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Good articleDominant white has been listed as one of the Natural sciences good articles under the good article criteria. If you can improve it further, please do so. If it no longer meets these criteria, you can reassess it.
Article milestones
DateProcessResult
August 31, 2009Good article nomineeListed
Did You Know
A fact from this article appeared on Wikipedia's Main Page in the "Did you know?" column on June 26, 2009.
The text of the entry was: Did you know ... that dominant white, a collection of related genetic conditions, causes horses to be born with no skin pigmentation and completely or partly white coats (example pictured)?
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¿Traslate?

[edit]

to Gene dominant white of horse, the dominant white gene exists in other species and this article only deals with the horse's gene. Has been translated into wikipedia in Spanish. --Jcfidy (talk) 09:28, 18 March 2017 (UTC)[reply]

Another example

[edit]

Need to check genetics on this horse: http://www.woodbineentertainment.com/Woodbine/RaceTrackNewsPage.aspx?NewsId=721ae9ef-1873-408d-b5ab-f66476687292

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Change title?

[edit]

So since a lot of the W-n alleles actually produce white spotting, and not always completely white horses, I think it might be better to name this article Dominant white-spotting, KIT white-spotting mutations, or something similar. Also sabino-1 is a different allele of the same gene (KIT) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1628480, https://www.centerforanimalgenetics.com/services/horse-genetic-testing/phenotype-testing-for-horses/sabino-1/), but even KIT alleles with sabino-like phenotypes have been named W-something, rather than Sabino-2. A lot of places still refer to it as dominant white, though, so I dunno. Something to consider, at least. Iamnotabunny (talk) 21:17, 8 October 2017 (UTC)[reply]

The title reflects the gene (W). Some alleles produce spotting, others do not. I would agree we need to reconcile the sabino horse content with this one, as some splash and W genes now appear to produce what were once thought of as sabino patterns. Montanabw(talk) 03:12, 16 October 2017 (UTC)[reply]
Ok, then I'll edit the article to be more consistently about W. Right now it's a little inconsistent, with some information (eg, "Dominant White is a rare condition") from back when there was only W1-4, which actually were best described as Dominant White. Iamnotabunny (talk) 11:27, 5 January 2019 (UTC)[reply]
Hey, I still think we should move the page. This... I can't really say gene... allelic series definitely used to be called dominant white, but now it's usually called white spotting. I was going through the articles for unrelated reasons, and I see that up until 2009 they all call it dominant white[1][2], but in 2011 they carefully avoid calling the group anything more specific than "dominant KIT mutations",[3] and after that they all use the term "white spotting" (one uses 'dominant white' but in quotes and only once).[4][5][6] (edit: I done goofed, the most recent "Novel KIT variants for dominant white in the Australian horse population" has dominant white right in the title. But still, there's a lot of scientists calling it white spotting.) So 'dominant white' hasn't officially been renamed or gone away or anything, but usage of it has just disappeared. I've also noticed this in a lot of random internet pages about horse colors, where the older ones say "dominant white" and the newer ones say "white spotting".
I'm also not really sure what relation this article should have to sabino. I see Countercanter has already commented about that, but now that there's alleles like W20 that have more in common with sabino than with the traditional dominant white, pretty much the only difference between them is their names. From a genetics point of view I really think it would make sense to merge the two articles. My initial reaction was that they should stay separate, but I tried to come up with a good reason for that and couldn't. Anyway, I think at the very least we should move "Dominant White" to "White Spotting", and then decide whether a merge would make sense. Iamnotabunny (talk) 23:04, 16 April 2019 (UTC)[reply]

Can the title get changed to be equine specific? Dominant white is found in other species such as dogs, cats, and cattle (among others). Miscellaneous edits (talk) 19:10, 14 March 2022 (UTC)[reply]

The Opera House

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This white mare [7] has non-white parents. She has produced three white foals out of four. I don't know if any genetic studies have been done on her. Tigerboy1966  07:02, 8 December 2020 (UTC)[reply]

Chart?

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Hey @Iamnotabunny:, I’m wondering whether it would be a good idea to create a “photo chart” for the photos of the different W mutations, kind of like what we have for the patterns at leopard complex. We wouldn’t have photos of all alleleic representatives, but it might make the article look cleaner… your thoughts? Montanabw(talk) 17:49, 20 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

@Montanabw: I think that'd be a good idea if we can gather a couple more pictures. Iamnotabunny (talk) 20:50, 20 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]
We can probably pull more off of the images broken out here, if we can id the alleles:File:DominantWhiteHorses.jpg There are other breeds pictured in there also, I think all of those are public domain. Montanabw(talk) 22:26, 20 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Maybe to help us gather images and get a start, I’ll put a draft of the chart here and we can just work on it. Montanabw(talk) 00:00, 21 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Incidentally, this might be a good additional source: https://generatio.de/sites/default/files/2021-04/W%20variants%20with%20associated%20breeds.pdf and https://generatio.de/en/guidance/lexicon/white-spotting-horse

