Jump to content

Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)
Part of the Battle of Aleppo and the Syrian Civil War

Syrian Army soldiers after breaking the siege of Nubl and Zahra
Date1–16 February 2016
(2 weeks and 1 day)
Location
Northern Aleppo Governorate, Syria
Result SDF, Syrian army and allies victory[15]
Territorial
changes
Belligerents

Syrian Arab Republic
 Iran[1]
 Russia
Allied militias:
Kata'ib Hezbollah[2]
Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba[2]
Badr Corps[1]
Liwa Fatemiyoun[1]
Hezbollah[1]
Liwa al-Quds[3]

Syrian Democratic Forces[4]

Al-Nusra Front
Army of Aleppo[9]

Sham Legion[11]
Fastaqim Union[9]
Turkey Turkey (mainly against SDF)[12]

Supported by:[13][14][10]
 Saudi Arabia
 Qatar
Commanders and leaders

Iran Maj. Gen. Qasem Soleimani[19][20]
(Head of Quds Force)
Iran Brig. Gen. Mohsen Ghajarian †[21]
Syria Lt. Gen. Ali Abdullah Ayyoub
Syria Gen. Hafez Ahmed Al-Abood †[22][23]
Syria Col. Nawaf Hamad Al-Khatib †[22]
Russia Col. Gen. Aleksandr Dvornikov[24]
Haydar Fariz †[22]

Abdo Ibrahim
(Afrin Canton defense minister)[25]
Sewsen Bîrhat (Aleppo YPJ commander)[26]
Wissi Hijazi ("Abu Uday Menagh")[27][28]
(Army of Revolutionaries commander)
Zakur al-Diri (POW)[29]
(former Mountain Hawks Brigade commander, defected to the Army of Revolutionaries)		 Hashim al-Sheikh
(overall rebel Aleppo commander)[9][30]
Nimr al-Shukri †
(Ahrar ash-Sham Aleppo commander)[31]
Abu Ahmed al Abdullah †
(al-Nusra Front Tell Rifaat commander)[32]
Abu Mustapha al-Saleh[33]
(Levant Front)
Zekeriya Karsli[12][33]
(Levant Front)
Ismail Nadef (POW)[34]
(Conquest Brigade)
Units involved

Syrian Armed Forces

Iran Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran

Russia Russian forces

Syrian Hezbollah units

  • National Ideological Resistance[39]

Free Syrian Army

Turkish Land Forces
Casualties and losses
SAA & allies:
143 killed[41] (48 Iraqis, 14 IRGC, 3 Hezbollah)[42][43]
SDF:
18 killed[44][45][46][47]
Total:
161 killed		 Fighting SAA & allies:
309–335 killed[41][48][49][50]
Fighting SDF:
88 killed[44][46][47][51][52]
Total:
397-423 killed
119–168 civilians killed[41][53][54][55]
(one Lebanese journalist)[56]
50,000 civilians displaced[57]

The Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016) refers to a military operation launched northwest of Aleppo in early February 2016 by the Syrian Arab Army and its allies. The offensive successfully broke the three-year Siege of Nubl and Al-Zahraa, effectively cutting off the main supply route of the Syrian rebels from Turkey.[2]

Preparations

[edit]
See also: Aleppo offensive (October–December 2015)

During the latter part of January 2016, reports began circulating of significant Syrian government reinforcements being sent to Aleppo from Damascus, in preparation for a new offensive. Almost 3,000 additional soldiers were deployed.[58]

Offensive

[edit]

Breaking the siege of Nubl and Al-Zahraa

[edit]
Main article: Siege of Nubl and al-Zahraa
Pro-government forces in the Nubl and Al-Zahraa pocket after breaking the siege.

