Talk:Wu Zetian/Archive 1

This is an archive of past discussions about Wu Zetian. Do not edit the contents of this page. If you wish to start a new discussion or revive an old one, please do so on the current talk page.

Archive 1

Notes in the infobox, can I move them?

Does anybody mind if I moved the footnotes in the infobox down to the bottom of the article? Basically I'd like to use the <ref> tag and create a new "Notes" section at the bottom. The footnotes will be linked to the notes. Hong Qi Gong (Talk - Contribs) 19:33, 23 December 2007 (UTC)

I didn't even notice your asking, HongQiGong. :-) :-( But I've gone ahead and moved them. Please see what you think. Input from you is always welcome and appreciated. --Nlu (talk) 09:53, 24 December 2007 (UTC)

Looks good. That's exactly what I wanted to do. I actually started doing it and then realised maybe there's a reason why it was done the way it was, so I decided to ask first. Hong Qi Gong (Talk - Contribs) 06:17, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

Biography assessment rating comment

WikiProject Biography Assessment Drives

Want to help write or improve biographies? Check out WikiProject Biography Tips for writing better articles. -- Yamara 23:37, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

Quick-failed GA nomination

According to the quick fail criteria, any article that has cleanup banners (like the one currently in the Evaluation section) must be failed immediately and does not require an in-depth review. Please remedy any issues brought up by such banners and remove them before choosing to renominate the article. Thank you for your work so far, VanTucky 02:25, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

I've done some cleanup, and I'll renominate. Thanks. --Nlu (talk) 02:31, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

GA Review

The main problems is that it simply does not have enough references. I see long paragraphs and not a single citation in sight. See when to cite for details of when you should use a reference (not really complicated, actually). I've also added a banner on the top notifying that this article needs more refs.

The main unreferenced sections:

The second and third paragraphs of "As Emperor Gaozong's concubine"
Almost all of "As Empress Consort"
All of "As Empress Dowager"
Just about all of "As Empress Regnant"

Besides that, I also see that the lead is too long, and the article is too long (73 kb). See summary style for more details. So, I'm putting this on hold, but there are going to have to be a lot of changes before I'm satisfied.

Noble Story (talk) 10:10, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

Hopefully, the reference issue is solved. (Please add the tag back if you don't believe that this is the case. Some {{cn}} tags would be appreciated as to anything you think should be cited but is not.)

Meanwhile, though, as to the issue of the article being too long -- do you have suggestions on how to cure this problem? A major issue is that I do think that almost everything included here is important enough that it should be included. I am pondering about the possibility of creating a separate article, to be either titled, Zhou Dynasty (Wu Zetian) or Second Zhou Dynasty, and effectively, try to cut down the section about her reign to about 40%-60% of its current size, as well as moving the sections listing the chancellors and the era names to the new article. Is that a reasonable solution? --Nlu (talk) 15:38, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

I'll make it easy for you. I'm putting in {{Fact}} tags wherever I see a sentence that does not have a reference after it. If there is a reference at the end of the paragraph that cover the statement, then remove the tag. If not, supply a reference.

And about the article length: I really cannot help you a lot. You have to decide what is important, and delete/summarize. It's up to you. Noble Story (talk) 08:30, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

Some other notes:

To cut down the article, it might help to just eliminate the "Personal information", "Titles carried, in chronological order", and "Chancellors during reign" sections. They are already basically covered in the text anyway, so they are really just redundant.

Plus, the "Books" section needs to be formatted. All the books need to have publisher, title, author, ISBN, etc., preferably in a template. For example:

{{cite book | last = Dien | first = Dora Shu-fang | title = Empress Wu Zetian in Fiction and in History: Female Defiance in Confucian China | publisher = Nova Publishing | date = 2003 | isbn = }}

which is:

Dien, Dora Shu-fang (2003). Empress Wu Zetian in Fiction and in History: Female Defiance in Confucian China. Nova Publishing.

That's much cleaner and better (and be sure to include ISBN).

Also, regarding what references there are. They also need to be formatted, preferably using a template ("cite web" or "citation"). In that case, just include the author, title, publisher, page number(s) and ISBN (other info is probably optional). That definitely needs to be done. There are also references that are not really references, in that they don't cite anything. Currently, those references are: 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 33, 35, 39, 44, and 45. The following references just link to a Chinese site, and I have no idea what it is about. If it is absolutely necessary to link to a Chinese source (English is absolutely preferred), then at least say (in English) what the website is about.

