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This template is used to create an indented entry in the Hornbostel–Sachs classification of instruments.

Entries should be understandable without having seen higher level entries.

Usage

{{HS number|1}} →

1: Idiophones. instrument in which the substance of the instrument itself produces sounds, without requiring stretched membranes or strings.

while {{HS number|11}} →

11: Struck idiophones. Instruments that produce sounds through vibration caused by percussion action - hitting, shaking, or scraping.

Complete list

1: Idiophones. instrument in which the substance of the instrument itself produces sounds, without requiring stretched membranes or strings.

11: Struck idiophones. Instruments that produce sounds through vibration caused by percussion action - hitting, shaking, or scraping.

111: Directly struck idiophones. Instrument that is struck by a player directly; either by mechanical intermediate devices, beaters, keyboards, or by pulling ropes, etc.

111.1: Concussion (clapper) idiophones. Complementary sound producing parts are stuck against each other.

111.11: Stick concussion idiophones. Stick clappers.

111.12: Plaque concussion idiophones. Plaque clappers.

111.13: Trough concussion idiophones. Trough clappers.

111.14: Vessel concussion idiophones. Vessel clappers.

111.141: Hollow vessel concussion idiophones. Natural and hollowed vessel clappers.

111.142: Vessel concussion idiophones with manufactured or everted rims.

111.2: Percussion (mallet) idiophones. Instrument struck with or against a non-sonorous object.

111.21: Stick percussion idiophones.

111.211: Individual percussion stick idiophones.

111.212: Sets of percussion sticks.

111.22: Plaque percussion idiophones.

111.221: Individual plaque percussion idiophones.

111.222: Sets of plaque percussion.

111.23: Tube percussion idiophones.

111.231: Individual tube percussion idiophones.

111.232: Sets of tube percussion.

111.24: Vessel percussion idiophones.

111.241: Percussion vessels where the vibration is strongest near the vertex: Gongs.

111.241.1: Individual gongs.

111.241.2: Sets of gongs.

111.242: Percussion vessels where the vibration is weakest near the vertex: Bells.

111.242.1: Individual bells.

111.242.11: Individual resting bells whose opening faces upward.

111.242.12: Individual hanging bells suspended from the apex.

111.242.121: Individual hanging bells suspended from the apex without internal strikers.

111.242.122: Individual hanging bells suspended from the apex with internal strikers.

111.242.2: Sets of bells.

111.242.21: Sets of resting bells whose opening faces upward.

111.242.22: Sets of hanging bells suspended from the apex.

111.242.221: Sets of hanging bells without internal strikers.

111.242.222: Sets of hanging bells with internal strikers.

112: Instrument that is not directly struck by a player; percussion results indirectly by some other movement by the player.

112.1: Shaken indirectly struck idiophones.

112.11: Suspension rattles.

112.111: Strung rattles. Rattling objects that are strung in rows on a cord.

112.112: Stick rattles. Rattling objects strung on a bar or ring.

112.12: Frame rattles.

112.121: Pendant rattles.

112.122: Sliding rattles.

112.13: Vessel rattles.

112.2: Scraped indirectly struck idiophones.

112.21: Scraped sticks.

112.211: Scraped sticks without a resonator.

112.212: Scraped sticks with a resonator.

112.22: Scraped tubes.

112.23: Scraped vessels.

112.24: Scraped wheels/Cog rattles.

112.3: Indirectly struck split idiophones.

12: Instruments set into vibration by plucking.

121: Instruments set in vibration by lamellae within a frame or hoop being plucked.

121.1: Clack idiophones or Cricri, plucked idiophones in which the lamella is carved in the surface of a fruit shell, which serves as resonator.

121.2: Guimbardes and Jaw harps, plucked idiophones in which the lamella is mounted in a rod- or plaque-shaped frame and depends on the player's mouth cavity for resonance.

121.21: Idioglot guimbardes. The lamella is of one substance with the frame of the instrument.

121.22: Heteroglot guimbardes. The lamella is attached to the frame of the instrument.

121.221: Individual heteroglot guimbardes.

121.222: Sets of heteroglot guimbardes.

122: Instruments set in vibration by lamellae attached to a comb being plucked.