On 1 February 2016, a joint force consisting of the 4th Mechanized Division, NDF, Hezbollah, Kata'ib Hezbollah and Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba (Iranian-backed Iraqi Shi'ite paramilitary organisations), attacked rebel positions around the towns of Duwayr al-Zeytoun and Bashkoy.[2]

After securing Duwayr Al-Zeitoun, the SAA and its allies turned north and routed rebels from the town of Tal-Jibbin within the span of two hours.[59][60] Spearheaded by Hezbollah units, the rebels were next struck at the Al-Mallah farms, where they made a determined defence.[61]

Citing this operation, the opposition groups at the Geneva Syria peace talks formally announced on 1 February 2016 that they had opted out and the talks were suspended.[62][63] Rebel commanders said they hoped the collapse of the peace talks would "convince their foreign backers, states including Turkey and Saudi Arabia, that it was time to send them more powerful and advanced weapons, including anti-aircraft missiles". One rebel leader said he expects "something new, God willing" after the failure of the Geneva talks.[16]

By 2 February, government forces had pushed north of Tal Jibbin and secured the town of Hardatin. Continuing their assault, the army momentarily captured Ratyan before being repulsed by a rebel counter-attack later in the day.[64] A later effort managed to push deep into Ratyan, bringing 75 percent of the town under government control. In addition to the government advance from the east, the fighters surrounded in the Nubl-Zahra pocket launched a complementary offensive from the west and managed to take some ground.[65]

The village of Muarrassat al-Khan was attacked by government forces in a pincer movement on 3 February. The fall of this village opened up a land bridge and broke the siege of Nubl and Al-Zahraa the same day.[66][67] Residents thanked Assad, Iran and Hezbollah in celebratory scenes from the towns broadcast by Hezbollah's al-Manar.[16] 11 rebel commanders were killed in the operation.[68]

SDF assault launched and the battle for Ratyan

[edit]

On 4 February, the YPG-led Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) also launched an offensive against the rebels in northern Aleppo and took control of Ziyara and Khreiybeh, north of Nubl. At the same time, government troops took the towns of Mayer and Kafr Naya.[69][70][71]

By 5 February, Al-Masdar News and Al-Mayadeen reported that the military had taken control of Ratyan, while the rebels re-established control of Kafr Naya after a counter-attack from the north.[72][73] According to ARA News, the rebel Levant Front evacuated its headquarters in Ratyan after more than ten of its fighters were killed and a dozen more were wounded.[74]

The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that the western half of Ratyan had been retaken by rebels that day,[75][76][77] and The Independent and The Guardian reported fighting continuing on 7 February.[78][79]

By the evening of 5 February, the army reached positions overlooking Bayanoun, with clashes continuing in the village.[80] Thousands of people in the area fled towards the Turkish border.[81]

The next day, government forces captured all of Ratyan, as well as the Bashkoy-Ratyan road, after securing the soap factory.[80][82][83] In all, Al-Masdar reported that 140–160 fighters on both sides were killed in the battle for the village the previous day, including 100 rebels and 60 government fighters.[84] Among the government casualties were General Hafez Ahmed Al-Abood and Hezbollah commander Haydar Fariz.[22] According to Al-Masdar, at least one of the dead rebel fighters was a child soldier, as the rebels were reportedly sending more child fighters to the front line due to a lack of manpower.[85] Ali Yousef Dasho, described by Syrian government media as a "Lebanese war reporter", was killed while covering the battle for Ratyan from the government side, as was confirmed by Hezbollah to Russian media.[56][86]

Later on 6 February, the YPG and the Army of Revolutionaries captured two villages, a hill and the al-Faisal mill.[8] One village was Al-Alqamiyeh, near the rebel-held Menagh Air Base,[87][88] while further south YPG-led forces seized the quarry and Talat Al-Firan hill[89] that overlook Tannurah.[90] The town of Menagh was hit by Russian bombers after the SDF reportedly warned the rebels to hand the town over to avoid the strikes.[91] The SDF also reached the southern entrance to the town of Deir Jamal.[92][93] However, the SDF also allowed 80 fighters from the Army of Conquest to pass through Afrin to reinforce the rebels in the Azaz area the next day.[94][95]

