of Major Cities. Greenwood Press. pp. 173–87. ISBN 0313259372. (Includes profile of Havana)
Trudy Ring and Robert M. Salkin, ed. (1995). "Havana". Americas. International Dictionary of Historic Places. Routledge. pp. 279+. ISBN 978-1-134-25930-4.
Jean-François Lejeune, John Beusterien and Narciso G. Menocal (1996). "The City as Landscape: Jean Claude Nicolas Forestier and the Great Urban Works of Havana, 1925–1930". Journal of Decorative and Propaganda Arts. 22. ISSN 2326-4632.
Carlos Venegas Fornias, Narciso G. Menocal and Edward Shaw (1996). "Havana between Two Centuries". Journal of Decorative and Propaganda Arts.

in Spanish

"Gremios de la Habana", Directorio mercantil de la Isla de Cuba (in Spanish), Habana: Imprenta 'Avisador Comercial', 1901, hdl:2027/nyp.33433016910840 – via HathiTrust + Directoria de las calles de la Habana (etc.)
"Republica Cubana: Habana". Anuario del comercio, de la industria, de la magistratura y de la administracion de España, sus colonias, Cuba, Puerto-Rico y Filipinas, estados hispano-americanos y Portugal (in Spanish). Vol. 4. Madrid: Bailly-Bailliere e Hijos. 1908. pp. 14–220. hdl:2027/njp.32101065143677.
Eusebio Leal Spengler (1988). La Habana, ciudad antigua (in Spanish). Editorial Letras Cubanas.

Published in the 21st century

in English

Joseph L. Scarpaci; Roberto Segre [in Spanish]; Mario Coyula (2002). Havana: Two Faces of the Antillean Metropolis (Revised ed.). University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0807827002.
Joseph L. Scarpaci (2002). "Havana: the dynamics of local executive power". In David J. Myers; Henry A. Dietz (eds.). Capital City Politics in Latin America: Democratization and Empowerment. Lynne Rienner. ISBN 978-1-58826-040-6.
Mario Coyula Cowley; Jill Hamberg (2003). "The Case of Havana, Cuba". Understanding Slums: Case Studies for the Global Report 2003. United Nations Human Settlements Programme and University College London.
Antoni Kapcia (2005). Havana: The Making of Cuban Culture. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-85973-837-5.
Luc J. A. Mougeot, ed. (2005). "(Havana)". Agropolis: The Social, Political, and Environmental Dimensions of Urban Agriculture. International Development Research Centre. ISBN 978-1-55250-186-3.
Dick Cluster; Rafael Hernández (2006). The History of Havana. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-60397-4.
Alfredo José Estrada (2007). Havana: Autobiography of a City. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1-250-11466-2.
Anke Birkenmaier; Esther Katheryn Whitfield, eds. (2011). Havana Beyond the Ruins: Cultural Mappings After 1989. Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822350521.
Matthew J. Hill (2012). "Future of the Past: World Heritage, National Identity, and Urban Centrality in Late Socialist Cuba". In Marina Peterson; Gary McDonogh (eds.). Global Downtowns. City in the Twenty-First Century. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-0805-4.
Adriana Premat (2012). Sowing change: the making of Havana's urban agriculture. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press. ISBN 9780826518583.
Michael J. Totten (Spring 2014), "The Last Communist City: a Visit to the Dystopian Havana that Tourists Never See", City Journal, New York
Francisco Sùrez Viera (2014). "Port of Havana: The Gateway of Cuba (1850-1920)". In Miguel Bosa Suirez (ed.). Atlantic Ports and the First Globalisation c. 1850–1930. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-32798-7.
Guadalupe Garcia (2015). Beyond the Walled City: Colonial Exclusion in Havana. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-96137-1.
Naomi Larsson (5 September 2016), "Havana's dirty truths", The Guardian, Cities
Helen F. Wilson (2016). "Encountering Havana: texts, aesthetics and documentary encounters". In Jonathan Darling; Helen F. Wilson (eds.). Encountering the City: Urban Encounters from Accra to New York. Routledge. p. 203+. ISBN 978-1-317-14395-6.

