List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number: 311.121.221

This is a list of instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number, covering those instruments that are classified under 311.121.221 under that system. These instruments are single-stringed heterochord musical bows with an attached resonator but without a tuning noose.

3: Instruments in which sound is produced by one or more vibrating strings (chordophones, string instruments).

31: Instruments which consist solely of a string bearer or a string bearer with a resonator that is not integral to the instrument

311: Instruments with a string bearer shaped like a bar, or consisting of a sideways board (bar zithers)

311.1: Instruments with a flexible or curved string bearer

311.12: Instruments with string made from a different material than the string bearer

311.121: Instruments with only one heterochord string

311.121.2: Instrument has a resonator

311.121.22: Instrument has a resonator that is attached

311.121.221: Instrument does not have a tuning noose

These instruments may be classified with a suffix, based on how the strings are caused to vibrate.

4: Hammers or beaters
5: Bare hands and fingers
6: Plectrum
7: Bowing
- 71: Using a bow
- 72: Using a wheel
- 73: Using a ribbon
8: Keyboard
9: Using a mechanical drive

Instrument	Tradition	Hornbostel–Sachs classification	Description
berimbau^[1]	Brazil	311.121.222	Single-stringed musical bow Toque de Angola on unaccompanied berimbau^ⓘ

References

von Hornbostel, Erich M.; Curt Sachs (March 1961). "Classification of Musical Instruments: Translated from the Original German by Anthony Baines and Klaus P. Wachsmann". The Galpin Society Journal. 14. The Galpin Society Journal, Vol. 14: 3–29. doi:10.2307/842168. JSTOR 842168.

Notes

^ Graham, Richard (Spring–Summer 1991). "Technology and Culture Change: The Development of the "Berimbau" in Colonial Brazil". Latin American Music Review / Revista de Música Latinoamericana. 12 (1). Latin American Music Review / Revista de Música Latinoamericana, Vol. 12, No. 1: 1–20. doi:10.2307/780049. JSTOR 780049. Although this metamorphosis insured the emerging berimbau a higher social status as a Brazilian national instrument.

[1] Graham, Richard (Spring–Summer 1991). "Technology and Culture Change: The Development of the "Berimbau" in Colonial Brazil". Latin American Music Review / Revista de Música Latinoamericana. 12 (1). Latin American Music Review / Revista de Música Latinoamericana, Vol. 12, No. 1: 1–20. doi:10.2307/780049. JSTOR 780049. Although this metamorphosis insured the emerging berimbau a higher social status as a Brazilian national instrument.

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