122.1: Instruments set in vibration by lamellae attached to a comb being plucked: lace lamellae.

122.11: Lace lamellae without resonator.

122.12: Lace lamellae with resonator.

122.2: Instruments set in vibration by lamellae attached to a comb being plucked: cut-out lamellae.

13: Instruments in which the substance of the instrument itself produces sounds and are set into vibration by rubbing.

131: Instruments in which the substance of the instrument itself produces sounds and are set into vibration by rubbing: sticks.

131.1: Instruments in which the substance of the instrument itself produces sounds and are set into vibration by rubbing: individual sticks.

131.2: Instruments in which the substance of the instrument itself produces sounds and are set into vibration by rubbing: multiple sticks.

131.21: Instruments in which the substance of the instrument itself produces sounds and are set into vibration by rubbing: multiple sticks with direct friction.

131.22: Instruments in which the substance of the instrument itself produces sounds and are set into vibration by rubbing: multiple sticks without direct friction.

132: Instruments in which the substance of the instrument itself produces sounds and are set into vibration by rubbing: plaques.

132.1: Instruments in which the substance of the instrument itself produces sounds and are set into vibration by rubbing: individual plaques.

132.2: Instruments in which the substance of the instrument itself produces sounds and are set into vibration by rubbing: multiple plaques.

133: Instruments in which the substance of the instrument itself produces sounds and are set into vibration by rubbing: vessels.

133.1: Instruments in which the substance of the instrument itself produces sounds and are set into vibration by rubbing: individual vessels.

133.2: Instruments in which the substance of the instrument itself produces sounds and are set into vibration by rubbing: multiple vessels.

14: Instruments set into vibration by blowing or moving air.

141: Instruments in which the substance of the instrument itself produces sounds and are set into vibration by blowing upon a stick or sticks.

141.1: Instruments in which the substance of the instrument itself produces sounds and are set into vibration by blowing upon a stick or sticks: individual.

141.2: Instruments in which the substance of the instrument itself produces sounds and are set into vibration by blowing upon a stick or sticks: multiple.

142: Instruments in which the substance of the instrument itself produces sounds and are set into vibration by blowing upon plaques.

142.1: Instruments in which the substance of the instrument itself produces sounds and are set into vibration by blowing upon plaques: individual.

142.2: Instruments in which the substance of the instrument itself produces sounds and are set into vibration by blowing upon plaques: multiple.

15: Idiophones not allocated a number in the Hornbostel-Sachs system.

2: Instruments in which sound is produced primarily through a vibrating membrane (membranophone). This includes all drums.

21: Instruments which have a struck membrane.

211: Instruments which have a directly struck membrane.

211.1: Instruments which have a directly struck membrane in which the body of the drum is dish- or bowl-shaped (kettledrums).

211.11: A single instrument which has a directly struck membrane in which the body of the drum is dish- or bowl-shaped.

211.12: A set of directly struck membranophones with dish- or bowl-shaped bodies.

211.2: Instruments which have a directly struck membrane in which the body is tubular (tubular drums).

211.21: Tubular drums in which the body has the same diameter at the middle and end (cylindrical drums).

211.211: Cylindrical drums with only one usable membrane.

211.211.1: Cylindrical drums with only one usable membrane and the end without a membrane is open.

211.211.2: Cylindrical drums with only one usable membrane and the end without a membrane is not open.

211.212: Cylindrical drums with two usable membranes.

211.212.1: Single cylindrical drums with two usable membranes.

211.212.2: Sets of cylindrical drums with two usable membranes.

211.22: Tubular drums in which the body is barrel-shaped (barrel drums).

211.221: Barrel drums with one usable membrane.

211.221.1: Barrel drums with one usable membrane in which the other end is open.

211.221.2: Barrel drums with one usable membrane in which the other end is closed.

211.222: Barrel drums with two usable membranes.

211.222.1: Individual barrel drums with two usable membranes.

211.222.2: Sets of barrel drums with two usable membranes.

211.23: Tubular drums in which the body is double-conical.

211.231: Double-conical drums with one usable membrane.

211.231.1: Double-conical drums with one usable membrane in which the end without a membrane is open.

211.231.2: Double-conical drums with one usable membrane in which the end without a membrane is closed.