in Spanish

Leopoldo Fornés Bonavía (2003). Cuba, cronología: cinco siglos de historia, política y cultura (in Spanish). Madrid: Editorial Verbum [es]. ISBN 978-84-7962-248-0. (chronology)
Lilian B. Vizcaino Gonzalez (2003). "La Habana (Provincia/Ciudad)". In Louis A. Pérez; Rebecca Jarvis Scott (eds.). The Archives of Cuba: Los Archivos de Cuba (in Spanish). University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 13–65. ISBN 0822941953.
Gabino Ponce Herrero (2007). "Crisis, posmodernidad y planificación estratégica en La Habana" [Crisis, postmodernity and strategic planning in Havana]. Anales de Geografía (in Spanish). 27. Complutense University of Madrid. ISSN 1988-2378.
Haroldo Dilla Alfonso [in Spanish] (2014). Ciudades en el Caribe: un estudio comparado de La Habana, San Juan, Santo Domingo y Miami (in Spanish). Mexico: Latin American Social Sciences Institute. ISBN 978-607-9275-36-5.
Styliane Philippou (2014), "La Habana del siglo xix: 'Todo lo sólido se desvanece en el aire'" (PDF), Revista Quiroga (in Spanish), no. 5, ISSN 2254-7037 – via University of La Rioja, Dialnet (bibliographic database) [Dialnet]

External links

"(Havana)" – via Digital Library of the Caribbean.
"Historical Maps of the Americas: Havana". Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection. USA: University of Texas at Austin.
"Havana", American Geographical Society Library Digital Map Collection, USA – via University of Wisconsin, ca. 1849–2005
Items related to Havana, various dates (via Digital Public Library of America)
Items related to Havana, various dates (via Europeana)
Images of Havana, various dates (via New York Public Library)
"Buenas Prácticas: Cuba". Biblioteca Ciudades para un Futuro más Sostenible (Library: Cities for a Sustainable Future) (in Spanish). Superior Technical School of Architecture of Madrid. (includes articles about Havana)

23°08′N 82°23′W / 23.13°N 82.38°W / 23.13; -82.38

[FOOTNOTEBritannica1910-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae Britannica 1910.

[europa2001chronology-2] "Cuba". Political Chronology of the Americas. Europa Publications. 2001. ISBN 978-1-85743-118-6.

[FOOTNOTEBaedeker1909-3] Baedeker 1909.

[FOOTNOTEBonavía2003-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Bonavía 2003.

[unesco-5] "Old Havana and its Fortification System". World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 1 June 2015.

[Clune2001-6] John James Clune (2001). "A Cuban Convent in the Age of Enlightened Reform: The Observant Franciscan Community of Santa Clara of Havana, 1768–1808". The Americas. 57.

[Learned1908-7] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Cuba". Handbook of Learned Societies and Institutions: America. Publication ;no. 39. USA: Carnegie Institution of Washington. 1908. hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t5t72q98c.

[WorldBook-8] "Timelines: History of Cuba from 1492 to 2008", World Book, USA

[FOOTNOTEMorse1797-9] Morse 1797.

[FOOTNOTEScarpaci_et_al.2002-10] Scarpaci et al. 2002.

[Navarro1999-11] Maria Dolores González-Ripoll Navarro (1999). Cuba, la isla de los ensayos: cultura y sociedad (1790–1815) (in Spanish). Madrid: Spanish National Research Council. ISBN 978-84-00-07852-2.

[katolsk-12] "Chronology of Catholic Dioceses: Cuba". Norway: Roman Catholic Diocese of Oslo. Retrieved 1 June 2015.

[13] Ralph Lee Woodward Jr. (2013) [2005], "Merchant Guilds", in Cynthia Clark Northrup (ed.), Encyclopedia of World Trade, Routledge, ISBN 9780765682680

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[FOOTNOTEBarclay1993-15] Barclay 1993.

[FOOTNOTERamírez1891-16] Ramírez 1891.

[17] Joaquín Llaverías Martínez [in Spanish] (1944), Catálogo de los fondos del Liceo Artístico y Literario de la Habana (in Spanish), Archivo Nacional de la República de Cuba

[FOOTNOTEPhilippou2014-18] Philippou 2014.

[19] Robert Murrell Stevenson (1992), "Havana", New Grove Dictionary of Opera, New York, ISBN 0935859926{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[Robertson2011-20] Patrick Robertson (2011). Robertson's Book of Firsts. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-60819-738-5.

[21] Pedro M. Pruna (1994). "National Science in a Colonial Context: The Royal Academy of Sciences of Havana, 1861–1898". Isis. 85 (3): 412–426. doi:10.1086/356890. JSTOR 235461. S2CID 143229761.

[22] Bankers' Loan and Securities Company, New Orleans (1916), The Republic of Cuba, New Orleans, OL 22892116M{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[FOOTNOTEFornias1996-23] Fornias 1996.