At the start of 7 February, government troops were seven kilometers from rebel-held Tell Rifaat.[96] They then advanced and captured the village of Kiffin, bringing them to within five kilometers of Tell Rifaat,[97] after which they proceeded to attack Kafr Naya from two different flanks.[35] Concurrently, the SDF seized three villages during the day,[97] including Ajar and its hill,[98][99] Maraanaz[69] and Deir Jamal.[69][100] During the SDF's advance on Deir Jamal, a local Mountain Hawks Brigade unit defected to the Army of Revolutionaries and handed over Deir Jamal to the SDF.[29] The SDF also took full control of the road south of Deir Jamal, preventing government forces from advancing on Tell Rifaat via this route.[101] The army and the SDF reportedly set up a joint checkpoint near Kiffin to avoid potential skirmishes.[4] Heavy Russian air-strikes continued against Menagh throughout the following night.[102]

Capture of the Menagh Military Airbase

[edit]

As of 8 February, a rebel handover of Menagh and its air base to the Kurdish forces had still not taken place due to a dispute between two rebel groups, while south of the base the SDF captured Kafr Antun.[98] Meanwhile, the army began an attack in the direction of Tannurah, south of Nubl and Al-Zahraa, which led to fighting in the hills overlooking the village.[103] The attack was repelled.[104] Nimr Shukri, Ahrar ash-Sham's Aleppo commander, was killed during the day.[31][105]

On 9 February, SDF forces (YPG and Jaysh al-Thuwar) captured Al-Mashtal, northwest of the Menagh air base.[106] Further south, a rebel convoy consisting of 100 vehicles carrying reinforcements and ammunition was seen traveling from Idlib towards Aleppo.[107] Later, a rebel convoy, including more than 20 vehicles, was reportedly destroyed by the Syrian Air Force on the Aleppo-Latakia Highway (M-4 Highway).[108]

On 10 February, fighting continued in the Menagh area and at the air base,[43] despite claims the previous night the base and its village were captured by the SDF.[109][110] More clashes took place around Tannurah.[43] That evening, the Menagh military airport and the village of Menagh were captured by the SDF,[7][111] after the base was hit with at least 30 Russian air strikes.[33] Meanwhile, after a three-day-long battle, Army, NDF and Hezbollah units broke through rebel positions around Kafr Naya and captured the village.[112][113]

SDF push north, government push south and Turkish shelling

[edit]
Map of the Kurdish advancements during the offensive

Late on 11 February, according to several reports, the SDF reached the western outskirts of Azaz, with clashes taking place at the national hospital and the Al Shat checkpoint, 2 kilometers from the city.[114][115] However, the SDF denied they had initiated an assault on Azaz.[116] The next morning, government troops took control of Duhrat Al-Qur'ah and Duhrat Al-Qundilah hills, near Tannurah,[117] following their second assault on the area during the week.[118][119] They then seized the Tannourah Quarries[120] and by the evening the northern part of Tannourah itself.[121] This advance brought the military back to Mount Simeon for the first time after three and a half years.[120] Elsewhere, the SDF advanced near Kafr Antoan[122] and allegedly seized the Al Shat checkpoint, near Azaz.[123]

On 13 February, the Army fully secured Tannourah,[124] advancing towards Anadan,[125] while 20–46 air strikes hit Tell Rifaat.[126] To the north, Turkish artillery shelled SDF forces at the recently captured Menagh air base and a village[127] continuously for three hours,[citation needed] after the SDF came within 500 meters of Azaz.[128] Several Twitter posts reported this was in support of a rebel counter-attack, which was eventually repelled.[129] A Turkish official claimed the shelling was in response to YPG shelling of Turkish border military outposts,[citation needed] while Turkey's Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoglu demanded that the SDF withdraw from all recently captured territory.[130] The SDF stated they would not retreat[131] and, despite the Turkish shelling, launched a two-pronged attack on Tell Rifaat. They captured the village of Ayn Daqnah, on the road between Tell Rifaat and Azaz,[132][133] and advanced to the western outskirts of Tell Rifaat.[134]