211.232: Double-conical drums with two usable membranes.

211.232.1: Individual barrel drums with two usable membranes.

211.232.2: Sets of barrel drums with two usable membranes.

211.24: Tubular drums in which the body is hourglass-shaped.

211.241: Hourglass tubular drums with one usable membrane.

211.241.1: Hourglass tubular drums with one usable membrane in which the other end is open.

211.241.2: Hourglass tubular drums with one usable membrane in which the other end is closed.

211.242: Hourglass tubular drums with two usable membranes.

211.242.1: Individual hourglass tubular drums with two usable membranes.

211.242.2: Sets of hourglass tubular drums with two usable membranes.

211.25: Tubular drums in which the body is conical-shaped (conical drums).

211.251: Conical drums with one usable membrane.

211.251.1: Conical drums with one usable membrane in which the end without a membrane is open.

211.251.2: Conical drums with one usable membrane in which the end without a membrane is closed.

211.252: Conical drums with two usable membranes.

211.252.1: Individual conical tubular drums with two usable membranes.

211.252.2: Sets of conical tubular drums with two usable membranes.

211.26: Tubular drums in which the body is goblet-shaped (goblet drums).

211.261: Goblet drums with one usable membrane.

211.261.1: Goblet drums with one usable membrane in which the other end is open.

211.261.2: Goblet drums with one usable membrane in which the other end is closed.

211.262: Goblet drums with two usable membranes.

211.262.1: Individual goblet tubular drums with two usable membranes.

211.262.2: Sets of goblet tubular drums with two usable membranes.

211.3: Instruments which have a directly struck membrane in which the body depth is not greater than the radius of the membrane (frame drums).

211.31: Frame drums which do not have a handle.

211.311: Frame drums which do not have a handle which have one usable membrane.

211.312: Frame drums which do not have a handle which have two usable membranes.

211.32: Frame drums which do have a handle.

211.321: Individual frame drums which do have a handle.

211.322: Sets of frame drums which do have a handle.

212: Instruments which have a membrane and are shaken.

22: Instruments with a string attached to the membrane, so that when the string is plucked, the membrane vibrates.

23: Instruments in which the membrane vibrates as a result of friction.

231: Instruments in which the membrane vibrates as a result of friction from being rubbed by a stick.

231.1: Instruments in which the membrane vibrates as a result of friction from being rubbed by a stick: individual.

231.11: Friction drums with a stick that can not be moved inserted in a hole in the membrane and subject to rubbing, causing friction on the membrane.

231.12: Friction drums with a semi-movable stick inserted in a hole in the membrane.

231.13: Friction drums with a freely-movable stick inserted in a hole in the membrane and rubbed against it.

231.2: Instruments in which the membrane vibrates as a result of friction from being rubbed by a stick: multiple.

232: Instruments in which the membrane vibrates as a result of friction from a cord.

232.1: Instruments in which the membrane vibrates as a result of friction from a cord and the drum is held stationary.

232.11: Instruments in which the drum is held stationary while playing and have only one usable membrane.

232.12: Instruments in which the drum is held stationary while playing and have more than one usable membrane.

232.1: Instruments in which the membrane vibrates as a result of friction from a cord and the drum is twirled by a cord, which rubs in a notch on the stick held by the player.

233: Instruments in which the membrane vibrates as a result of friction from being rubbed by hands.

24: Instruments which do not produce sound of their own, but modify other sounds by way of a vibrating membrane.

241: Instruments which do not produce sound of their own, but modify other sounds by way of a vibrating membrane without a chamber.

242: Instruments which do not produce sound of their own, but modify other sounds by way of a vibrating membrane with a chamber.

25: Membranophones not allocated a number in the Hornbostel-Sachs system.

3: Instruments in which sound is produced by one or more vibrating strings (chordophones, string instruments).