@Iamnotabunny:, I think I’m getting these right, but maybe double check sources and verify? Any we can’t verify we can toss. Montanabw(talk) 00:50, 21 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Allele Image Description Mutation Lethality
SB-1
homozygous
heterozygous
 Known as Sabino 1 and informally as Sabino-White or Maximum Sabino when homozygous, it was one of the earliest identified white alleles, found in 2005, but does not follow the same naming convention as the other W alleles. Initially named to correspond to terminology used by certain breed registries, as more alleles at the same locus were discovered, the subsequent mutations were labeled W to match the symbol used in mouse research.[1] Sabino 1 is an incomplete dominant; homozygous individuals have significantly more white than horses that are heterozygous. Heterozygotes (SB1/sb1) generally have a distinctive white spotting pattern of irregular, rough-edged white patches that usually include two or more white feet or legs, a blaze, spots or roaning on the belly or flanks, and jagged margins to white markings. Homozygotes (SB1/SB1) are typically at least 90% white-coated at birth with unpigmented skin under white hair. Horses in both cases have dark eyes. KI16+1037A a single nucleotide polymorphism which results in the skipping of exon 17. [2] No known lethality.[3]
W1
foal
adult
 found in Franches Montagnes horses descended from a white mare named Cigale born in 1957. Cigale's parents' coats were not extensively marked.[4] A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), a type of mutation in which a single nucleotide is accidentally exchanged for another, is thought to have occurred with Cigale. This mutation (c.2151C>G) is predicted to truncate the protein in the middle of the tyrosine kinase domain, which would severely affect the function of KIT.[4] Some horses with the W1 mutation are born pure white, but many have residual pigment along the topline, which they may then lose over time. Based on studies of KIT mutations in mice, the severity of this mutation suggests that it may be nonviable in the homozygous state.[5] However, horses with the W1 mutation have been found to have normal blood parameters and do not suffer from anemia.[6] SNP (c.2151C>G),[4] a nonsense mutation located on KIT exon 15.[7] Possible
W2 found in Thoroughbred horses descended from KY Colonel, a stallion born in 1946. While KY Colonel was described as a chestnut with extensive white markings, he is known for siring a family of pure white horses through his white daughter, White Beauty, born in 1963.[8] His son War Colors was registered as roan because he had some spots of color, but later became white.[9] single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP (c.1960G>A), [4] a missense mutation (p.G654R) in the protein kinase domain on exon 17.[7] Unknown
W3 found in Arabian horses descended from R Khasper, a near-white stallion born to non-white parents in 1996. Horses with the W3 allele often retain interspersed flecks or regions of pigmented skin and hair, which may fade with time.[8] Some members of this family possess blue eyes, but these are thought to be inherited separately from the white coat.[8] Based on similar studies in mice, researchers have named W3 as potentially homozygous nonviable.[5] (c.706A>T) a nonsense mutation on exon 4, predicted to truncate the protein in the extracellular domain.[4][7] Possibly
W4 found in Camarillo White Horses, a breed characterized by a white coat, beginning with a spontaneous white stallion born in 1912 named Sultan.[4] Like W1 and W3, these horses may be pure white or near-white, with pigmented areas along the topline that fade with time.[8] SNP (c.1805C>T) which produces a missense mutation replacing alanine with valine in the kinase domain on exon 12.[4][7] Possibly
W5 found in Thoroughbreds descending from Puchilingui,[10] a 1984 stallion with sabino-like white spotting and roaning.[11] Horses with the W5 allele exhibit a huge range in white phenotype: a few have been pure white or near-white, while others have sabino-like spotting limited to high, irregular stockings and blazes that covered the face. Twenty-two members of this family were studied, and the 12 with some degree of white spotting were found to have a A later study found that the members of this family with the greatest depigmentation were compound heterozygotes who also carried the W20 allele.[12] Deletion in exon 15 (p.T732QfsX9), frameshift mutation.[11] [7] Uncertain
W6 File:Foo found in one near-white Thoroughbred named Marumatsu Live[13] born to non-white parents in 2004. The potential range of expressivity, therefore, is not yet known. The mutation (c.856G>A) is thought to have occurred spontaneously in this horse.[11] It is a missense mutation on exon 5.[7]
W7 File:Foo found in a near-white Thoroughbred named Turf Club[13] born in 2005 to a dam that had nine other offspring, all non-white. The dam did not possess the W7 allele, which results from a splice site mutation (c.338-1G>C),[11] located on intron 2 of KIT.[7]
W8 File:Foo found in an Icelandic horse with sabino-like white spotting, mottling, and roaning, named Pokkadis vom Rosenhof.[13] Both parents and four maternal half-siblings, all non-white, were found without the W8 allele. The W8 allele is also a splice site mutation (c.2222-1G>A),[11] located on intron 15.[7]
W9 File:Foo found in an all-white Holsteiner horse with a single nucleotide polymorphism (c.1789G>A). No relatives were studied, but both parents are non-white.[11] It is a missense mutation on exon 12.[7]
