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Mexico–Peru relations

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Mexico–Peru relations
Map indicating locations of Mexico and Peru

Mexico
Peru

The nations of Mexico and Peru established diplomatic relations in 1823.[1] Diplomatic relations were briefly cut in 1932 and reinstated again in 1933. Both nations are members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, Lima Group, Organization of Ibero-American States, Organization of American States, Pacific Alliance and the United Nations.

History

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Historically, both nations were host to great indigenous cultures; the Aztecs and Mayas in Mexico and the Incas in Peru. During colonization, both nations were part of the Spanish Empire until the early 19th century. Mexico was part of Viceroyalty of New Spain while Peru was part of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Diplomatic relations between Mexico and Peru were established in 1823, two years after Peru gained its independence from Spain.[1] In October 1892, Mexico opened its first consulate in Lima followed by the opening of an embassy on 14 June 1937.[1]

In 1932, a Peruvian newspaper published a letter by Peruvian politician Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre where he talks about wanting to establish different styles of governing in Latin America. The letter was addressed to a colleague and states the plan in detail to another friend who he sent a letter (but never arrived) via a Mexican diplomatic pouch to Lima.[2] This letter caused such an outrage in Peru that the government accused the Mexican government of 'meddling' in its internal affairs and severed diplomatic relations with Mexico. Diplomatic relations were once again restored in 1933 with the incoming of a new president in Peru.[2]

In 1960, President Adolfo López Mateos was the first highest ranking Mexican official to visit Peru, followed by President Luis Echeverría in 1974. It was not until the 1990s that Peruvian Presidents Alan Garcia and Alberto Fujimori paid official visits to Mexico. Since then, there have been a continuous flow of official visits by both nations to each other's countries, respectively.[1]

In 2012, both nations became founding founders of the Pacific Alliance (along with Colombia and Chile). In July 2016, Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto attended the inauguration of President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski. In December 2018, Peruvian President Martín Vizcarra attended the inauguration of President Andrés Manuel López Obrador.

In December 2022, López Obrador revealed that Peruvian President Pedro Castillo intended to request political asylum following the backlash to Castillo's attempted self-coup.[3] Castillo was arrested before reaching the Mexican Embassy in Lima.[3] On December 20, the family of former President Castillo was granted asylum and flown to Mexico. The Mexican ambassador in Lima was declared "persona non grata" and ordered to leave Peru.[4] In February 2023, Peruvian President Dina Boluarte withdrew the ambassador of Peru in Mexico.[5] In May 2023, the Peruvian Congress declared Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador persona non grata citing "his meddling in Peru's internal affairs and marking a deepening diplomatic split in the region".[6] President López Obrador has also refused to hand over the presidency of the Pacific Alliance to Peru as the Mexican Government refuses to recognize President Boluarte and her Government since the removal of President Pedro Castillo, however, the presidency was passed on to Boluarte by Chilean President Gabriel Boric in 2023.[7]

In April 2024, Mexico's Secretariat of the Interior announced that it will return to asking visas for Peruvian citizens entering the country, arguing that there has been an increase in the influx of Peruvian citizens trying to illegally cross the Mexican border to the United States.[8] Mexico had previously stopped asking visas for Peruvian citizens back in 2012 as an agreement to boost tourism and business between Pacific Alliance members.[9] In response to the unilateral visa resumption, citing reciprocity, the Peruvian Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that the country will also be asking visas for Mexican citizens entering the country.[10] However, four days later, Peru reversed its stance and decided to repeal the official decree imposing visas for Mexican citizens, mostly due to concerns from local business unions about the measure's impact on the tourism sector.[11][12]

High-level visit.

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President Martín Vizcarra and President Enrique Peña Nieto at the 8th Summit of the Americas in Lima, Peru; April 2018.

Presidential visits from Mexico to Peru[13][14][15][16][17]

Presidential visits from Peru to Mexico[18][19][20][21][22]

Bilateral agreements

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Both nations have signed several bilateral agreements such as an Arbitration Treaty (1902); Agreement for the Exchange of Diplomatic Pouches (1919); Agreement for Cultural and Educational Cooperation (1975); Agreement on Tourism Cooperation (1987); Agreement on Air Transportation (1989); Agreement of Cooperation in Combating Drug Trafficking and Drug Dependency (1991); Agreement on Technical and Scientific Cooperation (1996); Extradition Treaty (2000); Agreement on Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters (2000); Agreement on the Execution of Criminal Judgments (2002); Agreement for Protection, Conservation, Recovery and Return of Stolen Archaeological, Artistic, Historical and Cultural Goods (2002); Agreement for Commercial Integration (2011); Agreement on the Avoidance of Double Taxation and to Prevent Fiscal Evasion in relation to Taxes on Income (2011) and an Agreement of Strategic Association (2014).[23]

Transportation

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There are direct flights between both nations with the following airlines: Aeroméxico, LATAM Perú, Sky Airline Peru and Volaris.