31: Instruments which consist solely of a string bearer or a string bearer with a resonator that is not integral to the instrument

311: Instruments with a string bearer shaped like a bar, or consisting of a sideways board (bar zithers)

311.1: Instruments with a flexible or curved string bearer

311.11: Instruments with a string made from the bark of a cane, still attached at both ends

311.111: Instruments in which there is only one idiochord string

311.112: Instruments in which there are more than one idiochord strings, all of which pass over a bridge or toothed stick

311.12: Instruments with string made from a different material than the string bearer

311.121: Instruments with only one heterochord string

311.121.1: Instrument does not have a resonator, not counting the human mouth as a resonator

311.121.11: Instrument does not have a tuning noose

311.121.12: Instrument has a tuning noose, i.e. a fiber noose that divides the string into two parts

311.121.2: Instrument has a resonator

311.121.21: Instrument has an independent resonator

311.121.22: Instrument has a resonator that is attached

311.121.221: Instrument does not have a tuning noose

311.121.222: Instrument does have a tuning noose

311.122: Instrument has several heterochord strings

311.122.1: Instrument has no tuning noose

311.122.2: Instrument has a tuning noose

311.2: Instrument has a rigid and inflexible string carrier (stick zither)

311.21: Instrument has a string carrier with one curved, flexible end (musical bow)

311.211: Instrument has one resonator gourd

311.22: Instrument has no curved or flexible end (true stick zither)

311.221: Instrument has one resonator gourd

311.222: Instrument has more than one resonator gourds

312: Instrument has a string bearer made of a vaulted surface (tube zithers)

312.1: Instrument has a string carrier made from a complete tube (whole-tube zithers)

312.11: Instrument is an idiochord

312.12: Instrument is a heterochord

312.121: Instrument has no extra resonator

312.122: Instrument has an extra resonator

312.2: Instrument has strings that are stretched across a convex gutter (half-tube zithers)

312.21: Instrument is an idiochord

312.22: Instrument is a heterochord

313: Instrument has a string bearer made from canes tied together like a raft (raft zithers)

313.1: Instrument is an idiochord

313.2: Instrument is an heterochord

314: Instrument uses a string bearer that is shaped like a board, or is the ground (board zithers)

314.1: Instrument with strings parallel to the string bearer

314.11: Instrument without a resonator

314.12: Instrument has a resonator

314.121: Instrument has a resonator bowl, made from fruit shells or similar objects, or an equivalently-shaped carving

314.122: Instrument has a resonator made from slats (box zithers)

314.2: Instrument consists of strings that are at right angles to the string bearer

314.21: Instrument has only one string, and the ground is the string bearer (ground zithers)

314.22: Instrument has a board which acts as string bearer for multiple strings stretched across a notched bridge (harp zithers)

315: Instrument with strings stretched across the mouth of a trough (trough zithers)

315.1: Instrument without a resonator

315.2: Instrument has a resonator, made from a gourd or similar items

316: Instrument uses strings stretched across an open frame (frame zither)

316.1: Instrument has no resonator

316.2: Instrument has a resonator

32: Instruments in which the resonator and string bearer are physically united and can not be separated without destroying the instrument

321: Instruments in which the strings run in a plane parallel to the sound table (lutes)

321.1: Instruments in which each string has its own flexible carrier (bow lutes)

321.2: Instruments in which the string is attached to a yoke that consists of a cross-bar and two arms, with the yoke lying in the same plane as the sound-table (lyres or yoke lutes)

321.21: Instruments in which the resonator is bowl-shaped, either carved or natural

321.22: Instruments in which the resonator is a built-up wooden box

321.3: Instruments in which the string bearer is a plain handle (handle lutes)

321.31: Instruments in which the handle passes diametrically through or over the resonator (spike lutes)

321.311: Instrument with a resonator made from a bowl, either natural or carved (spike bowl lutes)

321.312: Instruments in which the resonator is in the form of a box (spike box lutes, spike guitars)

321.313: Instrument in which the handle passes diametrically through the walls of a tube (where the depth of the body exceeds the radius of the membrane) (spike tube lutes)

321.314: Instrument in which the handle passes diametrically through the walls of a circular frame (where the depth of the body does not exceed the radius of the membrane). (spike frame lutes)

321.32: Instrument in which the handle is attached to, or carved from, the resonator, like a neck (necked lutes)

321.321: Instrument whose body is shaped like a bowl (necked bowl lutes)

321.322: Instrument whose body is shaped like a box (necked box lutes)