Noble Story (talk) 11:12, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

I'll look at these points in the next week or so. Obviously, anyone else who is able to help would be welcome to. Thanks.

However, I do not agree that the sections on personal information and chancellors sections. I think those are important cross-reference information, and in particular, imperial family trees for rulers were and are considered important information in Chinese history. However, if a branch article is created regarding the Zhou Dynasty, the chancellor section may be moved there. --Nlu (talk) 17:48, 12 April 2008 (UTC)

Final GA Review

Review of Wu Zetian

Is it reasonably well written?
A. Prose quality:

B. MoS compliance:
Is it factually accurate and verifiable?
A. References to sources:

B. Citation of reliable sources where necessary:

C. No original research:
Is it broad in its coverage?
A. Major aspects:

B. Focused:
Is it neutral?
Fair representation without bias:
Is it stable?
No edit wars, etc:
Does it contain images to illustrate the topic?
A. Images are copyright tagged, and non-free images have fair use rationales:

B. Images are provided where possible and appropriate, with suitable captions:
Overall:
Pass or Fail:

A week after I posted my comments, nothing really has been done, so I'm going to fail this. There are an obvious lack of templated citations, and as I said, it is just too long. Lot of work to be done before it can pass GA. Noble Story (talk) 10:49, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

Wow wow wow, what the. Are you sure all these Fact tags aren't a bit excessive?Suredeath (talk) 14:57, 19 April 2008 (UTC)

Rename

Would this page be renamed as Empress Wu Zetian of China? The Taizong, Emperor of China should be renamed Tang Taizong, Emepror of China. BTW We need a clearer definition of naming Chinese rulers. IMO a convention of name of dynasty + posthumous or temple name + of China would be enough, in addition to those guidlines on Wikipedia_talk:Naming_conventions_(chinese). Any opinion on separating or linking the syllabes of the transliteration, i.e. Tang Tai Zong, Tang Taizong or Tangtaizong, would also be useful. Which of the three choices would one prefer? We better get this settled before any major articles on Chinese Imperial history be written. Different transliterations add more confusions and turn off the readers looking for Chines history info on wikipedia. Some notorious contributors (ex. user:172) added long verses on Chinese history without proper naming of persons, such as Hung-wu, Cheng-ho etc., and rely on others to fix the links. These Wade-Giles names look familiar to a sinologist but not so to a common reader.-- User:kt2

I've moved it. The former name, "Wu Zetian, Empress of China," runs contrary to the style of other nations' rulers. I've also wrote some replies on Wikipedia_talk:Naming_conventions_(chinese). --Menchi 14:46 24 May 2003 (UTC)

This page should be "Empress Wu" under the most common name rule, not "Empress Wu Zetian". It's not necessary to specify "of China" since that is rarely evoked and there is no ambiguity. --Ji ang 10:24, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Rectified a defacing of the page, whereby someone switched the Tian Hou name with "A N00b" --User:Anivyl —Preceding undated comment was added at 09:02, 4 November 2008 (UTC).

Repeated chronology

Is there a reason that the biographical section basically covers her life twice--first briefly, then in greater detail? That seems like a strange structure, but at the least there should be a subhead indicating that there's two accounts of her life here. It would be better, I think, to just delete the more abbreviated descriptions of her career and leave the more detailed narratives. Nareek (talk) 02:50, 8 September 2011 (UTC)

Exam reform and others

I read from zh.wikipedia that Wu reformed the way to select officials, by abandoning traditional recommendation from prominent families and promoting exams. It says by doing this Wu shaked the feudal families and introduced more egalitarian exam. I wonder if this can be put into en.wikipedia.

I also read that she promoted economic productivity.

111.251.229.106 (talk) 23:19, 8 September 2012 (UTC)

These points from zh.wikipedia should be included. Wu did became more powerful by diminishing the power of traditional rich and powerful families, especially from certain areas of her empire. She also did expand the exam system, and made the status of successful candidates to be more elite. However, it is worth noting in this context that before her Taizong reformed the exams, and after her Xuanzong further expanded them, and Wu's reign was in the middle of an important phase of exam system expansion. Also, she had other methods of increasing her power, such as secret police and religious propaganda that are worth mentioning. There is some controversy regarding Wu and her reign, so good reference sources are important. Dcattell (talk) 05:21, 10 September 2012 (UTC)

Or, to add info from zh.wikipedia, this can be done. See Template:Translation/Ref/doc. Dcattell (talk) 14:43, 10 September 2012 (UTC)