W10 File:Foo found in a study of 27 horses in a family of American Quarter Horses, 10 of which were white or spotted and 17 that were solid and non-white. The 10 family members with W10 had a frameshifting deletion in exon 7 (c.1126_1129delGAAC). Like W5, a wide range of phenotypes were observed. The most modestly marked had large amounts of white on the face and legs and some medium-sized belly spots, while another was nearly all-white.[11][7] The founder of this line was GQ Santana, foaled in 2000.[10]
W11 File:Foo found in a family of South German Draft Horses descending from a single white stallion, in which the causative mutation is thought to have originated. The stallion is suspected to be Schimmel,[13] foaled in 1997.[14] The mutation responsible for the W11 phenotype is a splice site mutation of intron 20 (c.2684+1G>A).[11]
W12 No known images found in a single Thoroughbred colt, about half white, who both was born and died in 2010.[13][14] The mutation is a deletion mutation found on exon 3.[7]
W13 File:Foo causes a fully white phenotype, first found in a family Quarter Horse and Paso Peruviano crossbreds, and appeared to come from the Quarter Horse ancestors,[15] but it has also been found in the offspring of an American White Horse not thought to have Quarter Horse ancestry.[14] The cause is a splice site mutation on intron 17.[7]
W14 a deletion mutation on exon 17, found in Thoroughbreds.[7] The founder is suspected to be Shirayukihime,[13] born in 1996.[16] Horses with this mutation are usually fully white but may have some spots of color.
W15 File:Foo(find fair use image of Khartoon Klassic) is found in Arabians, and is a missense mutation on exon 10.[7] The founder is suspected to be Khartoon Khlassic, born in 1996. Horses heterozygous for W15 tend to be partially white, while homozygotes are fully white.[14]
W16 File:Foo found in the Oldenburger and is a missense mutation on exon 18.[7] The three horses studied looked like roany sabinos or near whites, and the founder is suspected to be Celene,[13] born in 2003.[14]
W17 File:Foo found in a Japanese Draft horse and is a pair of missense mutations[17] on exon 14.[7] The horse studied was white with one brown eye and one blue eye.[15]
W18 File:Foo splice site mutation on intron 8 (c.1346 +1G>A) found in a bay Swiss Warmblood named Colorina von Hoff,[13] who had extensive speckling. Both parents were solid-colored and had no extended head or leg markings.[12]
W19 File:Foo found in three part-Arabians with bald face markings, white leg markings extending above the knees and hocks, and irregular belly spots. All three horses tested negative for sabino-1, frame overo and splashed white. W19 is a missense mutation on exon 8 (c.1322A.G; p.Tur41Cys).[12] The founder is suspected to be Fantasia Vu,[13] born in 1990.[18] W19 causes a bald face, extensive leg white, and belly spots.[14] One horse has tested as W19/W19, indicating this allele is likely not homozygous lethal.[19]
W20 missense mutation on exon 14 (c.2045G>A; p.Arg682His) originally discovered in 2007 but not initially recognized for having a subtle role in increasing white markings and white pigmentation. It appears in many breeds, but its effects were first recognized in the W5 family of Thoroughbreds and it was determined to be the causative factor in the most extensively-depigmented ("white") horses.[12] W20 on its own is associated with bold white markings. When combined with another mutation affecting KIT, such as Sabino 1, tobiano, or one of the other W alleles, W20 greatly increases the amount of white.[20] W20 has been found in many breeds including the German Riding Pony, German Warmblood, Thoroughbred, Oldenburger, Welsh pony, Quarter horse, Paint horse, Appaloosa, Noriker, Old-Tori, Gypsy horse, Morgan horse, Clydesdale horse, Franches-Montagnes, Marwari horse, South German Draft, Paso Peruano, Camarillo White Horse, and Hanoverian horse.[21]
W21 File:Foo a single nucleotide deletion found in Icelandic horses.[22] The founder is Ellert frá Baldurshaga, who has a mostly white face with speckles and irregular patches of white across his body. The color has been named "ýruskjóttur".[23][24][25]
W22 File:Foo deletion thought to have originated in the Thoroughbred mare Not Quite White, born in 1989. She passed it to her two foals Airdrie Apache and Spotted Lady. On its own, W22 is sabino-like, but when paired with W20, it gives a completely white horse.[26][27]
W23 File:Foo found in the white Arabian stallion Boomori Simply Stunning, who had two white foals Meadowview Ivory and Just a Dream. However, the line appears to have died out.[13][28]
W24 File:Foo mutation that disrupts splicing of KIT. The founder is a white Trottatore Italiano named Via Lattea, born in 2014.[13][29][30]
W25 File:Foo missense mutation on exon 4. The founder is suspected to be the Australian Thoroughbred mare Laughyoumay. She has had one pure white foal with blue eyes, who also carries frame, and one near-white colt with some color on and around the ears.[13][31][32]
W26 File:Foo single base pair deletion suspected to have originated with the Australian Thoroughbred mare Marbrowell, born in 1997.[13][33][32]
W27 File:Foo missense mutation thought to originate with the Australian Thoroughbred mare Milady Fair. Most horses with this mutation are descended from her great-grand-colt, Colorful Gambler, who has an extensive sabino-like pattern.[13][34][32]
W28 File:Foo deletion found in a German Riding Pony.[35]
W29 File:Foo placeholder
W30 File:Foo found in a family of Berber horses. It is a missense mutation identical to the second missense mutation in W17. The horses with W30 are white or almost fully white.[17]
W31 File:Foo traces to an American Quarter Horse stallion, Cookin Merada. It leads to an early stop on the KIT protein sequence, truncating the protein. [36]
W32 File:Foo found in a family of American Paint Horses, and seems to have a mild effect leading to high white on the limbs, belly spots and white facial markings.[36]
W# File:Foo placeholder
W# File:Foo placeholder

