Jump to content

List of Space Shuttle missions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Space Shuttle Missions)
Launch of Space Shuttle Columbia on 12 April 1981 at Pad 39A for mission STS-1

The Space Shuttle was a partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated by NASA (the National Aeronautics and Space Administration). Its official program name was Space Transportation System (STS), taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft of which it was the only item funded for development.[1] Operational missions launched numerous satellites, conducted science experiments in orbit, and participated in construction and servicing of the International Space Station (ISS). The first of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981, leading to operational flights beginning in 1982.

From 1981 to 2011 a total of 135 missions were flown, all launched from Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida. During that time period the fleet logged 1,322 days, 19 hours, 21 minutes and 23 seconds of flight time.[2] The longest orbital flight of the Shuttle was STS-80 at 17 days 15 hours, while the shortest flight was STS-51-L at one minute 13 seconds when the Space Shuttle Challenger broke apart during launch. The cold morning shrunk an O-Ring on the right Solid Rocket Booster causing the external fuel tank to explode. The shuttles docked with Russian space station Mir nine times and visited the ISS thirty-seven times. The highest altitude (apogee) achieved by the shuttle was 386 mi (621 km) when deploying the Hubble Space Telescope.[3] The program flew a total of 355 people representing 16 countries, and with 852 total shuttle fliers.[4] The Kennedy Space Center served as the landing site for 78 missions, while 54 missions landed at Edwards Air Force Base in California and one mission landed at White Sands, New Mexico.[5]

The first orbiter built, Enterprise, was used for atmospheric flight tests (ALT) but future plans to upgrade it to orbital capability were ultimately canceled. Four fully operational orbiters were initially built: Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, and Atlantis. Challenger and Columbia were destroyed in mission accidents in 1986 and 2003 respectively, killing a total of fourteen astronauts. A fifth operational orbiter, Endeavour, was built in 1991 to replace Challenger. The Space Shuttle was retired from service upon the conclusion of STS-135 by Atlantis on 21 July 2011.[6]

Flight numbering

[edit]
Profiles of all five orbiters at launch.

The U.S. Space Shuttle program was officially referred to as the Space Transportation System (STS). Specific shuttle missions were therefore designated with the prefix "STS".[2] Initially, the launches were given sequential numbers indicating order of launch, such as STS-7. Subsequent to the Apollo 13 mishap, due to Administrator of NASA James M. Beggs's triskaidekaphobia and consequent unwillingness to number a forthcoming flight as STS-13,[7][8][9][10] beginning in 1984, each mission was assigned a code, such as STS-41-B, with the first digit (or pair of digits for years 1990 and beyond) indicating the federal fiscal year offset into the program (so 41-B was scheduled for FY 1984, 51-A thru 51-L originally for FY 1985, and the third flight in FY 1995 would have been named 151-C), the second digit indicating the launch site (1 was Kennedy Space Center and 2 was Space Launch Complex 6 at Vandenberg Air Force Base, although Vandenberg was never used), and the letter indicating scheduling sequence.[11] These codes were assigned when the launches were initially scheduled and were not changed as missions were delayed or rescheduled.[6] The codes were adopted from STS-41-B through STS-51-L (although the highest code used was actually STS-61-C), and the sequential numbers were used internally at NASA on all processing paperwork.

After the Challenger disaster, NASA returned to using a sequential numbering system, with the number counting from the beginning of the STS program. Unlike the initial system, however, the numbers were assigned based on the initial mission schedule, and did not always reflect actual launch order. This numbering scheme started at 26, with the first flight as STS-26R—the R suffix stood for "reflight" to disambiguate from prior missions. The suffix was used for two years through STS-33R, then the R was dropped.[6] As a result of the changes in systems, flights under different numbering systems could have the same number with one having a letter appended, e.g. flight STS-51 (a mission carried out by Discovery in 1993) was many years after STS-51-A (Discovery's second flight in 1984).[6] It wasn't until STS-127 in 2009 where the flight numbering system returned to a standard and consistent order.

Shuttle flights

[edit]
Enterprise on one of its five free-flights during the Approach and Landing Test program

Atmospheric flight tests

[edit]

The Approach and Landing Test program encompassed 16 separate tests of Enterprise, covering taxi tests, uncrewed and crewed flights on the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft (SCA), and finally the free flight tests. The following list includes the free-flight tests, durations listed count only the orbiter free-flight time. The list does not include total time aloft along with airborne time atop of the SCA.

Launches and orbital flights

[edit]

Shuttle missions

[edit]

Canceled missions

[edit]

One initial emergency flight abort (RTLS) sub-orbital test mission was canceled due to high risk. Many other planned missions were canceled due to the late development of the shuttle, and the Challenger and Columbia disasters.