Wu in Certain Parts of Wiki

Hey, is it just me or is Wu Zetian being blamed for EVERY murder in Tang China? I mean, I understand one or two, but having studied her quite a bit, there are a lot of deaths that historians are debating today whether or not she really had anything to do with them, but the Zhongzong and Gaozong pages report that she definitively did them (such as the death of her baby daughter, which nobody really knows), and yet you have pages about other rulers which neglect certain *crucial* details about their reigns. And much of this blackening on Wu's part has to do with her gender, which no offense but Wiki as an important internet source of information should be above such stupid sexist/racists prejudices... So with that said, could someone please edit these pages and put more effort into balancing her image, so that instead of accusing her of every crime under the sun wiki matter-factly informs readers of these things impartially rather than coming off as a bitter-45 yrs old in his Ma's basement and who deeply resents her (and this is coming from a guy)... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.5.173.124 (talk) 01:56, 10 January 2013 (UTC)

Birth name

I noticed that Wu Ze Tian's name is marked as zhao4 (曌），but that was the name she created after becoming Empress. What is her name by birth? (~lpstribling~) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lpstribling (talk • contribs) 19:03, 4 August 2012 (UTC)

As the footnotes explained, no one really knows now. --Nlu (talk) 07:35, 16 January 2013 (UTC)

Length

This article is way too long, like mostChinese historical articles. Eusebius12 (talk) 17:02, 4 March 2013 (UTC)

"Wu Zetian was born as"

Search for that exact phrase in the article and you see 2 completely different answers. Timmyshin (talk) 16:29, 1 January 2014 (UTC)

Wei Shifang age discrepancy

there seems to be confusion regarding the age claimed by Wei Shifang in this article: "the hermit Wei Shifang (on whom she bestowed a chancellor title briefly), who claimed to be more than 350 years old"

following the "Wei Shifang" link we read: "The second was Wei, who was an associate of the old nun, and who was from Mount Song, who claimed to be born in 238, during the reign of the emperor Sun Quan of Eastern Wu—which would make him 456 years old at the time"

100 years difference. 00-nero (talk) 08:37, 3 March 2015 (UTC)

birth of place

When she was born, her father Wu Shihuo served in the central government of the Tang Dynasty. Maybe she was born in the capital Changan, but no data for sure.Her father has been work in Guangyuan for 627 to 631. She is 3 years old.She certainly wasn't born in Guangyuan.--Berthe (talk) 16:03, 25 September 2016 (UTC)

Requested move 3 February 2017

The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: no consensus. Support and oppose roughly split, decent arguments from both, no clear consensus. Jenks24 (talk) 06:18, 27 February 2017 (UTC)

Wu Zetian → Empress Wu – This is the name used in most English-language sources I've seen. See also Google Ngrams. There is of course the concern that "Empress Wu" is ambiguous (Empress Wu (disambiguation)), but do a GBook search of "Empress Wu" [1] and review the results one by one, I'd say over 95% of the usage is about Wu Zetian. WP:PRIMARYTOPIC applies, and if you multiply the top "Empress Wu" curve in the Ngram graph by 95%, it'd still be well above the bottom "Wu Zetian" curve (by at least 50%). Two other considerations: 1) "Wu Zetian" gives the impression that "Zetian" is a personal name (it's not). This is the same argument presented in previous discussions like Wikipedia_talk:History standards for China-related articles#Emperor article titles discouraging translations like Han Wudi. 2) In Chinese, the term "Wu Zetian" is a hodgepodge that never appeared in traditional historiography as far as I know. Traditional history books most often called her 武后 ("Empress Wu"). Timmyshin (talk) 00:55, 3 February 2017 (UTC)--Relisting. — AjaxSmack 02:18, 10 February 2017 (UTC) --Relisting. — JFG ^talk 22:17, 17 February 2017 (UTC)

Neutral. I find both the current and the proposed names to be problematic for different reasons. I would prefer Wu Zhao, but I will acknowledge that it creates other potential issues. --Nlu (talk) 02:37, 3 February 2017 (UTC)

Support but would appreciate more input. The proposed title is both the common name and follows the normal format of other similar titles. If not this, is Empress Regnant Wu to clumsy? — AjaxSmack 02:18, 10 February 2017 (UTC)