321.33: Instrument in which the handle extends into but does not pass completely through the resonator (tanged lutes)

322: Instrument whose strings are at right angles to the sound table, such that a line between the lower tips of the strings would point at the neck (harps)

322.1: Instrument without a pillar (open harps)

322.11: Instrument has a neck that curves away from the resonator (arched harp)

322.12: Instrument has a neck that sharply angles away from the resonator (angular harps)

322.2: Instrument has a pillar (frame harps)

322.21: Instrument has no tuning action

322.211: Instrument is diatonic

322.212: Instrument is chromatic

322.212.1: Instrument has strings in one plane

322.212.2: Instrument has strings in two planes which cross each other

322.22: Instrument has tuning action

322.221: Instrument can be tuned with hand levers

322.222: Instrument can be tuned with pedal-operated levers

323: Instrument has strings that lay at right angles to the sound table, so that a line joining the lower tips of the strings would be perpendicular to the neck, and the instrument has a notched bridge.

33: Chordophones not allocated a number in the Hornbostel-Sachs system.

4: Instruments in which sound is produced through vibrating air (aerophone). This includes wind instruments and free-reed instruments.

41: Instruments in which the vibrating air is not contained within the instrument.

411: Instruments in which an air-stream meets a sharp edge, or a sharp edge is moved through the air.

412: Instruments in which the vibrating air is not contained within the instrument and is interrupted periodically.

412.1: Idiophonic interruptive aerophones or reeds. The air-stream is directed against a lamella, setting it in periodic vibration to interrupt the stream intermittently.

412.11: Concussion reeds.

412.12: Percussion (single lamella) reeds.

412.121: Individual percussion reeds.

412.122: Sets of percussion reeds.

412.13: Free reeds.

412.131: Individual free reeds.

412.132: Sets of free reeds.

412.14: Band reeds.

412.2: Non-idiophonic interruptive instruments. The interruptive agent is not a reed.

412.21: Rotating aerophones. The interruptive agent rotates in its own plane and does not turn on its axis.

412.22: Whirling aerophones. The interruptive agent turns on its axis.

413: Instruments in which the sound is caused by a single compression and release of air.

42: Instruments in which the vibrating air is contained within the instrument.

421: Instruments in which the vibrating air is contained within the instrument and is created through air blowing against an edge.

421.1: Flutes without fipple/duct.

421.11: End-blown flutes (the player blows against the sharp rim at the upper open end of a tube) without fipple/duct.

421.111: Individual end-blown flutes without fipple.

421.111.1: Individual end-blown flutes without fipple in which the other end is open.

421.111.11: Individual end-blown flutes without fipple in which the other end is open without fingerholes.

421.111.12: Individual end-blown flutes without fipple in which the other end is open with fingerholes.

421.111.2: Individual end-blown flutes without fipple in which the other end is stopped/closed.

421.111.21: Individual end-blown flutes without fipple in which the other end is stopped/closed without fingerholes.

421.111.22: Individual end-blown flutes without fipple in which the other end is stopped/closed with fingerholes.

421.112: Sets of end-blown flutes without fipple.

421.112.1: Sets of open end-blown flutes without fipple.

421.112.11: Sets of open end-blown flutes without fipple tied together in a raft/board shape.

421.112.12: Sets of open end-blown flutes without fipple tied together in a round/circle shape.

421.112.2: Sets of closed end-blown flutes without fipple.

421.112.3: Sets of mixed open and closed end-blown flutes without fipple.

421.12: Side-blown flutes (the player blows against the sharp rim of a hole in the side of the tube) without fipple/duct.

421.121: Individual side-blown flutes without fipple.

421.121.1: Individual side-blown flutes without fipple which are open.

421.121.11: Individual side-blown flutes without fipple which are open without fingerholes.

421.121.12: Individual side-blown flutes without fipple which are open with fingerholes.

421.121.2: Individual side-blown flutes without fipple which are partly stopped/closed.

421.121.3: Individual side-blown flutes without fipple which are stopped/closed.

421.121.31: Individual side-blown flutes without fipple which are stopped/closed without fingerholes.

421.121.311: Individual side-blown flutes without fipple which are stopped/closed without fingerholes with fixed end.