Four missions were cut short by a day or more while in orbit: STS-2 (equipment failure),[22] STS-35 (weather),[102] STS-44 (equipment failure),[193] and STS-83 (equipment failure, relaunched as STS-94).[193]

Contingency missions

[edit]
Atlantis and Endeavour on LC-39A and LC-39B. Endeavour was slated to launch for STS-400 rescue mission should Atlantis (STS-125) be found unable to return safely to Earth.

STS-300 was the designation for the Space Shuttle Launch on Need (LON) missions to be launched on short notice for STS-114 and STS-121, in the event that the shuttle became disabled or damaged and could not safely return to Earth.[300][301][302] The rescue flight for STS-115, if needed, would have been STS-301. After STS-115, the rescue mission designations were based on the corresponding regular mission that would be replaced should the rescue mission be needed. For example, the STS-116 rescue mission was branded STS-317, because the normal mission scheduled after STS-116 was STS-117. Should the rescue mission have been needed, the crew and vehicle for STS-117 would assume the rescue mission profile and become STS-317. All potential rescue missions were to be launched with a crew of four, and would return with ten or eleven crew members, depending on the number of crew launched on the rescued shuttle. Missions were expected to last approximately eleven days. None of the planned contingency missions were ever flown.[303]

No contingency mission was planned for STS-135, the final shuttle mission. Instead, NASA planned to effect any required rescues one-by-one, using Russian Soyuz spacecraft.[304]

Flight Rescue flight
STS-114 (Discovery) STS-300 (Atlantis)
STS-121 (Discovery) STS-300 (Atlantis)
STS-115 (Atlantis) STS-301 (Discovery)
STS-116 (Discovery) STS-317 (Atlantis)
STS-117 (Atlantis) STS-318 (Endeavour)
STS-118 (Endeavour) STS-322 (Discovery)
STS-120 (Discovery) STS-320 (Atlantis)[d]
STS-122 (Atlantis) STS-323 (Discovery)[e]
STS-123 (Endeavour) STS-324 (Discovery)
STS-124 (Discovery) STS-326 (Endeavour)
STS-125 (Atlantis) STS-400 (Endeavour)
STS-134 (Endeavour) STS-335 (Atlantis)

Flight statistics

[edit]

Orbiters

[edit]
Key
 Test vehicle
 Lost
Shuttle Designation Flights Flight time Orbits Longest flight First flight Last flight Mir
dockings
ISS dockings Sources
Flight Date Flight Date
Enterprise OV-101 5 00d 00h 19m 00d 00h 05m ALT-12 12 August 1977 ALT-16 26 October 1977 [306][307][308][309]
Columbia OV-102 28 300d 17h 47m 15s 4,808 17d 15h 53m 18s STS-1 12 April 1981 STS-107 16 January 2003 0 0 [306][307][310][311][312]
Challenger OV-099 10 62d 07h 56m 15s 995 08d 05h 23m 33s STS-6 4 April 1983 STS-51-L 28 January 1986 0 0 [306][307][313][314]
Discovery OV-103 39 364d 22h 39m 29s 5,830 15d 02h 48m 08s STS-41-D 30 August 1984 STS-133 24 February 2011 1 13 [306][307][315][316]
Atlantis OV-104 33 306d 14h 12m 43s 4,848 13d 20h 12m 44s STS-51-J 3 October 1985 STS-135 8 July 2011 7 12 [306][307][317][318]
Endeavour OV-105 25 296d 03h 34m 02s 4,677 16d 15h 08m 48s STS-49 7 May 1992 STS-134 16 May 2011 1 12 [306][307][319][320]
Total 135 1,330d 18h 9m 44s 21,158 9 37


Flights

[edit]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
  •   Enterprise
  •   Columbia
  •   Challenger
  •   Discovery
  •   Atlantis
  •   Endeavour