Weakly leaning oppose I have no doubt that this is the primary topic for "Empress Wu", but looking closely at the GBooks results, a good number of them (I'd say about 40%) are either not about her (or any other Empress Wu) at all, or they actually use the formulation "Empress Wu Zetian" or "Empress Wu Zhao" or neither (just "Wu Zetian" or "Wu Zhao" with "empress" somewhere else in the text). And as a layman who speaks the language I would've thought Wu Zetian was the more common name in Chinese, which I find a more compelling argument than the one about traditional Chinese historiography. I'd be most persuaded to change my opinion if you could show that the most authoritative English-language sources on Chinese history have settled on calling her Empress Wu, which I suspect may be true. Cobblet (talk) 03:40, 10 February 2017 (UTC)

Oppose for now . As indicated by Cobblet, Wu Zetian is commonly used in Chinese, and it has not been demonstrated clearly that "Empress Wu" is more common than "Wu Zetian". Interestingly the links for "Empress Wu" also turns up a few "Empress Wu Tse-t'ien" which won't appear in the search for "Wu Zetian" [2], [3] [4] (the absence of "Wu Zetian" before the 1970s would be because pinyin only became common after that). I suspect once you have eliminated those extraneous ones (Empress Wu Zetian, Empress Wu Tse-t'ien and others), and added up all the variant spellings of Wu Zetian, the difference between the two probably won't be that great. A better demonstration that there is an overwhelming case for changing is needed. Hzh (talk) 21:51, 16 February 2017 (UTC)

Support for move to Empress Wu of Zhou. This seems to be the Wikipedia policy on Chinese emperors. Emperor (name) of (dynasty name), so I suggest the article be moved to either Empress Wu of Zhou or Emperor Wu of Zhou (as her title was huangdi, Chinese for emperor). Otherwise Keep. Civciv5 (talk) 14:17, 23 February 2017 (UTC)

The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The following discussion is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section. A summary of the conclusions reached follows.

The result of this discussion was to merge

Merger proposal

I propose that List of titles of Wu Zetian be merged into Wu Zetian. I'm not seeing a lot of content in List of titles of Wu Zetian. Timmyshin (talk) 01:18, 3 February 2017 (UTC)

Support, the titles list is also made artificially larger by being a content fork from this page.--Prisencolin (talk) 09:15, 5 February 2017 (UTC)

Support Topic too slight and unimportant to warrant its own article. Hzh (talk) 22:05, 16 February 2017 (UTC)

ĝĝtydr3 m,a235jn7 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.119.47.55 (talk) 16:55, 28 March 2017 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

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Emperor or Empress?

When Wu Zetian be came the Chinese monarch, did she consider herself to be the Emperor or the Empress? People apparently were required to call her either 皇上 or 皇帝 when she was in full power. That would translate directly into Emperor. Empress would be the title of the female consort of the Emperor. Of course, Wu's husband wasn't around when she became emperor, so there wasn't the issue regarding the name of a male consort of the Emperor. Technically, 皇上 or 皇帝 is genderless and unsexist.

Calling Wu Zetian merely as Empress Wu would actually support the POV of the restored Tang Dynasty after the palace coup that disposed her of power. The restored Tang Dynasty apparently did not acknowledge that she actually served as the (female) Emperor.

The following BBC article makes the case that historically in Japan, when the female becomes the 天皇 monarch, she is considered to be the emperor rather than the empress.

Maybe we should change the name of the article into "Emperor Wu Zetian." Any comments? Allentchang 16:07, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

I don't think calling her "emperor" would be correct. In this case, "empress," in context, is simply the female counterpart to an emperor -- in other words, more explicitly, an empress regnant (as opposed to an empress consort). Queen Victoria of Great Britain, for example, also carried the title of Empress of India -- but she was not the wife of an emperor; indeed, her husband would be refused the title of king, which she wanted to give him, by parliament. She was an empress regnant, as was Wu. I don't think calling her empress is not NPOV, because it did not imply that she did not reign as a monarch; indeed, I think calling her "emperor" would be grammatically incorrect. --Nlu 18:23, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

- How exactly would calling her emperor be grammatically in correct? These days, there have been plenty of English anti-sexist language rectification campaigns where the English grammar has effectively been changed to accomodate non-sexist language. In certain femminist circles, it would now be considered gramatically incorrect to use sexist language. Even if we ignore the modern English sexist language issue, the Chinese term for "Emperor" does not imply gender and somehow we need to make it very clear in English. When Wu Zetian was the monarch, no one dared to add any feminine indicator to her official title as Emperor. Only after she died did they dare to do so. Also consider the fact, that in the past, it would be considered illogical to think that the terms "senator," "justice," or "president" could imply a female office holder. Allentchang 09:57, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Here's another thing to consider (taken from the Wikipedia article on sexist language): The Chinese language is remarkably gender-neutral due to its underlying structure, even though China has a long history of male dominance. Critics of gender-neutral language modification in other languages see this as evidence of a lack of cause-and-effect relationship between a society's gender relations and the use of grammatical gender in its language.