On 14 February, the Turkish military shelled Kurdish forces for a second day,[12] while government troops made attempts to advance from Tannurah to Anadan.[135][136] During the day, 350 rebel fighters crossed into Syria from Turkey to reinforce Tell Rifaat. They entered via the Atamah military border crossing and with the approval of Turkish authorities after they had earlier crossed into Turkey from Syria's Idlib governorate.[137] Late that evening, SDF forces entered the western and northern neighborhoods of Tell Rifaat and reached the train station where clashes took place,[138] after which they took control of the station,[139] leaving them in control of most of the town (70 percent) by morning.[133][140] The relative ease with which the SDF broke through into Tell Rifaat was due to no rebel defense lines being built on the western side of the town.[141] The SDF also captured Kafr Kashir,[142] after cutting the road between it and Azaz,[138] leaving those in Azaz in fear of an imminent SDF attack on the town.[143] The SDF also made attempts to advance towards the Kaljibrin area, moving closer to ISIS-controlled territory.[140]

On 15 February, government forces withdrew from Kafr Naya, handing over control of the town to the SDF.[144][145] The SDF also seized Kafr Naseh and fully cleared Tell Rifaat, while south of the town, government troops captured the villages of Misqan and Ahras.[146][147][148][149] At this point, the SDF were 6 kilometers from ISIL territory.[133] The Turkish Prime Minister vowed "We will not allow Azaz to fall" and warned the SDF not to move east of Afrin or west of the Euphrates (into ISIL territory), as Turkish shelling continued for a third day,[55] including hitting targets in Tell Rifaat.[150] U.S. Vice President Joe Biden called on the Turkish Prime Minister to "de-escalate" and "cease artillery strikes on Kurds". The call was received with "astonishment" by Turkish officials.[151]

On 16 February, it was reported rebel forces agreed to withdraw from Mare' (on the frontline with ISIL), thus leaving it to the SDF.[149] However, the rebels rejected this.[152] In addition, there was speculation the Army would hand over Ahras to the SDF so to ease tensions and avoid potential future clashes.[147] Later that day, the SDF captured Sheikh Isa, near Mare'.[152] Meanwhile, Turkey continued artillery strikes against the SDF.[153]

Aftermath – SDF advance in Aleppo city & SAA northwestern push

[edit]
Advances made in February 2016
  Syrian Army control
  Opposition control (including al-Qaeda in the Levant)
  Kurdish control
  Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
  Ongoing confrontation or unclear situation

During the night between 16 and 17 February, several unconfirmed reports stated the SDF had cut the Castello Road, which was the final rebel supply route into the rebel-held part of Aleppo city.[154] The next morning, it was confirmed that the SDF had launched an attack from the northern SDF-held Sheikh Maqsood district against rebel positions: in the Bani Zaid district (to the west), in the Bustan al-Basha district (to the east), in the Ashrafiyah district (to the south) and at the Castello road (to the north).[155][156] Meanwhile, the SDF's Army of Revolutionaries reported that its positions in Bustan al-Basha came under attack from the Syrian Army on one side and the Ahrar al-Sham-led Army of Aleppo on the other.[157] During the fighting, the SDF reportedly imposed fire control over the Castillo Roundabout and seized the Hanaan Hospital in Al-Ashrafiyah.[156] The SDF assault on the Castello Road was repelled.[158] Later during the day, a batch of 500 al-Nusra fighters, coming from Idlib, crossed into northern Aleppo from Turkey via Azaz under the supervision of Turkish authorities.[11][159][160] On 18 February, the SDF was reported to have captured the Youth Housing Area in Bani Zaid and the Castello Roundabout, potentially cutting the last rebel supply route into the city.[161] However, the rebels recaptured the Youth Housing Area on the following day,[162] or at least part of it.[163]