References

  1. ^ Stamatelakys, Irene (January 2016). "The Color Inside" (PDF). Paint Horse Journal. APHA.
  2. ^ Brooks, Samantha; Ernest Bailey (2005). "Exon skipping in the KIT gene causes a sabino spotting pattern in horses". Mammalian Genome. 16 (11): 893–902. doi:10.1007/s00335-005-2472-y. PMID 16284805. Chapter 3
  3. ^ "Horse coat color tests" from Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis. Web Site accessed January 12, 2008
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Cite error: The named reference haase2007 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference haase2007-fm was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference haase2009-anemia was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Cite error: The named reference Bailey was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ a b c d Castle, Nancy (2009-05-19). "Equine KIT Gene Mutations" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-05-30. Retrieved 2009-06-18.
  9. ^ "War Colors". Retrieved 2019-05-22.
  10. ^ a b "Dominant White - Equine Testing - Animal Genetics". Animalgenetics.us. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h Cite error: The named reference haase2009 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ a b c d Hauswirth, Regula; Jude, Rony; Haase, Bianca; Bellone, Rebecca R.; Archer, Sheila; Holl, Heather; Brooks, Samantha A.; Tozaki, Teruaki; Penedo, Maria Cecilia T.; Rieder, Stefan; Leeb, Tosso (December 2013). "Novel variants in the KIT and PAX3 genes in horses with white-spotted coat colour phenotypes". Animal Genetics. 44 (6): 763–765. doi:10.1111/age.12057. PMID 23659293. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Cite error: The named reference CenterForAnimalGenetics was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ a b c d e f "More about Dominant White". Etalon Diagnostics. Retrieved 2019-05-22.
  15. ^ a b Haase B, Rieder S, Tozaki T, Hasegawa T, Penedo CT, Jude R, Leeb T (23 February 2011). "Five novel KIT mutations in horses with white coat colour phenotypes". Animal Genetics. 42 (3): 337–340. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2011.02173.x. PMID 21554354.
  16. ^ "Shirayukihime". Retrieved 2019-05-22.
  17. ^ a b Martin, Katie; Patterson Rosa, Laura; Vierra, Micaela; Foster, Gabriel; Brooks, Samantha A.; Lafayette, Christa (2021). "De novo mutation of KIT causes extensive coat white patterning in a family of Berber horses". Animal Genetics. 52 (1): 135–137. doi:10.1111/age.13017. PMID 33111383.
  18. ^ "Fantasia Vu". Retrieved 2019-05-22.
  19. ^ "Meet "Hello Colordream"". Etalon Diagnostics. July 18, 2020. Retrieved March 10, 2021.
  20. ^ "White Spotting/Dominant White". Center for Animal Genetics. Retrieved 2019-05-22.
  21. ^ Hauswirth, Regula; Jude, Rony; Haase, Bianca; Bellone, Rebecca R.; Archer, Sheila; Holl, Heather; Brooks, Samantha A.; Tozaki, Teruaki; Penedo, Maria Cecilia T.; Rieder, Stefan; Leeb, Tosso (2013). "Novel variants in the KIT and PAX3 genes in horses with white-spotted coat colour phenotypes" (PDF). Animal Genetics. 44 (6): 763–765. doi:10.1111/age.12057. PMID 23659293.
  22. ^ Haase, Bianca; Jagannathan, Vidhya; Rieder, Stefan; Leeb, Tosso (2015). "A novel KIT variant in an Icelandic horse with white-spotted coat color". Animal Genetics. 46 (4): 466. doi:10.1111/age.12313. PMID 26059442.
  23. ^ "New coat colour in the Icelandic horse".
  24. ^ Bianca Britton. "New coat color pattern found in Icelandic horse". Edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  25. ^ "New unique colour variant in Icelandic horse has appeared". Iceland Monitor. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  26. ^ Dürig; Jude; Holl; Brooks; Lafayette; Jagannathan; Leeb (April 26, 2017). "Whole genome sequencing reveals a novel deletion variant in the KIT gene in horses with white spotted coat colour phenotypes". Animal Genetics. 48 (4): 483–485. doi:10.1111/age.12556. PMID 28444912.
  27. ^ "practical horse genetics - inherited traits in horses". Practicalhorsegenetics.com.au. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  28. ^ "AmberShade Stables: Color genetics: Hey, look, more dominant white!". 2018-08-22.
  29. ^ "Via Lattea, cavallina albina prodigio genetico – WWWITALIA".
  30. ^ Kim, Nam Young; Bhuiyan, Mohammad Shamsul Alam; Chae, Hyun Seok; Baek, Kwang Soo; Son, Jun Kyu; Shin, Sang Min; Woo, Jae Hoon; Park, Seol Hwa; Lee, Seung Hwan (2017). "Genome-wide association study for tobiano spotting coat color in Korean Jeju × Thoroughbred horse population". Animal Genetics. 48 (6): 728–729. doi:10.1111/age.12596. PMID 28850680.
  31. ^ "practical horse genetics - inherited traits in horses". Practicalhorsegenetics.com.au. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  32. ^ a b c Hoban, Rhiarn; Castle, Kao; Hamilton, Natasha; Haase, Bianca (2018). "Novel KIT variants for dominant white in the Australian horse population". Animal Genetics. 49 (1): 99–100. doi:10.1111/age.12627. PMID 29333746.
  33. ^ "practical horse genetics - inherited traits in horses". Practicalhorsegenetics.com.au. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  34. ^ "Practical horse genetics - inherited traits in horses". Practicalhorsegenetics.com.au.
  35. ^ Hug; Jude; Henkel; Jagannathan; Leeb (2019). "A novel KIT deletion variant in a German Riding Pony with white‐spotting coat colour phenotype" (PDF). Animal Genetics. 50 (6): 761–763. doi:10.1111/age.12840. PMID 31463981.
  36. ^ a b Patterson Rosa, Laura (July 5, 2021). "Two Variants of KIT Causing White Patterning in Stock-Type Horses". Journal of Heredity. doi:10.1093/jhered/esab033. Retrieved 9 July 2021. Cite error: The named reference "PattersonRosaetal" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