Comprehension in Chinese is almost wholly dependent on word order as Chinese has no inflection for gender, tense, or case. There's also very little derivational inflection, instead the language relies heavily on compounding to create new words. A Chinese word is thus inherently gender-neutral unless it contains a root for man or woman. For example, the word for doctor is yīshēng (醫生) and can only be made gender-specific by adding the root for male or female to the front of it. Thus to specify a male doctor, one would need to say nányīshēng (男醫生). Under normal circumstances both male and female doctors would simply be referred to as yīshēng.

Spoken Chinese also has only one third-person pronoun, tā for all situations (though -men 們 / 们 can be added as a plural suffix). Tā can mean he, she, or it in any case. However it is written with three different characters: "他", containing the human radical "亻", for he, or a person of undetermined gender; "她", containing the female radical "女", for she; and "它" for it. Despite this, there is no "he/she" issue in Chinese, because pronouns are usually implied from context, and replacing "她" with "他" causes no grammatical conflict. Allentchang 10:01, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Emperor over empress is not ungrammatical for me although it is a little unusual. But even if unusual, I would guess that many would prefer it due to the issues of sexist language. Emperor-empress would parallel king-queen, but the -ess suffix is often used in a sexist way, as in tiger vs. tigress, tempter vs. temptress. The -ess often emphasizes (a perhaps improper) sexuality which is not really relevant to being a tiger or a ruler. So, this decision of whether to use empress or emperor will depend upon how much this sexual connotation is perceived. It does seem to be neutralized (for me) a little by the king-queen parallel. whatever happens in Chinese does not seem so relevant to what happens in English (although it is interesting to compare). peace – ishwar (speak) 00:41, 2005 September 9 (UTC)

In English, we do not call women "Emperors" even if they are called by the word for Emperor in a foreign language. We should note in the article that she was referred to by the Chinese word for Emperor, rather than just by the word for Empress, but we should not pretend as though it is normal in English to refer to empress regnants as emperors. Maria Theresa was referred to in Hungarian as "King of Hungary," but we always call her "Queen of Hungary." We also do not call Hatshepsut "King of Egypt." Nor do we call the various women who were Tenno of Japan "Emeperor." Such strange instances should be noted, but we should not give the idiosyncratic usage as the primary one. john k 01:08, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

Agreed. One language cannot change to "suit" another. An English speaker can't force a Chinese person to use a single term for all his brothers/sisters regardless of comparative age because English only has the words brothers and sisters compared with Chinese jiejie/meimei/gege/didi...maybe a bad example but the point is, we must conform to native usage and not pursue superficial/literal translations. --Dpr 16:37, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

In any case, there is no reason to fuss about translation, because in Chinese she is known as "Empress Consort Wu" (武后), she is not known as "Emperor Wu" (武帝). She was known as "emperor" (皇帝) only during her reign. Ever since she was deposed in 705 she has been called "Empress Consort" (皇后). Yes it was the POV of the Tang dynasty, but it's a POV that has turned into usage. Hardouin 01:17, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

COME ON PEOPLE THERE IS AN ENGLISH TERM FOR IT ALREADY, I KEEP ATTEMPTING TO USE IT BUT SOME IDIOT KEEPS REVERTING IT. IT IS CALLED EMPRESS REGNANT (HEAD OF STATE EMPRESS) AS OPPOSED TO EMPRESS CONSORT (WIFE OF EMPEROR). THIS TERM HAS AN ARTICLE ON HERE. JUST SEARCH EMPRESS REGNANT AND EMPRESS CONSORT AND YOU'LL FIND IT! THEREFORE THERE SHOULDN'T BE A DISCUSSION ON THIS TOPIC FOR THIS SHOULDN'T BE AN ISSUE AND FOR THE LAST TIME DO NOT REVERT IT AGAIN! Staygyro (talk) 08:50, 5 July 2009 (UTC)

It has to be empress regnant as opposed to empress consort there is no need to call her emperor it's sexist Vuruvata (talk) 19:30, 20 June 2020 (UTC)

Posthumous name

Tianhou is a "posthumous name". It is still my strong opinion that it qualifies. It was used, yes, in her lifetime (specifically, during the reign of her husband Emperor Gaozong) but not after during the reigns of her sons or herself. It was later, during the reign of her grandson Xuanzong that it was again used -- as the official way to address her, rather than Zetiandasheng Huanghou. That lasted through the rest of Tang Dynasty. I think it qualifies as a posthumous name. Please elaborate on why you disagree. --Nlu 19:26, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

