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Peru–Venezuela relations

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Peru–Venezuela relations
Map indicating locations of Peru and Venezuela

Peru
Venezuela
Diplomatic mission
Embassy of Peru, CaracasEmbassy of Venezuela, Lima

Peru–Venezuela relations was the bilateral relations between Peru and Venezuela. Both countries were members of the Spanish Empire, and are members of the Latin American Integration Association, Organization of American States and United Nations.

As of 2021, the largest share of immigrants in Peru are from Venezuela, representing 86,8% of foreign citizens in the country.[1] This is in contrast to the 2% represented by 1,794 immigrants in 2012.[2]

In 2024, both nations closed their respective embassies as a result of the 2024 Venezuelan presidential election.[3]

History

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19th century

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Both countries belonged to the Spanish Empire, being administered as the Viceroyalty of Peru and the Captaincy General of Venezuela, respectively. After the wars of independence, Peru established relations with Colombia on June 6, 1822.[4] With the collapse of the state, the State of Venezuela declared its independence from Colombia, but relations were only established in 1853,[5] when Peru sent diplomat Pedro Gálvez Egúsquiza on a mission to establish relations with Central America and New Granada during the Filibuster War.[6]

During the Chilean occupation of Peru, Venezuelan president Antonio Guzmán Blanco refused to recognise the government installed by Chile and instead recognised the Ayaucho-based government of Lizardo Montero Flores.[7]

20th century

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The Venezuelan government broke diplomatic relations with Peru after the self-coup in 1992. After the second attempted coup in Venezuela in November 1992, most of the military members of the coup fled to Peru, where they were received by Alberto Fujimori as political prisoners in April.[8]

21st century

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In 2001, both countries froze their relations[9] and withdrew their ambassadors due to the situation in which Vladimiro Montesinos was captured in Caracas after a failed secret extraction operation led by the Peruvian Minister of the Interior, Ketín Vidal [es].[10][11] Relations were normalized after Alejandro Toledo took office[12] and the visit of Hugo Chávez after the Bolivarian revolution.[13][14]

On September 13, 2015, the Peruvian Foreign Ministry expressed its "concern about the situation" in Venezuela after the conviction of Leopoldo López, former mayor of Chacao and opponent of the government of Nicolás Maduro.[15] The Peruvian ambassador to the Organization of American States, Luis Chuquihuara, proposed the creation of a dialogue table.[16]

On August 11, 2016, the Peruvian Congress approved the motion of solidarity in favor of Venezuela due to the political and humanitarian crisis facing the country. On March 30, 2017, the Peruvian Foreign Ministry announced the definitive withdrawal of its ambassador in Venezuela (and the expulsion of its Venezuelan counterpart)[9][17] after the Supreme Court of Venezuela assumed the powers of the National Assembly of Venezuela.[18][19] In 2017, it was approved to grant temporary permits to Venezuelans in Peru for one year.[20] The measure to process the permit lasted until December 31, 2018.[21]

On August 8, 2017, Peru signed, together with other American countries, the Declaration of Lima, that "condemns the rupture of the democratic order in Venezuela."[22] On September 26, 2018, Peru, together with 5 American countries, requested the International Criminal Court's prosecutor to investigate Venezuela for alleged crimes against humanity and human rights abuses under the government of Nicolás Maduro.[23] In 2019, Peru banned Maduro and 99 members of his regime from entering the country.[24] On January 10, 2019, the Peruvian government called its chargé d'affaires in Venezuela for consultation.[25]

On January 23, 2019, the Peruvian Government recognised Juan Guaidó as interim president of Venezuela. On January 29, 2019, the Parliament of Venezuela appointed Carlos Eduardo Scull Raygada[26] as diplomatic representative in Peru, being recognised on January 31.[27][28][29][30] Scull presented his credentials to president Martín Vizcarra on February 21.[31] During this period, the Venezuelan embassy in Lima remained open, although relations were only maintained to a consular level.[32] Due to Scull's inability and unwillingness to occupy the embassy to avoid another diplomatic incident,[27] a parallel embassy was opened in the district of Pueblo Libre until 2021.[33]

On January 15, 2019, Peru announced that Venezuelans who wished to enter Peruvian territory would need a travel visa as of June 15, 2019.[34] Likewise, the Venezuelan government followed suit starting on June 15, 2019.[35] On September 11, 2019, Peru voted in abstention to call a meeting of the members of the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (TIAR) to discuss the situation in Venezuela.[36]