Between 22 and 23 February, the SDF reportedly captured the Saladin Mosque in Bani Zaid, and the Younis al-Saba'wi School and Jama' al-Istaqmat in Al-Ashrafiyah, supported by Russian airstrikes.[164] The SDF also advanced once again, in the Youth Housing Area.[165] On 24 February, it was reported that SDF forces fully recaptured the Youth Housing Area.[163]

On 26 February, Syrian government forces launched a new assault, northwest of Aleppo city, and reportedly through Kurdish-held territory, attacking Shaykh Aqil and Qabtan al-Jabal. The Syrian Army managed to capture Shaykh Aqil, but the rebels recaptured it a few hours later. The attempted advance took place hours before the implementation of a country-wide ceasefire.[166][167] The same day, the Army handed over Ahras to the SDF peacefully.[168] At the end of the month, preparations were reportedly underway for a new offensive to be launched west of Aleppo to cut the last rebel supply line into the city.[167]

At the start of March, according to both government and rebel sources, the SDF captured a strategic hill overlooking the Castello Road.[169][170] The YPG denied this.[171]

Iranian and Russian support

[edit]

Iran's General Qasem Soleimani, the commander of the Quds Force, was reported to be present in the area and overseeing operations, whilst the Iranian contingent of the allied forces have reportedly played a crucial role in the victories of the Syrian army and its allies.[20] A total of 14–24 IRGC advisors died,[23][172] including Brigadier General Mohsen Ghajarian (محسن قاجاریان), commander of the 21st Imam Reza Armored Brigade of Neyshabur and an Iran–Iraq War veteran,[173][174] who was advising the allied troops during the assault when he and another six Iranians were killed.[21][175]

Russian air support provided to the ground forces during their onslaught in northern Aleppo was said to be one of the main reasons for the string of successes against the rebels in the offensive.[16][17] During the offensive, heavy Russian air strikes destroyed all three health facilities in the town of Anadan.[176]

SDF role

[edit]