As can be checked here and here, Tianhou (天后) was the posthumous name of Empress Wu Zetian only between July 28, 710 (景云元年六月丁未) and November 13, 710 (景云元年十月乙未). Her posthumous name then changed many times, until eventually in 749 (天宝八载) the final version of her posthumous name was set as Empress Zetian Shunsheng (則天順聖皇后), which is the posthumous name that appears in the infobox. So please do not change that again. Hardouin 19:38, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

I don't believe you are reading those passages correctly. Those refer to how she would be addressed in the temple with her husband -- not how she would be addressed in general. There were references throughout the rest of Tang dynasty documents of her as Tianhou -- not as Zetian Shunsheng Huanghou. I do not dispute your chronology. What I do dispute is the overly narrow definition of what a "posthumous name" is; if Tianhou is not considered a posthumous name, why was it used throughout the rest of Tang Dynasty as a way of referring to her? --Nlu 19:52, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

Just to add to that: see [5] (reference to Tianhou in Biography 57 of Xintangshu -- during Emperor Xuanzong's time; Biography 67 of Xintangshu); [6] (Biography 77 -- the reference to which in Zizhi Tongjian was what alerted me to this usage in the first place), [7] (Biography 88; Biography 99). Your assertion that Tianhou is not a "posthumous name" because it is not the one used for official long-term title would mean that, for example, Wendi is not a "posthumous name" for Emperor Wen of Han -- because the official long-term title is Xiaowen Huangdi. I disagree strongly. --Nlu 20:04, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

Ok, I think the problem here is that you are confusing two things in English: a posthumous name on the one hand, and a style on the other hand. A posthumous name was a formal name that appeared in the temple of the ancestors, and which was also used by historians in formal circumstances. So a posthumous name was never meant to be used by people living in imperial China. Instead people used styles, for instance the ruling emperor could be called huangshang (皇上), a retired emperor could be referred as taishanghuang (太上皇), and for dead emperors there were many ways to refer to them, and the way to refer to them changed along Chinese history. Remember that in ancient societies, people almost never referred to important people using their real name, or even their official name. Instead, they used styles. For example, the brother of King Louis XIV of France was Philippe, duc d'Orléans, but nobody called him "Philippe", and nobody even called him "duc d'Orléans". Instead, he was refered to by his style: "Monsieur". It doesn't mean "Monsieur" was a posthumous name. Closer to us, Empress Cixi was referred to by her style laofoye (老佛爷). It doesn't mean laofoye is her posthumous name. I think it is very important to understand that it is not because a name is used after the death of the person that it is automatically a posthumous name. Styles can be used long after the person is dead, yet they are not posthumous names.

In the case of Tianhou, it is obviously a style, whose litteral meaning is "Heavenly Empress". It was used after Wu Zetian's death, as the biographies that you linked are showing, but it doesn't mean that because it was used after her death it was a posthumous name. In the infoboxes of emperors and empresses, we only list official posthumous and temple names. We don't list styles. The reason for that is because styles changed a lot over time, an emperor or an empress could have many styles during their life, and after, depending on fashion, so it is too shaky ground to include in the infoboxes.

On the other hand, you could mention the style Tianhou inside the article if you want. The story behind it is very interesting. When Wu Zetian became in control of her husband Emperor Gaozong in the 660s, she wanted to show her power to all, and so she managed to convince her weak husband to change her and his title. So it was decreed that the title (style) of the emperor would be changed from huangdi (皇帝, i.e. "Emperor") to tianhuang (天皇, i.e "Heavenly Emperor"), and the title (style) of the empress would be changed from huanghou (皇后, i.e "Empress") to tianhou (天后, i.e. "Heavenly Empress). This shocked a lot Confucian officials, because it was placing the emperor and the empress above their ancestors, who were only huangdi and huanghou. Later after Wu Zetian's reign these titles were reverted to the traditional huangdi ("emperor") and huanghou ("empress"), so that there is only one Tianhou in Chinese history, Wu Zetian. Because this title of Tianhou was unprecedented, I believe this is the reason why she was referred to as Tianhou after her death. There could be no ambiguity when using this name. We can add all that in the article if you want. The exact date when the titles were changed can be found in the Book of Tang.