@Montanabw: Those images are all correct. I'm seeing lots of the same types of information. Maybe we could do something like:

KIT alleles in horses
Allele Image Description Breeds Founder Mutation
SB-1
homozygous
heterozygous
 Known as Sabino 1 and informally as Sabino-White or Maximum Sabino when homozygous, it was the first white allele identified in horses, found in 2005, but does not follow the same naming convention as the other W alleles. Initially named to correspond to terminology used by certain breed registries, as more alleles at the same locus were discovered, the subsequent mutations were labeled W to match the symbol used in mouse research.[1] Sabino 1 is an incomplete dominant; homozygous individuals have significantly more white than horses that are heterozygous. Heterozygotes (SB1/sb1) generally have a distinctive white spotting pattern of irregular, rough-edged white patches that usually include two or more white feet or legs, a blaze, spots or roaning on the belly or flanks, and jagged margins to white markings. Homozygotes (SB1/SB1) are typically at least 90% white-coated at birth with unpigmented skin under white hair. Horses in both cases have dark eyes. No known lethality is associated with SB-1.[2] Many Unknown a single nucleotide polymorphism designated KI16+1037A which results in the skipping of exon 17. [3]
W1
foal
adult
 Some horses with the W1 mutation are born pure white, but many have residual pigment along the topline, which they may then lose over time. Based on studies of KIT mutations in mice, the severity of this mutation suggests that it may be nonviable in the homozygous state.[4] However, horses with the W1 mutation have been found to have normal blood parameters and do not suffer from anemia.[5] Franches Montagnes a white mare named Cigale born in 1957[6] SNP (c.2151C>G),[6] a nonsense mutation located on exon 15 of KIT.[7]
W2 White; may be born with spots of color and later turn white[8] Thoroughbred KY Colonel, stallion born 1946, through his white daughter, White Beauty, born in 1963.[9] SNP (c.1960G>A),[6] a missense mutation (p.G654R) in the protein kinase domain, on exon 17.[7]
W3 Horses with the W3 allele often retain interspersed flecks or regions of pigmented skin and hair, which may fade with time.[9] Some members of this family possess blue eyes, but these are thought to be inherited separately from the white coat.[9] Based on similar studies in mice, researchers have named W3 as potentially homozygous nonviable.[4] Arabian horse R Khasper, a near-white stallion born in 1996 (c.706A>T), a nonsense mutation on exon 4, predicted to truncate the protein in the extracellular domain.[6][7]
W4 Like W1 and W3, these horses may be pure white or near-white, with pigmented areas along the topline that fade with time.[9] Camarillo White Horse a spontaneous white stallion born in 1912 named Sultan.[6] SNP (c.1805C>T) which produces a missense mutation replacing alanine with valine in the kinase domain, on exon 12.[6][7]
W5 Horses with the W5 allele exhibit a huge range in white phenotype: a few have been pure white or near-white, while others have sabino-like spotting limited to high, irregular stockings and blazes that covered the face. A later study found that the members of this family with the greatest depigmentation were compound heterozygotes who also carried the W20 allele.[10] Thoroughbred Puchilingui,[11] a 1984 stallion with sabino-like white spotting and roaning.[12] a deletion in exon 15 (p.T732QfsX9),[12] in the form of a frameshift mutation.[7]
W6 image near-white, only found in one horse so far Thoroughbred Marumatsu Live[13] born to non-white parents in 2004 (c.856G>A),[12] a missense mutation on exon 5.[7]
W7 image near-white (one horse) Thoroughbred Turf Club[13] born in 2005 a splice site mutation (c.338-1G>C),[12] located on intron 2 of KIT.[7]
W8 image sabino-like white spotting, mottling, and roaning (one horse) Icelandic horse Pokkadis vom Rosenhof.[13] a splice site mutation (c.2222-1G>A),[12] located on intron 15.[7]
W9 image all-white (one horse) Holsteiner founder single nucleotide polymorphism (c.1789G>A)[12], a missense mutation on exon 12.[7]
W10 image Like W5, a wide range of phenotypes were observed. The most modestly marked had large amounts of white on the face and legs and some medium-sized belly spots, while another was nearly all-white. American Quarter Horse GQ Santana, foaled in 2000.[11] a frameshifting deletion in exon 7 (c.1126_1129delGAAC)[12][7]