The Iranian IRGC-affiliated Fars News Agency reported that the Kurdish-led People's Protection Units (YPG) were helping the Syrian Army, as the SDF of Efrîn captured the villages of Al-Ziyare and Kharebeh in the Shirava district. Fars' reports claimed that wounded Syrian government forces were sent to the Kurdish region.[177]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f Amir Toumaj; Max Peck (13 February 2016). "The IRGC's involvement in the battle for Aleppo". Long War Journal. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
  2. ^ a b c d e Leith Fadel (1 February 2016). "Syrian Army, Hezbollah launch preliminary offensive in northern Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 7 April 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
  3. ^ a b Leith Fadel (16 February 2016). "Syrian Army launches major military operation in the Bani Zaid Quarter of Aleppo City". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 6 May 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  4. ^ a b c d Chris Tomson (8 February 2016). "Kurds and Syrian Army in joint offensive to defeat rebels in northern Aleppo – Map update". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
  5. ^ Paul Antonopoulos (4 February 2016). "YPG take Ziyarah in northern Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 10 April 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
  6. ^ khaled (4 February 2016). "أول مجموعة من عناصر وقادة حزب الله والحرس الثوري وقوات النظام تدخل بلدتي نبّل والزهراء والوحدات الكردية تتقدم في قريتين بعفرين". المرصد السورى لحقوق الإنسان. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  7. ^ a b Jack Moore (11 February 2016). "KURDISH FEMALE FIGHTERS COMMANDEER TANKS IN BATTLE TO CAPTURE ALEPPO AIR BASE". Newsweek. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
  8. ^ a b "Warplanes carry out raid on the northern countryside of Aleppo, and YPG and al-Thowwar Army advance in the countryside of Azaz". Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 7 February 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Albin Szakola, Ullin Hope (16 February 2016). "Aleppo rebels rally around former Ahrar leader". NOW News. Archived from the original on 1 July 2017.
  10. ^ a b c d Jesse Rosenfeld (25 February 2016). "What Do Syrian Rebels Think of the Cease-Fire?". The Nation. Archived from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  11. ^ a b "Hundreds of armed islamist fighters cross from Turkey into Syria, says monitor". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  12. ^ a b c "Turkey shells Kurdish positions in Syria for 2nd day". Philadelphia Inquirer. AP. 14 February 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  13. ^ Wladimir van Wilgenburg (12 June 2015). "The Rise of Jaysh al-Fateh in Northern Syria". Terrorism Monitor. Vol. XIII, no. 12. Jamestown Foundation. p. 3.
  14. ^ Gareth Porter (28 May 2015). "Gulf allies and 'Army of Conquest'". Al-Ahram Weekly. Archived from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
  15. ^ "Assad has taken Russia 'hostage,' and what comes next could be 'the worst this war has seen'". Business Insider. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  16. ^ a b c d "Backed By Russian Jets, Syrian Army Closes In On Aleppo". Reuters. 4 February 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
  17. ^ a b "Syrian government forces in north choke opposition supply lines". The Guardian. 5 February 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
  18. ^ "Backed by Russia, Syrian forces edge towards Turkey border". TodaysZaman. 8 February 2016. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  19. ^ John Davison (6 February 2016). "Thousands flee as Russian-backed offensive threatens to besiege Aleppo". Reuters UK. Archived from the original on 6 February 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  20. ^ a b Tom Perry, Jack Stubbs and Estelle Shirbon (5 February 2016). "Russia and Turkey trade accusations over Syria". Reuters UK. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
  21. ^ a b "Reports: Iranian General Killed by Jihadists in Syria". Naharnet. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
  22. ^ a b c d "Regime And Hezbollah Published Pictures And Names For Their Deaths In Retyan". Qasioun News. 6 February 2016. Archived from the original on 7 February 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  23. ^ a b Edward. "The regime forces and militiamen loyal to them control Meyer town adjacent to the Nubl and al-Zahraa, and intense raids target Aleppo neighborhoods and cause casualties and injuries". Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  24. ^ "Russian General Says Military Special Forces Active in Syria". AP. 23 March 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2016 – via The New York Times.
  25. ^ "Kurdske snage nastavljaju ofanzivu u Alepu". Nezavisne novine. 11 February 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  26. ^ "Aleppo: New Group of YPG/YPJ Fighters Graduated from Training Course". YPG Rojava. 23 April 2015. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  27. ^ "SDF-Led Jaish Al-Thwar militia gets a slap and loses its military commander". Al-Dorar al-Shamia. 13 August 2017. Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
  28. ^ Oliviero Reusser (13 August 2017). "Jaish al-Thuwar commander defects to Sultan Murad Division in northern Aleppo". Conflict News. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