Trade relations

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On 1 February 2012, a free trade agreement between the two nations came into effect.[24] In 2023, two-way trade between both nations amounted to US$2.7 billion.[25] Mexico's main exports to Peru include: flat screen TVs; tractors for semi-trailers; shampoos; corrugated bars; silver minerals; electronics and automobiles. Peru's main exports to Mexico include: natural gas; minerals from copper; tomato; calamari; boxes, crates and cages; lead minerals; chilies sweets or peppers; tables, planks and beams.[25]

Several Mexican multinational companies such as América Móvil, Cinépolis, FEMSA, Grupo Bimbo, Grupo México, Grupo Salinas, Orbia, Oxxo and Sigma Alimentos (among others) operate in Peru. Peruvian multinational company Ajegroup (Kola Real) operates in Mexico. In 2022, Mexican companies invested US$16 billion in Peru.[26] Mexico is Peru's third largest trading partner in Latin America (after Brazil and Chile).[26]

Resident diplomatic missions

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  • Embassy of Mexico in Lima
    Embassy of Mexico in Lima
  • Embassy of Peru in Mexico City
    Embassy of Peru in Mexico City

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d History of diplomatic relations between Mexico and Peru (in Spanish)
  2. ^ a b Aspiraciones Antiimperialistas e Intereses Nacionales: Las Relaciones Exteriores entre México y Perú (1930-1945) (in Spanish)
  3. ^ a b "Mexico says it is consulting with Peru over Castillo asylum request". Reuters. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  4. ^ Oré, Diego; Aquino, Marco (21 December 2022). "Peru orders Mexico's ambassador out as diplomatic spat deepens". Reuters. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  5. ^ "Dina Boluarte ordena el retiro definitivo del embajador de Perú en México tras críticas de AMLO". El Universal (in Spanish). 24 February 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  6. ^ Peru's Congress deems Mexican leader unwelcome, regional split deepens
  7. ^ Chile traspasa a Perú la presidencia de la Alianza del Pacífico, tras la negativa de México (in Spanish)
  8. ^ "Mexico to require visas for Peru nationals after migration spike". Reuters.
  9. ^ "Pacific Alliance countries to eliminate visas". andina.pe (in Spanish). 2012-09-22. Retrieved 2024-04-15.
  10. ^ "El Perú impondrá visas a ciudadanos mexicanos para visitas de corta duración". www.gob.pe (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-04-15.
  11. ^ "Comunicado de Prensa 004-2024". www.gob.pe (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-04-15.
  12. ^ "APAVIT AGRADECE A CANCILLER POR ESCUCHAR AL SECTOR". T News (in Spanish). 2024-04-10. Retrieved 2024-04-15.
  13. ^ Permisos Concedidos al Presidente de la República Vicente Fox Quesada para Ausentarse del Territorio Nacional (in Spanish)
  14. ^ Viajes realizados al extranjero por el C. Felipe Calderón (in Spanish)
  15. ^ Presidente de México llegó a Lima para visita oficial (in Spanish)
  16. ^ Peña Nieto llega a Perú; asistirá a cena con Presidente Humala (in Spanish)
  17. ^ "Peña Nieto llega a Perú para participar en cumbre de APEC". Excelsior (in Spanish). 18 November 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  18. ^ President of Peru visits Mexico; 1985 (in Spanish)
  19. ^ "Visitas de mandatarios sudamericanos a México (in Spanish)". Archived from the original on 2014-08-13. Retrieved 2015-04-16.
  20. ^ Mandatarios de Países que Asistieron a la Primera Reunión Cumbre Iberoamericana, Guadalajara, México, 18 y 19 de Julio, 1991. (in Spanish)
  21. ^ El Presidente de México recibió a su homólogo peruano en el patio central de Palacio Nacional (in Spanish)
  22. ^ Iniciará Toledo visita oficial a México, participará en APEC (in Spanish)
  23. ^ Bilateral agreements between Mexico and Peru (in Spanish)
  24. ^ Acuerdo de Integración Comercial Perú – México (in Spanish)
  25. ^ a b Data México: Peru
  26. ^ a b Perú busca superar US$ 16,000 millones de inversión extranjera directa desde México (in Spanish)
  27. ^ Embassy of Mexico in Lima (in Spanish)
  28. ^ Embassy of Peru in Mexico City (in Spanish)
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