W11 image white (one family) South German Draft Horse Schimmel,[13] stallion foaled in 1997.[14] a splice site mutation of intron 20 (c.2684+1G>A).[12]
W12 image about half white (one horse) Thoroughbred colt who both was born and died in 2010[13][14] deletion mutation found on exon 3.[7]
W13 image fully white first found in a family Quarter Horse and Paso Peruviano crossbreds, and appeared to come from the Quarter Horse ancestors,[15] but it has also been found in the offspring of an American White Horse not thought to have Quarter Horse ancestry.[14] founder a splice site mutation on intron 17.[7]
W14 Horses with this mutation are usually fully white but may have some spots of color. Thoroughbred Shirayukihime,[13] born in 1996.[16] a deletion mutation on exon 17[7]
W15 find fair use image of Khartoon Klassic Horses heterozygous for W15 tend to be partially white, while homozygotes are fully white.[14] Arabian horse Khartoon Khlassic, born in 1996 a missense mutation on exon 10.[7]
W16 image The three horses studied looked like roany sabinos or near whites Oldenburger Celene,[13] born in 2003.[14] a missense mutation on exon 18.[7]
W17 image The horse studied was white with one brown eye and one blue eye.[15] breeds Japanese Draft horse a pair of missense mutations[17] on exon 14.[7]
W18 image extensive speckling (one horse) Swiss Warmblood Colorina von Hoff[13] splice site mutation on intron 8 (c.1346 +1G>A) [10]
W19 image bald face markings, white leg markings extending above the knees and hocks, and irregular belly spots.[14] One horse has tested as W19/W19, indicating this allele is likely not homozygous lethal.[18] part-Arabian Fantasia Vu,[13] born in 1990.[19] missense mutation on exon 8 (c.1322A.G; p.Tur41Cys).[10]
W20 originally discovered in 2007 but not initially recognized for having a subtle role in increasing white markings and white pigmentation. It appears in many breeds, but its effects were first recognized in the W5 family of Thoroughbreds and it was determined to be the causative factor in the most extensively-depigmented ("white") horses.[10] W20 on its own is associated with bold white markings. When combined with another mutation affecting KIT, such as Sabino 1, tobiano, or one of the other W alleles, W20 greatly increases the amount of white.[20] many breeds including the German Riding Pony, German Warmblood, Thoroughbred, Oldenburger, Welsh pony, Quarter horse, Paint horse, Appaloosa, Noriker, Old-Tori, Gypsy horse, Morgan horse, Clydesdale horse, Franches-Montagnes, Marwari horse, South German Draft, Paso Peruano, Camarillo White Horse, and Hanoverian horse.[21] Unknown missense mutation on exon 14 (c.2045G>A; p.Arg682His)
W21 image The founder has a mostly white face with speckles and irregular patches of white across the body. The color has been named "ýruskjóttur".[22][23][24] Icelandic horse Ellert frá Baldurshaga single nucleotide deletion[25]
W22 image On its own, W22 is sabino-like, but when paired with W20, it gives a completely white horse.[26][27] Thoroughbred Not Quite White, born in 1989, through her two foals Airdrie Apache and Spotted Lady deletion
W23 image white, 3 horses, appears to have died out.[13][28] Arabian Boomori Simply Stunning mutation
W24 image white (one horse)[13][29][30] Trottatore Italiano Via Lattea, born in 2014 mutation that disrupts splicing of KIT
W25 image one pure white foal with blue eyes, who also carries frame, and one near-white colt with some color on and around the ears.[13][31][32] Thoroughbred Australian mare Laughyoumay missense mutation on exon 4
W26 image description Thoroughbred Australian mare Marbrowell, born in 1997[13][33][32] single base pair deletion
W27 image missense mutation thought to originate with the Australian Thoroughbred mare Milady Fair. Most horses with this mutation are descended from her great-grand-colt, Colorful Gambler, who has an extensive sabino-like pattern.[13][34][32] breeds founder mutation
W28 image deletion found in a German Riding Pony.[35] breeds founder mutation
W29 image description breeds founder mutation
W30 image found in a family of Berber horses. It is a missense mutation identical to the second missense mutation in W17. The horses with W30 are white or almost fully white.[17] breeds founder mutation
W31 image description American Quarter Horse Cookin Merada an early stop on the KIT protein sequence, truncating the protein. [36]
W32 image seems to have a mild effect leading to high white on the limbs, belly spots and white facial markings.[36] American Paint Horse founder mutation