  29. ^ a b "The "rebel army" controls two villages in the northern countryside of Aleppo". SMART News Agency. 8 February 2016. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
  30. ^ Charles Lister [@Charles_Lister] (15 February 2016). "BIG news from #Aleppo: Most rebel groups have agreed to operate under the military leadership of former Ahrar al-Sham leader Hashem al-Sheikh" (Tweet) (in Arabic). Retrieved 11 February 2016 – via Twitter.
  31. ^ a b yaman2020. "استشهاد القائد العسكري لقطاع حلب في حركة فجر الشام ومسؤولين في الحركة بغارات جوية على مدينة حلب". المرصد السوري لحقوق الإنسان (in Arabic). Retrieved 10 February 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  32. ^ "Rojava". Twitter. Archived from the original on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  33. ^ a b c Suleiman Al-Khalidi (11 February 2016). "Kurdish forces said to take air base near Turkish border". Reuters. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
  34. ^ "America picked the wrong allies against the Islamic State". NOW News. 17 February 2016. Archived from the original on 29 June 2017.
  35. ^ a b Leith Fadel (8 February 2016). "Syrian Army, Hezbollah capture Kiffeen in northern Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 6 July 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  36. ^ Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (23 May 2016). "The Local Defence Forces: Regime Auxiliary Forces in Aleppo". Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  37. ^ Leith Fadel (5 October 2015). "Russian Air Force Strikes ISIS in Al-Raqqa and East Aleppo: Terrorists Suffer Heavy Casualties". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
  38. ^ Huffington Post
  39. ^ Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (15 August 2016). "Syrian Hezbollah Militias of Nubl and Zahara'". Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  40. ^ ""لواء الفتح" يعلن انضمامه لـ"الجبهة الشامية" في حلب" [The "Fatah Brigade" announces that it joins the Levant Front in Aleppo]. SMART News Agency. 8 March 2017. Archived from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
  41. ^ a b c "Kurds Attack Syrian Air Base Held by Insurgents". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  42. ^ Chris Tomson (13 February 2016). "Rebels lose 20 villages in northern Aleppo in less than 14 days - Map update". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 6 July 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  43. ^ a b c "'Hundreds killed' in battle for Aleppo as air strikes pound villages". Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  44. ^ a b "Kurds recapture two villages after clashes with al-Qaeda near Aleppo". ARA News. Archived from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  45. ^ "Turkey defends Syria's Islamists by combatting Kurds - ARA News". ARA News. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
  46. ^ a b khaled (16 February 2016). "مفاوضات مستمرة حول مارع وقوات سوريا الديمقراطية تعلن استعدادها تسليم 28 جثة لمقاتلي الفصائل إلى ذويهم دون شروط". المرصد السورى لحقوق الإنسان. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  47. ^ a b "Western-backed Syrian forces make new gains in Aleppo". ARA News. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  48. ^ "Jabha al-Shamiyah rebels agree with IS to stop Syrian Arab Army's advance in Aleppo - Shanghai Daily". Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  49. ^ khaled (12 February 2016). "12 مقاتلاً من جبهة النصرة قضوا في المعارك المتواصلة بمحيط منطقة الطامورة بريف حلب الشمالي". المرصد السورى لحقوق الإنسان. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  50. ^ "Backed by Russian air cover, pro-Assad troops make new gains north Aleppo". ARA News. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  51. ^ Dr Partizan [@Dr_Partizan] (6 February 2016). "#Efrîn: YPG have the body of one terrorist in their possession after clashes for Girê Mişka, strategic hill of height 200m" (Tweet). Retrieved 14 February 2016 – via Twitter.
  52. ^ "YPG recaptures two towns in Syria's Aleppo after clashes with Islamist rebels - ARA News". ARA News. Archived from the original on 20 October 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  53. ^ "Russian Airstrikes Killed 150 Civilians in Aleppo: U.S. Ambassador". NBC News. 5 February 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
  54. ^ khaled (16 February 2016). "182 قضوا أمس بينهم 43 من قوات النظام والمسلحين الموالين لها، و61 استشهدوا جراء قصف للطائرات الروسية والسورية والقصف التركي وقصف لقوات النظام وسقوط قذائف وظروف أخرى". المرصد السورى لحقوق الإنسان. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  55. ^ a b "Turkey vows harsh reaction as missiles hit Syria town - Reuters". Firstpost. 15 February 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  56. ^ a b Barry Temmo (6 February 2016). "A Lebanese resistance war reporter killed in Aleppo". Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  57. ^ Kathy Gilsinan (11 February 2016). "What the Fall of Aleppo Would Mean for the Syrian Civil War and the Future of Europe - The Atlantic". The Atlantic. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
  58. ^ Leith Fadel (26 January 2016). "Something big is brewing in Aleppo as more government reinforcements arrive". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