Timeline of missions

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ If there are two numbers in this column, it signifies the number of astronauts launched and landed with, respectively. If the two numbers are the same, this indicates a crew swap took place during the mission.
  2. ^ a b This shuttle was intended to land at the Kennedy SLF.
  3. ^ a b c d e The listed UTC time occurs the next day.
  4. ^ NASA called this mission STS-320 instead of STS-321.[302]
  5. ^ Originally scheduled to be Endeavour, changed to Discovery due to contamination issues.[305]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Report of the Space Task Group, 1969". NASA. Retrieved 26 November 2014. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  2. ^ a b Malik, Tarik (21 July 2011). "NASA's Space Shuttle By the Numbers: 30 Years of a Spaceflight Icon". Space.com. Retrieved 18 June 2014. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  3. ^ Pinchefsky, Carol (18 April 2012). "5 Horrifying Facts You Didn't Know About the Space Shuttle". Forbes. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  4. ^ "Space Shuttle Era Facts" (PDF). NASA. 2011. FS-2011-7-142-KSC. Retrieved 15 January 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  5. ^ Ryba, Jeanne; Brian Dunbar (11 September 2012). "Space Shuttle Launch and Landing". NASA. Retrieved 6 January 2015. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  6. ^ a b c d Jenkins, p. 524.
  7. ^ "Robert L. Crippen" (PDF). Johnson Space Center. NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project. 26 May 2006. p. 45. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2009. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  8. ^ "Terry J. Hart" (PDF). Johnson Space Center. NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project. 10 April 2003. pp. 18–19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2009. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  9. ^ "Paul J. Weitz" (PDF). Johnson Space Center. NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project. 26 March 2000. pp. 12–58. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2009. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  10. ^ "James D. A. van Hoften" (PDF). Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project. 5 December 2007. p. 20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2009-08-14. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  11. ^ Norton, Lily (30 June 2011). "8 Surprising Space Shuttle Facts". Space.com. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
  12. ^ a b c d e Heppenheimer, p. 123.
  13. ^ a b c d e Dumoulin, Jim. "Enterprise (OV-101)". Kennedy Space Center. Retrieved 28 January 2013. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  14. ^ Goodwin, p. 32.
  15. ^ a b Howell, Elizabeth (9 October 2012). "Enterprise: The Test Shuttle". Space.com. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  16. ^ Jenkins, p. 212.
  17. ^ Jenkins, p. 210.
  18. ^ Duggins, p. 58.
  19. ^ Chen, p. 9.
  20. ^ Goodwin, pp. 41–201.
  21. ^ Duggins, p. 64.
  22. ^ a b Chen, p. 11.
  23. ^ Goodwin, pp. 206–264.
  24. ^ Chen, p. 13.
  25. ^ Goodwin, pp. 267–344.
  26. ^ Wilford, John Noble (18 March 1982). "Space Shuttle Landing Site Is Shifted Because of Rains". The New York Times. ProQuest 121923320.
  27. ^ Goodwin, pp. 348–409.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Cassutt, Michael (August 2009). "Secret Space Shuttles". Air and Space Magazine. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
  29. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-4". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  30. ^ Chen, p. 15.
  31. ^ Goodwin, pp. 412–463.
  32. ^ Duggins, p. 65.
  33. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-5". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  34. ^ Chen, p. 17.
  35. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-6". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  36. ^ Chen, p. 19.
  37. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-7". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  38. ^ Chen, p. 21.
  39. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-8". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  40. ^ Chen, p. 23.
  41. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-9". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  42. ^ Chen, p. 25.
  43. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-41B". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  44. ^ Chen, p. 27.
  45. ^ Wilford, John Noble (5 April 1984). "Space Shuttle Poised For First Service Call On Satellite in Orbit". The New York Times. ProQuest 122322581.
  46. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-41C". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  47. ^ Chen, p. 29.
  48. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-41D". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  49. ^ Chen, p. 31.
  50. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-41G". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  51. ^ Chen, p. 33.
  52. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-51A". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  53. ^ Chen, p. 35.
  54. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-51C". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  55. ^ Chen, p. 37.
  56. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-41G". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  57. ^ Chen, p. 39.
  58. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-51B". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  59. ^ Chen, p. 41.
  60. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-51G". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  61. ^ Chen, p. 43.
  62. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-51F". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  63. ^ Chen, p. 45.
  64. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-51I". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  65. ^ Chen, p. 47.
  66. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-51J". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  67. ^ Chen, p. 49.
  68. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-61A". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  69. ^ Chen, p. 51.
  70. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-61B". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  71. ^ Chen, p. 53.
  72. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-61C". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  73. ^ Chen, p. 55.
  74. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-51L". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 5 December 2005. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  75. ^ Chen, p. 57.
  76. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-26". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  77. ^ Chen, p. 59.
  78. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-27". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  79. ^ Chen, p. 61.
  80. ^ "Shuttle Atlantis almost lost in 1988". Bad Astronomy. 2009-03-31. Retrieved 2019-03-12.
  81. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-29". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  82. ^ Chen, p. 63.
  83. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-30". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  84. ^ Chen, p. 65.
  85. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-28". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  86. ^ Chen, p. 67.
  87. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-34". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  88. ^ Chen, p. 69.
  89. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-33". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  90. ^ "Diversity in Space". NASA. Archived from the original on 2005-03-06.
  91. ^ Chen, p. 71.
  92. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-32". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  93. ^ Chen, p. 73.
  94. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-36". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  95. ^ Chen, p. 75.
  96. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-31". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  97. ^ Chen, p. 77.
  98. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-41". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  99. ^ Chen, p. 79.