[Romera1887-24] Waldo Jiménez de la Romera (1887), Cuba, Puerto-Rico y Filipinas (in Spanish), Barcelona: D. Cortezo y ca., OCLC 3153821

[25] Karl August Zehden (1889), Commercial Geography, London: Blacke & Son, Limited

[thomas2008-26] Susan Thomas (2008), Cuban Zarzuela: Performing Race and Gender on Havana's Lyric Stage, University of Illinois Press, ISBN 9780252033315, OL 10227809M, 0252033310

[NYT-OnThisDay-27] "On This Day", The New York Times, retrieved 1 June 2015

[28] Kirwin R. Shaffer (2009). "Havana Hub: Cuban Anarchism, Radical Media and the Trans-Caribbean Anarchist Network, 1902–1915". Caribbean Studies. 37 (2): 45–81. doi:10.1353/crb.2010.0018. JSTOR 25702369. S2CID 145625074.

[Appiah2005-29] Kwame Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates, eds. (2005). Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517055-9.

[Balderston2000-30] Daniel Balderston; Mike Gonzalez; Ana M. Lopez, eds. (2000). Encyclopedia of Contemporary Latin American and Caribbean Cultures. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-78852-1.

[FOOTNOTESanger1919-31] Sanger 1919.

[32] "Cuba". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1921. hdl:2027/njp.32101072368440.

[Valdes2005-33] Miguel Viciedo Valdés (2005), "Breve reseña sobre la biblioteca pública en Cuba antes de 1959", Acimed (in Spanish), vol. 14, no. 1, Havana: Centro Nacional de Informacion de Ciencias Medicas, ISSN 1024-9435

[MiamiHeritage-34] "Cuban Heritage Collection". University of Miami Libraries. Retrieved 14 January 2013.

[MMA-ca11-35] "Mexico and Central America, 1900 A.D.: Key Events". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 1 May 2014.

[36] "Oficina del Historiador" (in Spanish). Havana: Dirección de Patrimonio Cultural. Retrieved 3 October 2016.

[bbc-timeline-37] Cuba Profile: Timeline, BBC News, 12 September 2012, retrieved 1 September 2015

[38] Ruslan Muñoz Hernández; Gabriela González González (2015). "Labor desarrollada por el Instituto Nacional de Ahorro y Vivienda (INAV) en La Habana (1959–1962)" [The Work of the National Institute of Savings and Housing (INAV) in Havana (1959–1962)]. Revista INVI (in Spanish). 30 (84). Chile: 89–120. doi:10.4067/S0718-83582015000200004.

[39] "Los proyectos inconclusos o fracasados de Fidel Castro". Retrieved 2020-01-18.

[Europa2002-40] South America, Central America and the Caribbean 2002. Regional Surveys of the World. Europa Publications. 2001. ISBN 978-1-85743-121-6.

[41] "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1965. New York: Statistical Office of the United Nations. 1966.

[botanic-42] "Garden Search: Cuba". London: Botanic Gardens Conservation International. Retrieved 1 September 2015.

[43] United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office (1976). "Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1975. New York. pp. 253–279.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[44] "Demolition dreams: the world's 'worst' buildings", Financial Times, London, 31 October 2014

[45] "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". 1995 Demographic Yearbook. New York: United Nations Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, Statistics Division. 1997. pp. 262–321.

[Bodenheimer2015-46] Rebecca M. Bodenheimer (2015). Geographies of Cubanidad: Place, Race, and Musical Performance in Contemporary Cuba. USA: University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-62674-684-8.

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[52] Cuba: Pope Francis celebrates Mass before thousands, BBC News, 20 September 2015

[53] "Cuba tornado: Three killed and more than 170 injured in Havana as deadly cyclone hits capital". The Independent. 28 January 2019. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2022.

[54] Staff writer (19 April 2019). "Culture celebrates Havana's 500th Anniversary". The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Retrieved 20 March 2021.

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v t e Years in Cuba (1741–present)
18th century	1741‎ ... 1748‎ ... 1760‎ 1761‎ 1762‎ 1763‎ ... 1793‎
19th century	1815 ... 1822 ... 1835 ... 1840 ... 1846 ... 1853 1854 ... 1862 ... 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900
20th century	1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
21st century	2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

Prior to 18th century

18th century

19th century

20th century

1900s–1940s

1950s–1990s

21st century

See also

References

Bibliography

Published in the 18th–19th century

Published in the 20th century

Published in the 21st century

External links