Now an interesting codicile is this: at the time when the titles tianhuang and tiandi were given to the emperor and the empress, Japan was opening itself to Chinese culture. The ruler of Japan thought that it would be improper for him to be just an "emperor", so he had to be a "Heavenly Emperor" like the husband of Wu Zetian. Later in China this title "Heavenly Emperor" was abandonned as I said, but not in Japan, so today the emperor of Japan is still known as tianhuang, pronounced tenno (天皇) in Japanese. We can also add this if you want. Hope this makes things clear. Hardouin 21:28, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

I checked in the Book of Tang, and I found the date when the titles tianhuang and tianhou were decreed: September 20, 674 (上元元年八月壬辰). Hardouin 21:46, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

{{ping|Hardouin]] Can you give us sources about your statement above? About Japan which adopted tianhuang. Sorry for my English. Thanks. Hafidh Wahyu P (talk) 09:10, 28 February 2017 (UTC)

I don't believe that tianhou was her posthumous name it was used in her lifetime as to legitimize her inserting herself in the empires politics while being a woman of the harem and when her husband was still alive for example the first emperor of the Sui dynasty Yang Jian and wife Dugu jialuo were called the two saints because she herself also participated in state matters without any legitimate reason Vuruvata (talk) 19:36, 20 June 2020 (UTC)

Only female emperor?

It says in the article that Wu Zetian is the only female emperor in the history of China. What about the Empress Dowager?

You mean Cixi? She never officially sat on the Dragon Throne. She merely ruled as Regent. 24.14.120.92 08:23, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

The difference between cixi and wu zetian rule is that cixi was ruling as regent and as the empress dowager wu zetian however ruled as emperor and established her own dynasty and changed the ruling family name from li to her maiden name wu cixi never changed the dynasty or changed the imperial clan name from aisin gioro to yehe nara or used the emperor's honorific "Zhen" like Wu Zetian did Vuruvata (talk) 19:42, 20 June 2020 (UTC)

Biased Sources?

I think the article presents too strongly the viewpoint that Empress Wu was a heartless and depraved woman who gained power by sexually manipulating every man she could. This is likely the invention of classical Confucian historians, who hated her for two reasons: she was a usurper and a woman. Usurpers were never treated kindly by Confucian historians, and one who is a woman would be treated even more negatively. I think the reader should be made more aware of the biased nature of the traditional source materials. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Hasmidas (talk • contribs)

Perhaps, but it is confirmable that she killed many people -- including her own sons and grandchildren. Whitewashing should not be done in the name of removing bias. --Nlu (talk) 23:32, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

I agree that she probably killed lots of people, I only meant that maybe we ought to make it more clear that classical Confucian histories about her are likely to be quite biased. (Thanks for showing me by example how to sign a post, by the way) --Hasmidas

Not to mention Wu Zetian is far from being the only emperor(empress) of China that killed her own kins to secure the power. Tang Taizong killed his brothers, and so do many Ming emperors. Han founders killed off his trusted colleague and doesn't seem to mind when his parents' life were threatened. Most of it in the name of "stability" or "birth right". In case of Wu Zetian, heartless or not, it was double standard. Suredeath 11:53, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Agreed. A secondary consequence of the article's sources is an overwhelming emphasis on describing court intrigue; other characteristics of Wu's reign seem ignored. The article's intro mentions Chinese expansion into Central Asia and Korea; cultural achievements of officials under Wu receive passing mention; are we to understand that there is no comprehensive information about her reign other than the steps she took to seize power? hanlinyang92 —Preceding undated comment added 04:25, 20 August 2012 (UTC)

It is indeed biased because they only write of Wu Zetian's heartlesnesswhen almost all emperors were the same all rulers for that fact emperor Taizong was not meant to be emperor like Wu but siezed power and also it does not mention the achievements of Wu's administration and effectiveness to rule and how she stabilized the government for future generations of the li clan They just did not want to admit that a woman could rule just as good if not better than a man Vuruvata (talk) 19:50, 20 June 2020 (UTC)

Chen Shuozhen

Wasn't she the first female emperor? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 71.235.83.132 (talk • contribs) 04:31, 3 December 2006 (UTC).