  100. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-38". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  101. ^ Chen, p. 81.
  102. ^ a b "Mission Archives: STS-35". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  103. ^ Chen, p. 83.
  104. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-37". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  105. ^ Chen, p. 85.
  106. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-39". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  107. ^ Chen, p. 87.
  108. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-40". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  109. ^ Chen, p. 89.
  110. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-43". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  111. ^ Chen, p. 91.
  112. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-48". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  113. ^ Chen, p. 93.
  114. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-44". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  115. ^ Chen, p. 95.
  116. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-42". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  117. ^ Chen, p. 97.
  118. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-45". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  119. ^ Chen, p. 99.
  120. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-49". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  121. ^ Chen, p. 101.
  122. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-50". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  123. ^ Chen, p. 103.
  124. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-46". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  125. ^ Chen, p. 105.
  126. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-47". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  127. ^ Chen, p. 107.
  128. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-52". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  129. ^ Chen, p. 109.
  130. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-53". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  131. ^ Chen, p. 111.
  132. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-54". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  133. ^ Chen, p. 113.
  134. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-56". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  135. ^ Chen, p. 115.
  136. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-55". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  137. ^ Chen, p. 117.
  138. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-57". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  139. ^ Chen, p. 119.
  140. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-51". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  141. ^ Chen, p. 121.
  142. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-58". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  143. ^ Chen, p. 123.
  144. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-61". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  145. ^ Chen, p. 125.
  146. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-60". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  147. ^ Chen, p. 127.
  148. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-62". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  149. ^ Chen, p. 129.
  150. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-59". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  151. ^ Chen, p. 131.
  152. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-65". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  153. ^ Chen, p. 133.
  154. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-64". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  155. ^ Chen, p. 135.
  156. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-68". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  157. ^ Chen, p. 137.
  158. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-66". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  159. ^ Chen, p. 139.
  160. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-63". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  161. ^ Chen, p. 141.
  162. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-67". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  163. ^ Chen, p. 143.
  164. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-71". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  165. ^ Chen, p. 145.
  166. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-70". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  167. ^ Chen, p. 147.
  168. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-69". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  169. ^ Chen, p. 149.
  170. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-73". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  171. ^ Chen, p. 151.
  172. ^ Chen, p. 153.
  173. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-74". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  174. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-72". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  175. ^ Chen, p. 155.
  176. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-75". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  177. ^ Chen, p. 157.
  178. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-76". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  179. ^ Chen, p. 159.
  180. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-77". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  181. ^ Chen, p. 161.
  182. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-78". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  183. ^ Chen, p. 163.
  184. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-79". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  185. ^ Chen, p. 165.
  186. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-80". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  187. ^ Chen, p. 167.
  188. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-81". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  189. ^ Chen, p. 169.
  190. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-82". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  191. ^ Chen, p. 171.
  192. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-83". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  193. ^ a b c Chen, p. 173.
  194. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-84". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  195. ^ Chen, p. 175.
  196. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-94". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  197. ^ Chen, p. 177.
  198. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-85". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  199. ^ Chen, p. 179.
  200. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-86". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  201. ^ Chen, p. 181.
  202. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-87". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  203. ^ Chen, p. 183.
  204. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-89". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  205. ^ Chen, p. 185.
  206. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-90". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  207. ^ Chen, p. 187.
  208. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-91". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  209. ^ Chen, p. 189.
  210. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-95". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  211. ^ Chen, p. 191.
  212. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-88". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  213. ^ Chen, p. 193.
  214. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-96". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  215. ^ Chen, p. 195.
  216. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-93". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  217. ^ Chen, p. 197.
  218. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-103". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  219. ^ Chen, p. 199.
  220. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-99". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  221. ^ Chen, p. 201.
  222. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-101". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  223. ^ Chen, p. 203.