References

  1. ^ Stamatelakys, Irene (January 2016). "The Color Inside" (PDF). Paint Horse Journal. APHA.
  2. ^ "Horse coat color tests" from Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis. Web Site accessed January 12, 2008
  3. ^ Brooks, Samantha; Ernest Bailey (2005). "Exon skipping in the KIT gene causes a sabino spotting pattern in horses". Mammalian Genome. 16 (11): 893–902. doi:10.1007/s00335-005-2472-y. PMID 16284805. Chapter 3
  4. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference haase2007-fm was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference haase2009-anemia was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ a b c d e f Cite error: The named reference haase2007 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Cite error: The named reference Bailey was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ "War Colors". Retrieved 2019-05-22.
  9. ^ a b c d Castle, Nancy (2009-05-19). "Equine KIT Gene Mutations" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-05-30. Retrieved 2009-06-18.
  10. ^ a b c d Hauswirth, Regula; Jude, Rony; Haase, Bianca; Bellone, Rebecca R.; Archer, Sheila; Holl, Heather; Brooks, Samantha A.; Tozaki, Teruaki; Penedo, Maria Cecilia T.; Rieder, Stefan; Leeb, Tosso (December 2013). "Novel variants in the KIT and PAX3 genes in horses with white-spotted coat colour phenotypes". Animal Genetics. 44 (6): 763–765. doi:10.1111/age.12057. PMID 23659293. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  11. ^ a b "Dominant White - Equine Testing - Animal Genetics". Animalgenetics.us. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h Cite error: The named reference haase2009 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Cite error: The named reference CenterForAnimalGenetics was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ a b c d e f "More about Dominant White". Etalon Diagnostics. Retrieved 2019-05-22.
  15. ^ a b Haase B, Rieder S, Tozaki T, Hasegawa T, Penedo CT, Jude R, Leeb T (23 February 2011). "Five novel KIT mutations in horses with white coat colour phenotypes". Animal Genetics. 42 (3): 337–340. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2011.02173.x. PMID 21554354.
  16. ^ "Shirayukihime". Retrieved 2019-05-22.
  17. ^ a b Martin, Katie; Patterson Rosa, Laura; Vierra, Micaela; Foster, Gabriel; Brooks, Samantha A.; Lafayette, Christa (2021). "De novo mutation of KIT causes extensive coat white patterning in a family of Berber horses". Animal Genetics. 52 (1): 135–137. doi:10.1111/age.13017. PMID 33111383.
  18. ^ "Meet "Hello Colordream"". Etalon Diagnostics. July 18, 2020. Retrieved March 10, 2021.
  19. ^ "Fantasia Vu". Retrieved 2019-05-22.
  20. ^ "White Spotting/Dominant White". Center for Animal Genetics. Retrieved 2019-05-22.
  21. ^ Hauswirth, Regula; Jude, Rony; Haase, Bianca; Bellone, Rebecca R.; Archer, Sheila; Holl, Heather; Brooks, Samantha A.; Tozaki, Teruaki; Penedo, Maria Cecilia T.; Rieder, Stefan; Leeb, Tosso (2013). "Novel variants in the KIT and PAX3 genes in horses with white-spotted coat colour phenotypes" (PDF). Animal Genetics. 44 (6): 763–765. doi:10.1111/age.12057. PMID 23659293.
  22. ^ "New coat colour in the Icelandic horse".
  23. ^ Bianca Britton. "New coat color pattern found in Icelandic horse". Edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  24. ^ "New unique colour variant in Icelandic horse has appeared". Iceland Monitor. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  25. ^ Haase, Bianca; Jagannathan, Vidhya; Rieder, Stefan; Leeb, Tosso (2015). "A novel KIT variant in an Icelandic horse with white-spotted coat color". Animal Genetics. 46 (4): 466. doi:10.1111/age.12313. PMID 26059442.
  26. ^ Dürig; Jude; Holl; Brooks; Lafayette; Jagannathan; Leeb (April 26, 2017). "Whole genome sequencing reveals a novel deletion variant in the KIT gene in horses with white spotted coat colour phenotypes". Animal Genetics. 48 (4): 483–485. doi:10.1111/age.12556. PMID 28444912.
  27. ^ "practical horse genetics - inherited traits in horses". Practicalhorsegenetics.com.au. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  28. ^ "AmberShade Stables: Color genetics: Hey, look, more dominant white!". 2018-08-22.
  29. ^ "Via Lattea, cavallina albina prodigio genetico – WWWITALIA".
  30. ^ Kim, Nam Young; Bhuiyan, Mohammad Shamsul Alam; Chae, Hyun Seok; Baek, Kwang Soo; Son, Jun Kyu; Shin, Sang Min; Woo, Jae Hoon; Park, Seol Hwa; Lee, Seung Hwan (2017). "Genome-wide association study for tobiano spotting coat color in Korean Jeju × Thoroughbred horse population". Animal Genetics. 48 (6): 728–729. doi:10.1111/age.12596. PMID 28850680.
  31. ^ "practical horse genetics - inherited traits in horses". Practicalhorsegenetics.com.au. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  32. ^ a b c Hoban, Rhiarn; Castle, Kao; Hamilton, Natasha; Haase, Bianca (2018). "Novel KIT variants for dominant white in the Australian horse population". Animal Genetics. 49 (1): 99–100. doi:10.1111/age.12627. PMID 29333746.
  33. ^ "practical horse genetics - inherited traits in horses". Practicalhorsegenetics.com.au. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  34. ^ "Practical horse genetics - inherited traits in horses". Practicalhorsegenetics.com.au.
  35. ^ Hug; Jude; Henkel; Jagannathan; Leeb (2019). "A novel KIT deletion variant in a German Riding Pony with white‐spotting coat colour phenotype" (PDF). Animal Genetics. 50 (6): 761–763. doi:10.1111/age.12840. PMID 31463981.
  36. ^ a b Patterson Rosa, Laura (July 5, 2021). "Two Variants of KIT Causing White Patterning in Stock-Type Horses". Journal of Heredity. doi:10.1093/jhered/esab033. Retrieved 9 July 2021. Cite error: The named reference "PattersonRosaetal" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