421.121.312: Individual side-blown flutes without fipple which are stopped/closed without fingerholes with adjustable end.

421.121.32: Individual side-blown flutes without fipple which are stopped/closed with fingerholes.

421.122: Sets of side-blown flutes without fipple.

421.122.1: Sets of open side-blown flutes without fipple.

421.122.2: Sets of closed side-blown flutes without fipple.

421.13: Vessel flutes without distinct beak (the body of the pipe is not tubular but vessel-shaped) and without fipple/duct.

421.2: Flutes with fipple/duct.

421.21: Flutes with external fipple.

421.211: Single flutes with external fipple.

421.211.1: Open single flutes with external fipple.

421.211.11: Open single flutes with external fipple without fingerholes.

421.211.12: Open single flutes with external fipple with fingerholes.

421.211.2: Partially stopped single flutes with external fipple.

421.211.3: Stopped single flutes with external fipple.

421.212: Sets of flutes with external fipple.

421.22: Flutes with internal fipple.

421.221: Individual flutes with internal fipple.

421.221.1: Individual open flutes with internal fipple.

421.221.11: Individual open flutes with internal fipple without fingerholes.

421.221.12: Individual open flutes with internal fipple with fingerholes.

421.221.2: Individual partly-stopped flutes with internal fipple.

421.221.3: Individual stopped flutes with internal fipple.

421.221.31: Individual stopped flutes with internal fipple without fingerholes.

421.221.311: Individual stopped flutes with internal fipple without fingerholes with fixed end.

421.221.312: Individual stopped flutes with internal fipple without fingerholes with adjustable end.

421.221.32: Individual stopped flutes with internal fipple with fingerholes.

421.221.4: Vessel flutes with fipple.

421.221.41: Vessel flutes with fipple without fingerholes.

421.221.42: Vessel flutes with fipple with fingerholes.

421.222: Sets of flutes with internal fipple.

421.222.1: Sets of open flutes with internal fipple.

421.222.11: Sets of open flutes with internal fipple without fingerholes.

421.222.12: Sets of open flutes with internal fipple with fingerholes.

421.222.2: Sets of partly-stopped flutes with internal fipple.

421.222.3: Sets of stopped flutes with internal fipple.

422: Instruments in which the vibrating air is contained within the instrument and is created through air directed against a lamella or pair of lamellae which periodically interrupt the airflow and cause the air to be set in motion.

422.1: Instruments in which the player's breath is directed against a pair of lamellae which periodically interrupt the airflow and cause the air to be set in motion.

422.11: Individual oboes.

422.111: Individual oboes with cylindrical bores.

422.111.1: Individual oboes with cylindrical bores and without fingerholes.

422.111.2: Individual oboes with cylindrical bores and with fingerholes.

422.112: Individual oboes with conical bores.

422.12: Sets of oboes.

422.121: Sets of oboes with cylindrical bores.

422.122: Sets of oboes with conical bores.

422.2: Instruments in which the player's breath is directed against a single lamellae which periodically interrupt the airflow and cause the air to be set in motion.

422.21: Individual clarinets.

422.211: Individual clarinets with cylindrical bores.

422.211.1: Individual clarinets with cylindrical bores and without fingerholes.

422.211.2: Individual clarinets with cylindrical bores and with fingerholes.

422.212: Individual clarinets with conical bores.

422.22: Sets of clarinets.

422.3: Instruments in which a reed vibrates through [at] a closely fitted frame. There must be tone holes, otherwise the instrument belongs to the free reeds 412.1.

422.31: Single pipes with free reed.

422.32: Double pipes with free reed.

423: Instruments in which the vibrating air is contained within the instrument and is created through the player's vibrating lips setting the air in motion.

423.1: Instruments in which the player's vibrating lips set the air in motion and are the only means of changing the pitch.

423.11: Conch (serving as horn).

423.111: End blown conch.

423.111.1: End blown conch without mouthpiece.

423.111.2: End blown conch with mouthpiece.

423.112: Side-blown conch.

423.12: Tubular trumpets.

423.121: End-blown tubular trumpets.

423.121.1: Straight end-blown tubular trumpets, neither bent nor folded.

423.121.11: Straight end-blown tubular trumpets, neither bent nor folded without mouthpiece.