  224. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-106". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  225. ^ Chen, p. 205.
  226. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-92". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  227. ^ Chen, p. 207.
  228. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-97". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  229. ^ Chen, p. 209.
  230. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-98". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  231. ^ Chen, p. 211.
  232. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-102". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  233. ^ Chen, p. 213.
  234. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-100". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  235. ^ Chen, p. 215.
  236. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-104". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  237. ^ Chen, p. 217.
  238. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-105". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  239. ^ Chen, p. 219.
  240. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-108". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  241. ^ Chen, p. 221.
  242. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-109". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  243. ^ Chen, p. 223.
  244. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-110". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  245. ^ Chen, p. 225.
  246. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-111". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  247. ^ Chen, p. 227.
  248. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-112". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  249. ^ Chen, p. 229.
  250. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-113". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  251. ^ Chen, p. 231.
  252. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-107". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  253. ^ Chen, p. 233.
  254. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-114". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  255. ^ Chen, p. 235.
  256. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-121". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  257. ^ Chen, p. 237.
  258. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-115". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  259. ^ Chen, p. 239.
  260. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-116". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  261. ^ Chen, p. 241.
  262. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-117". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  263. ^ Chen, p. 243.
  264. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-117". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  265. ^ Chen, p. 245.
  266. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-120". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  267. ^ Chen, p. 247.
  268. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-122". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  269. ^ Chen, p. 249.
  270. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-123". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  271. ^ Chen, p. 251.
  272. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-124". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  273. ^ Chen, p. 253.
  274. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-126". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  275. ^ Chen, p. 255.
  276. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-119". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  277. ^ Chen, p. 257.
  278. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-125". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  279. ^ Chen, p. 259.
  280. ^ "Hubble's Amazing Rescue (transcript)". NOVA. Season 37. Episode 2. 13 October 2009. PBS. Rocky Mountain PBS.
  281. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-127". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  282. ^ Chen, p. 261.
  283. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-128". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  284. ^ Chen, p. 263.
  285. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-129". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  286. ^ Chen, p. 265.
  287. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-130". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  288. ^ Chen, p. 267.
  289. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-131". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  290. ^ Chen, p. 269.
  291. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-132". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  292. ^ Chen, p. 271.
  293. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-133". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  294. ^ Chen, p. 273.
  295. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-134". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  296. ^ Chen, p. 275.
  297. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-135". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  298. ^ Chen, p. 277.
  299. ^ Reichhardt, Tony (January 2013). "The Last Shuttle Flight: On Board Atlantis, the Closing of an Era". Air and Space Magazine. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 2014-05-11. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  300. ^ NASA (2005). "Contingency Shuttle Crew Support (CSCS)/Rescue Flight Resource Book" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 25 November 2008.
  301. ^ NASA (2005). "Flight Readiness Review Briefing Transcript" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 25 November 2008.
  302. ^ a b Bergin, Chris (15 April 2007). "NASA Sets New Launch Date Targets Through to STS-124". CSCS flight numbers. NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
  303. ^ Gebhardt, Chris (31 May 2010). "STS-335: NASA Continues Planning for Contingency Launch On Need Mission". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
  304. ^ Ned, Potter (8 July 2011). "NASA Space Shuttle: Only Four Astronauts on Final Launch From Cape Canaveral". ABC News. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
  305. ^ Bergin, Chris (7 February 2008). "STS-122: Atlantis Launches – Endeavour LON doubt". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
  306. ^ a b c d e f Chen, Adam (2012). Wallack, William; Gonzalez, George (eds.). Celebrating 30 years the Space Shuttle Program. Washington, D.C., United States: NASA. p. 280. ISBN 978-0-16-090202-4. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  307. ^ a b c d e f "NASA Facts: Space Shuttle Era Facts" (PDF). John F. Kennedy Space Center. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  308. ^ "Enterprise (OV-101)". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
  309. ^ "Fast Facts on the Space Shuttle Enterprise". Fox News Insider. Fox News. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  310. ^ "Space: The Space Shuttle Columbia". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
  311. ^ "Fast Facts: Space Shuttle Columbia". Fox News. 2 February 2003. Archived from the original on 2012-11-19. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  312. ^ "Columbia (OV-102)". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
  313. ^ "Challenger (STA-099, OV-99)". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
  314. ^ "Space Shuttle Challenger Facts". Florida Today. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  315. ^ Wall, Mike (19 April 2012). "Space Shuttle Discovery: 5 Surprising Facts About NASA's Oldest Orbiter". Space.com. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
  316. ^ "Orbiter, Space Shuttle, OV-103, Discovery". Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
  317. ^ Fletcher, Dan (14 May 2010). "Space Shuttle Atlantis Blasts Off: Five Fast Facts". Time. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
  318. ^ "Shuttle Launch Facts: 15 Things to Know about Space Shuttle Atlantis' Mission". Florida Today. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
  319. ^ "The Space Shuttle Endeavour Fact Sheet". CBS News. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
  320. ^ "Space Shuttle Endeavour Facts". Florida Today. Retrieved 15 December 2012.

Bibliography

[edit]
[edit]