(just a rough outline, but we'd probably want to take out prose from the longer boxes and double check that the refs are placed right) I know I've seen creative commons images of some of these, just have to hunt them down. Iamnotabunny (talk) 17:56, 21 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

@Montanabw: Oh, and the generatio website is the moved version of the Animal Genetics one, so all of our Animal Genetics sources are probably somewhere there now. Iamnotabunny (talk) 18:00, 21 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]
  • I like keeping the longer prose boxes because we have to explain this stuff SOMEWHERE and reference it. However, I like having the photos first and having the breeds and such in new columns. I think because the founder stuff is ambiguous in some cases (**cough ** W20), it maybe should stay in the narrative, though I suppose we could add a "year identified" column. Let's keep fiddling with this. Montanabw(talk) 03:14, 25 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]
    • @Iamnotabunny: I tweaked "my" chart to incorporate some of the stuff in "your" chart. For me, layout is important (particularly for mobile devices) and so I think we should work to not have long narrow columns and then huge blank spaces in others... hence my layout decisions to keep only stuff short for all alleles in separate colums and keep anything lengthy in the narrative. Montanabw(talk) 04:03, 25 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]
Montanabw, I like 'your' updated chart. I think it's better than what we've got now. I think a more chart-like version (less prose, more columns) could at some point be even better for helping people find information quickly, but unfortuntely I just don't have the time to make that now.
Also, I seem to have misrememered about the pictures. I had found creative commons splashed white pictures, not dominant white/sabino unfortunately. For the columns without pictures, we could maybe put in a super short description (e.g. "white", "sabino") to make it look better. Iamnotabunny (talk) 19:16, 7 December 2021 (UTC)[reply]
  • I really like the chart ideas. My preference is the second table, but I think the lethality column should be retained. I also want to mention that the founders of a lot of variants have been poorly cited, and I think they should be removed if a reliable citation is not available. Or maybe noted in some way if that is the case? Miscellaneous edits (talk) 18:45, 3 June 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Citations

[edit]

I'd like to make the suggestion that the relevant publication is cited or OMIA is cited when referring to all the dominant white variants. For example, Etalon and Generatio were cited for the number of known dominant white variants, but these are not always complete sources and typically only include variants that they test for and may fail to include all known variants. I changed the citation to OMIA, as it is more a comprehensive resource. I'd like to hear what others think about this and how we can make the citations better across the page. I'm happy to do a bit of an overhaul, but don't want to step on any toes. Miscellaneous edits (talk) 18:45, 3 June 2022 (UTC)[reply]

OMIA has excellent resources and can certainly supplement other sources where it can be cited to a specific entry by URL or where it is the primary source of newly-added material (noted we now have W34). However, it is rather challenging to search (example [8] ) and so where there are sources pinpointing a specific allele, those are preferable. While I am aware that commercial lab cites have limitations, sometimes they also contain useful information Montanabw(talk) 18:37, 7 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

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