List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number: 322.12

This is a list of instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number, covering those instruments that are classified under 322.12 under that system. These instruments may be known as angular harps.

3: Instruments in which sound is produced by one or more vibrating strings (chordophones, string instruments).

32: Instruments in which the resonator and string bearer are physically united and can not be separated without destroying the instrument

322: Instrument whose strings are at right angles to the sound table, such that a line between the lower tips of the strings would point at the neck (harps)

322.1: Instrument without a pillar (open harps)

322.12: Instrument has a neck that sharply angles away from the resonator (angular harps)

These instruments may be classified with a suffix, based on how the strings are caused to vibrate.

4: Hammers or beaters
5: Bare hands and fingers
6: Plectrum
7: Bowing
- 71: Using a bow
- 72: Using a wheel
- 73: Using a ribbon
8: Keyboard
9: Using a mechanical drive

List

Instrument	Tradition	Hornbostel–Sachs classification	Description
Assyrian harp	Assyrian	{{{Number}}}	Oldest-documented angular harp^[1]
brnt	Egypt	322.12	Used in widely varying forms, though originally semi-circular and with five to seven strings, number of strings increased over time, while the size decreased^[2]^[3]
chang	Persian	322.12	Angular harp^[2]
trigonon	Ancient Greek	322.12	Angular harp^[2]

References

Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Vadim Mikhaĭlovich Masson; János Harmatta; Boris Abramovich Litvinovskiĭ; Clifford Edmund Bosworth (1999). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. UNESCO. Motilal Banarsidass Publishing. ISBN 81-208-1596-3.
Knight, Roderick (Winter 1985). "The Harp in India Today". Ethnomusicology. 29 (1). Society for Ethnomusicology. University of Illinois Press: 9–28. doi:10.2307/852322. JSTOR 852322.
von Hornbostel, Erich M.; Curt Sachs (March 1961). "Classification of Musical Instruments: Translated from the Original German by Anthony Baines and Klaus P. Wachsmann". The Galpin Society Journal. 14. The Galpin Society Journal, Vol. 14: 3–29. doi:10.2307/842168. JSTOR 842168.

Notes

^ Knight, pg. 9, Depictions of the Assyrian harp date to the second millennium BC.
^ ^a ^b ^c Dani et al., pg. 588
^ Gilman, Daniel Coit; Harry Thurston Peck; Frank Moore Colby, eds. (1906). "Egyptian Music". The New International Encyclopedia. Dodd, Mead & Company. p. 712. Although the harp always remained a national instrument, its popularity was later eclipsed by the lyre.

[1] Knight, pg. 9, Depictions of the Assyrian harp date to the second millennium BC.

[Dani588-2] Dani et al., pg. 588

[3] Gilman, Daniel Coit; Harry Thurston Peck; Frank Moore Colby, eds. (1906). "Egyptian Music". The New International Encyclopedia. Dodd, Mead & Company. p. 712. Although the harp always remained a national instrument, its popularity was later eclipsed by the lyre.

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