In 2021, under the government of Pedro Castillo, Peru and Venezuela reestablished diplomatic relations with the appointment of Richard Fredy Rojas García as ambassador in Caracas and the accession of Alexander Gabriel Yánez Deleuze as Venezuelan ambassador in Lima.[17] In December 2021, the appointment of the diplomat Librado Augusto Orozco Zapata as the new ambassador of Peru in Venezuela was made official.[37] The Peruvian ambassador presented his credentials to Maduro on January 17, 2022.[38] and the Venezuelan ambassador presented his credentials to Castillo on March 22, 2022,[32]

On July 29, 2024, Venezuela announced a breakup of diplomatic relations with Peru and other Latin American countries, because the Peruvian government denounced Maduro's victory at 2024 Venezuelan presidential election as fradulent.[39] On July 30, Peru officially recognized opposition candidate Edmundo González as the president-elect of Venezuela.[40]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ INEI 2021, p. 77.
  2. ^ INEI 2012, p. 68.
  3. ^ Melo, Yenny (31 July 2024). "Venezolanos en Perú: incertidumbre de los extranjeros ante el cierre de su embajada en Lima". Infobae (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 August 2024.
  4. ^ "Cancillería de Colombia: Perú". Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. Archived from the original on 2012-12-27.
  5. ^ Henríquez, Andrea (2006-12-08). "Entre Perú y Venezuela, las palabras". BBC Mundo.
  6. ^ Mora-Ugalde, Sara; Monge-Blanco, Silvia; Mora-Rodríguez, Adriana (2021-02-23). "Historia de las relaciones diplomáticas Costa Rica-Perú durante el período de la Campaña Nacional contra los Filibusteros (1856-1857): el caso del empréstito peruano". Revista Relaciones Internacionales. 94 (1). doi:10.15359/ri.94-1.1.
  7. ^ Basadre, Jorge (1983). Historia de la República del Perú (1822–1933) (in Spanish) (7th ed.). Lima: Editorial Universitaria. pp. 262–269, 278–279.
  8. ^ Márquez, Laureano (2018). "La democracia pierde energía". Historieta de Venezuela: De Macuto a Maduro. p. 142. ISBN 978-1-7328777-1-9.
  9. ^ a b "Cancillería: "El Perú nunca ha roto las relaciones diplomáticas con Venezuela"". Gestión. 2021-09-21.
  10. ^ Aznárez, Juan Jesús (2001-06-30). "Perú y Venezuela congelan sus relaciones diplomáticas por las discrepancias sobre la captura de Montesinos". El País.
  11. ^ "Crisis diplomática entre Perú y Venezuela por Montesinos". La Nación. 2001-06-20.
  12. ^ "PERU-VENEZUELA. TOLEDO NORMALIZARÁ RELACIONES". El Tiempo. 2001-07-27.
  13. ^ "Toledo busca abrir una nueva era en Perú". La Nación. 2001-07-28.
  14. ^ "Venezuela retira embajador en Lima hasta que asuma Alejandro Toledo por caso Montesinos". La Nación. 2001-07-29.
  15. ^ "Perú expresó "preocupación por situación" en Venezuela tras condena a Leopoldo López". Perú 21. 2015-09-13. Archived from the original on 2016-09-17.
  16. ^ "Crisis en Venezuela: ¿Cuál es la posición del Perú ante la OEA?". El Comercio. 2016-06-02.
  17. ^ a b "Perú y Venezuela restablecen relaciones diplomáticas al más alto nivel". Deutsche Welle. 2021-10-16.
  18. ^ "Perú retiró definitivamente a embajador de Venezuela". El Comercio. 2017-03-30.
  19. ^ "Perú retira a su embajador de Venezuela en rechazo al autogolpe". RPP Noticias. 2017-03-30.
  20. ^ "Migraciones otorgará permiso temporal de permanencia a venezolanos por un año". Gestión. 2017-01-03. Archived from the original on 2017-04-04.
  21. ^ "Hoy es el último día para tramitar elPermiso Temporal de Permanencia". Perú 21. 2018-12-31.
  22. ^ "Cancilleres reunidos en Lima condenan ruptura del orden democrático en Venezuela". El Comercio. 2017-08-09.
  23. ^ "Venezuela: qué implica realmente que 6 países hayan pedido a la Corte Penal Internacional que investigue al gobierno de Maduro". BBC. 2018-09-27.