423.121.12: Straight end-blown tubular trumpets, neither bent nor folded with mouthpiece.

423.121.2: Curved or folded end-blown tubular trumpets, neither bent nor folded.

423.121.21: Curved or folded end-blown tubular trumpets, neither bent nor folded without mouthpiece.

423.121.22: Curved or folded end-blown tubular trumpets, neither bent nor folded with mouthpiece.

423.122: Side-blown tubular trumpets.

423.2: Instruments in which the player's vibrating lips set the air in motion though the pitch may be altered mechanically .

423.21: Keyed chromatic horns.

423.22: Slide chromatic horns.

423.23: Valved chromatic horns.

423.231: Valved chromatic horns with cylindrical bores.

423.232: Valved chromatic horns with semi-cylindrical bores.

423.233: Valved chromatic horns with conical bores.

43: Aerophones not allocated a number in the Hornbostel-Sachs system.

5: Instruments that generate their sound electronically (electrophone).

51: Instruments having electric action.

52: Instruments having electrical amplification.

53: Instruments in which sound is produced by electrical means.

54: Electrophones not allocated a number in the Hornbostel-Sachs system.

See also

Hornbostel-Sachs musical instrument templates ()

• {{Musical instruments}}
• {{Hornbostel-Sachs}}
• 1 {{Idiophones}}
  • 11 {{Struck idiophones}}
    • 111 {{Directly struck idiophones}}
      • 111.1 {{Concussion idiophones}}
      • 111.2 {{Percussion idiophones}}
        • 111.21 {{Stick percussion idiophones}}
        • 111.22 {{Plaque percussion idiophones}} ({{Lithophones}})
    • 112 {{Indirectly struck idiophones}}
      • 112.1 {{Shaken idiophones}}
      • 112.2 {{Scraped idiophones}}
  • 12 {{Plucked idiophones}}
  • 13 {{Friction idiophones}}
  • 14 {{Blown idiophones}}
• 2 {{Membranophones}}
  • 21 {{Struck membranophones}}
    • 211 {{Directly struck membranophones}}
      • 211.1 {{Kettle drums}}
      • 211.2 {{Tubular drums}}
      • 211.3 {{Frame drums}}
    • 212 {{Indirectly struck membranophones}}
  • 22 {{Plucked membranophones}}
    • 221 {{Frame plucked membranophones}}
    • 222 {{Comb plucked membranophones}}
  • 23 {{Friction membranophones}}
    • 231 {{Stick friction membranophones}}
    • 232 {{Chord friction membranophones}}
    • 233 {{Hand friction membranophones}}
  • 24 {{Blown membranophones}}
    • 241 {{Free blown membranophones}}
    • 241 {{Vessel blown membranophones}}
• 3 {{Chordophones}}
  • 31 {{Simple chordophones}} ({{Zithers}})
    • 311 {{Bar or stick zithers}}
    • 312 {{Tube zithers}}
    • 313 {{Raft zithers}}
    • 314 {{Board zithers}}
    • 315 {{Trough zithers}}
    • 316 {{Frame zithers}}
  • 32 {{Composite chordophones}}
    • 321 {{Lutes}}
    • 322 {{Harps}}
    • 323 {{Harp lutes}}
• 4 {{Aerophones}}
  • 41 {{Free aerophones}}
    • 411 {{Displacement aerophones}}
    • 412 {{Interruptive aerophones}}
      • 412.132 Sets of free reeds {{Squeezebox}}
    • 413 {{Plosive aerophones}}
  • 42 {{Non-free aerophones}}
    • 421 {{Flutes}}
      • 421.121.12 {{Western concert flutes}}
      • 421.221.11 {{Whistles}}
    • 422 {{Reed aerophones}}
      • 422.1 {{Double reed}}
      • 422.2 {{Single reeds}}
      • 422.3 {{Free reeds}}
    • 423 {{Brass aerophones}}
      • 423.1 {{Natural brass aerophones}}
      • 423.2 {{Chromatic brass aerophones}}
• 5 {{Electrophones}}
• {{HS number}}
• See also: {{Elemental organology}} ({{Crystallophones}}, {{Hydraulophones}})

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