Wu wasn't the first woman to declare herself emperor but she was the first woman to become the ruler of her own dynasty in her own right and legitimately Vuruvata (talk) 19:53, 20 June 2020 (UTC)

Shangguan Wan'er

i wonder how there could be no mention of the women premier,"Shangguan Wan'er" during her reign. i think it will add depth to the Realdan 18:43, 4 December 2006 (UTC)article

Yes it will add depth since to show how Wu inspired women not to be ordinary but to go after their ambitions for example her daughter in law empress Wei, her granddaughter princess anle and her own daughter princess Taiping Vuruvata (talk) 19:56, 20 June 2020 (UTC)

Too Long, Too Many Sections

This article is very long compared to pages for other historical sovereigns with reigns of similar length/ephocacy. Far too much space is taken up detailing the intricacies of Wu's court, and many sections have repeated/overlapping information. A wikipedia article is meant to relay the importance of a topic and connect readers to sources for further research, not comprehensively describe all known details on a subject. Based on wiki guidelines, experienced editors and Chinese history experts should create an abbreviated section of Wu Zeitan's de facto reign for the main article, and expand the details to a new, independent article titled "Reign of Wu Zeitan", or ideally separate articles for each distinct de jur regime. See articles such as https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar for reference. DarthBrawn (talk) 03:16, 9 July 2020 (UTC)

I do not agree with you, DarthBrawn. I don't think so. The article's length is almost the same as that of Emperor Taizong of Tang, unless you're saying that both this article and the article that I just mentioned both need to be shortened. Thank you. Friend505 (talk) 22:24, 3 August 2020 (UTC)

Internal contradiction

There is a contradiction about Li Zhi reportedly having an affair with Wu Zetian when Emperor Taizong was still alive. In one part, the article basically simply states that. In another part, it says that "(Some modern historians dispute this traditional account, and some think that Consort Wu never had left the imperial palace and might have had an affair with Emperor Gaozong while Emperor Taizong was still alive.)" Also, there is a "citation needed" tag for the latter statement. Could someone please give me advice on the subject? I am an editor with a wide range of topics; I am currently focusing on Chinese dynastic history. This contradiction may have been caused in part by the fact that Wikipedia is a collaborative project, and is not produced by the work of a single person. Thank you. Friend505 (talk) 22:28, 3 August 2020 (UTC)

I think that I should only leave the latter statement. Friend505 (talk) 22:29, 3 August 2020 (UTC)

Literary allusions

Can someone who knows the subject of the article find a better word for the casually misapplied 'schizophrenic'? Notreallydavid (talk) 00:29, 18 October 2017 (UTC)

I changed it to "contradictory". Kaldari (talk) 14:38, 4 August 2020 (UTC)

Emperor or Empress?

When Wu Zetian be came the Chinese monarch, did she consider herself to be the Emperor or the Empress? People apparently were required to call her either 皇上 or 皇帝 when she was in full power. That would translate directly into Emperor. Empress would be the title of the female consort of the Emperor. Of course, Wu's husband wasn't around when she became emperor, so there wasn't the issue regarding the name of a male consort of the Emperor. Technically, 皇上 or 皇帝 is genderless and unsexist.

Calling Wu Zetian merely as Empress Wu would actually support the POV of the restored Tang Dynasty after the palace coup that disposed her of power. The restored Tang Dynasty apparently did not acknowledge that she actually served as the (female) Emperor.

The following BBC article makes the case that historically in Japan, when the female becomes the 天皇 monarch, she is considered to be the emperor rather than the empress.

Maybe we should change the name of the article into "Emperor Wu Zetian." Any comments? Allentchang 16:07, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

I don't think calling her "emperor" would be correct. In this case, "empress," in context, is simply the female counterpart to an emperor -- in other words, more explicitly, an empress regnant (as opposed to an empress consort). Queen Victoria of Great Britain, for example, also carried the title of Empress of India -- but she was not the wife of an emperor; indeed, her husband would be refused the title of king, which she wanted to give him, by parliament. She was an empress regnant, as was Wu. I don't think calling her empress is not NPOV, because it did not imply that she did not reign as a monarch; indeed, I think calling her "emperor" would be grammatically incorrect. --Nlu 18:23, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

- How exactly would calling her emperor be grammatically in correct? These days, there have been plenty of English anti-sexist language rectification campaigns where the English grammar has effectively been changed to accomodate non-sexist language. In certain femminist circles, it would now be considered gramatically incorrect to use sexist language. Even if we ignore the modern English sexist language issue, the Chinese term for "Emperor" does not imply gender and somehow we need to make it very clear in English. When Wu Zetian was the monarch, no one dared to add any feminine indicator to her official title as Emperor. Only after she died did they dare to do so. Also consider the fact, that in the past, it would be considered illogical to think that the terms "senator," "justice," or "president" could imply a female office holder. Allentchang 09:57, 22 August 2005 (UTC)