  24. ^ "Perú oficializa impedimento de ingreso de Nicolás Maduro y casi un centenar de miembros de su régimen". El Comercio. 2019-01-11.
  25. ^ "Perú llama a consulta a su encargada de negocios en Venezuela por asunción de Maduro". Reuters. 2019-01-10. Archived from the original on 2019-01-11.
  26. ^ "Representante diplomático de Guaidó: "Perú ha sido uno de los países más solidarios"". El Comercio. 2019-02-01.
  27. ^ a b "Representante diplomático de Juan Guaidó en el Perú: "Ahora mi sede es la calle"". RPP Noticias. 2019-01-31.
  28. ^ "Juan Guaidó designa a Carlos Scull como representante diplomático en el Perú". El Comercio. 2019-01-29.
  29. ^ Scull, Carlos. "Carlos Scull". LinkedIn.
  30. ^ "El embajador". Embajada de Venezuela en Perú. Archived from the original on 2020-05-16.
  31. ^ "Presidente Vizcarra recibió las cartas credenciales del representante diplomático designado por el Presidente Encargado de Venezuela, Juan Guaidó". Gob.pe. 2019-02-21.
  32. ^ a b "El embajador de Nicolás Maduro entrega cartas credenciales a Pedro Castillo". Agencia EFE. Gestión. 2022-03-22.
  33. ^ "La embajada". Embajada de Venezuela en Perú. Archived from the original on 2020-05-16. Los funcionarios de la Embajada de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela ante el Perú, designados por el Presidente (E), Juan Guaidó y la Asamblea Nacional, tenemos como principal motivador devolver el Estado venezolano al servicio de los ciudadanos y como objetivo lograr el cese de la usurpación en Venezuela, el establecimiento de un gobierno de transición y convocar elecciones libres y transparentes para detener las causas de la crisis humanitaria, en el restablecimiento de la democracia, el Estado de Derecho y las libertades a la ciudadanía. Hoy estamos trabajando, en constante cooperación con el gobierno peruano, así como las representaciones diplomáticas de los países democráticos, el Grupo de Lima, y la comunidad venezolana organizada, para atender las más sentidas demandas de la población que ha migrado a Perú. En medio de esta situación extraordinaria en la que el régimen usurpador persiste en restringir los derechos consulares de nuestros ciudadanos y, en consonancia con el Decreto Nº6 del presidente (E) Juan Guaidó y la Asamblea Nacional, se ha habilitado esta plataforma para atender a todos los venezolanos en Perú. Invitamos a todos nuestros nacionales a registrarse. De momento, este es el principal canal que nos permitirá, no solo conocer sus necesidades, sino difundir información oportuna y brindar los servicios de asistencia al nacional que serán reactivados progresivamente. Garantizamos en todo momento que su información es debidamente resguardada conforme a los más rigurosos estándares éticos y de seguridad y privacidad informática.
  34. ^ "Desde el 15 de junio Perú solicitará visa a los ciudadanos venezolanos". El Comercio. 2019-06-07.
  35. ^ "Venezuela exigirá visa a ciudadanos peruanos desde el 15 de junio". Andina. 2019-06-08.
  36. ^ Vera, Angélica (2019-09-11). "Chile y otros once países miembros del TIAR aprueban iniciar discusión sobre pacto militar por situación en Venezuela". La Tercera.
  37. ^ "Gobierno designa a Librado Augusto Orozco como embajador de Perú en Venezuela". La República. 2021-12-08.
  38. ^ Ariza, Joselyn (2022-01-17). "Venezuela y Perú normalizan plenamente sus relaciones diplomáticas". Ministerio del Poder Popular para Relaciones Exteriores.
  39. ^ "Venezuela expels and breaks ties with diplomats of Argentina, Chile and other anti-Maduro countries (In Portuguese)". Exame (in Portuguese). 29 July 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
  40. ^ Phillips, Tom; Gambino, Lauren (31 July 2024). "Venezuela's Nicolás Maduro blames unrest on far-right conspiracy as isolation grows". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 August 2024.

Bibliography

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