  59. ^ Leith Fadel (1 February 2016). "Nusra defenses fall apart as Hezbollah, Syrian Army capture Tal Jibbin in northern Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 6 July 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
  60. ^ "Syrian Army Continues Counterterrorism Operations across Country". Archived from the original on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
  61. ^ Leith Fadel (1 February 2016). "News Alert: Syrian Army, Hezbollah enter Al-Malaah Farms in northern Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 8 February 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
  62. ^ "Syria conflict: Sides trade blame over talks' suspension". BBC. 4 February 2016. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
  63. ^ "Syrian opposition withdraws from Geneva peace talks, demands change on ground". ARA News. Archived from the original on 17 October 2018. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  64. ^ Leith Fadel (2 February 2016). "Hezbollah, Syrian Army capture Hardatineen in northern Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
  65. ^ Chris Tomson (2 February 2016). "Syrian Army launches massive offensive in northern Aleppo - Map update". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 6 July 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
  66. ^ Laila Bassam (4 February 2016). "Syrian army and allies breaks rebel siege of Shi'ite towns: army". Reuters. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
  67. ^ Zen Adra (3 February 2016). "Breaking News: Syrian Army breaks the siege on Nubbul and Zahraa in northern Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
  68. ^ The'Nimr'Tiger 🇸🇾 [@Souria4Syrians] (4 February 2016). "11 sectarian "rebel" commanders/leaders were killed in North Aleppo in just 2 days" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  69. ^ a b c "Syrian army advances towards Turkey as refugees flee". The Irish Times. 8 February 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  70. ^ Chris Tomson (4 February 2016). "Syrian Army captures Mayir and Kafr Naya in new northern Aleppo offensive - Map update". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
  71. ^ Albin Szakola (4 February 2016). "Syria Kurds advance in north Aleppo following regime victory". Archived from the original on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  72. ^ Leith Fadel (5 February 2016). "Syrian Army, Hezbollah capture the strategic village of Rityan in northern Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
  73. ^ "The Statesman: Syrian army captures new rebel bastion in Aleppo". The Statesman. Archived from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
  74. ^ "Syrian army, allies report new gains in Aleppo, Daraa". ARA News. Archived from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  75. ^ "Up to 20,000 people at Syrian border - UN". RTE.ie. 5 February 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
  76. ^ jack (5 February 2016). "Rebels advance in Retian". Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  77. ^ khaled (5 February 2016). "رتيان 2016 هل ستكون وبالاً على النظام مثل رتيان 2015 بعد مقتل العشرات من عناصره في معارك داخلها وآلاف النازحين ممنوعون من أي شيء سوى الموت". المرصد السوري لحقوق الإنسان (in Arabic). Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  78. ^ Pitel, Laura (7 February 2016). "Turkey 'can take no more' as refugees build up on border". The Independent. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
  79. ^ Black, Ian (7 February 2016). "Tens of thousands of Syrian refugees remain stranded at Turkish border". the Guardian. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
  80. ^ a b Leith Fadel (5 February 2016). "Syrian Army, Hezbollah launch major operations to capture Bayyanoun and Misqan in northern Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 29 January 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  81. ^ "Thousands more Syrians rush toward Turkey to flee fighting". KSL.com. 5 February 2016. Archived from the original on 6 February 2016. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
  82. ^ Leith Fadel (6 February 2016). "Syrian Army, Hezbollah capture Bashkoy-Rityan Road". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  83. ^ "Qasioun News Agency - Regime forces seize over Ratyan in Aleppo northern countryside". Archived from the original on 6 February 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  84. ^ Leith Fadel (7 February 2016). "Islamist rebels suffer over 100 casualties at Rityan in northern Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  85. ^ Leith Fadel (6 February 2016). "Rebels deploy child soldiers to fight in northern Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 6 July 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  86. ^ "Ali Yousef Dasho, Syria". International Press Institute. 20 June 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
  87. ^ Leith Fadel (6 February 2016). "Kurdish forces enter rebel heartland in northern Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 6 February 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  88. ^ khaled (8 February 2016). "الوحدات الكردية تسيطر على بلدتين بريف حلب الشمالي وخلاف بين عائلتين يؤخر سيطرتها على مطار منغ وتأمين مأوى وممر لنحو 2500 عائلة نازحة". المرصد السورى لحقوق الإنسان. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  89. ^ Leith Fadel (7 February 2016). "Kurds expand south as the Islamist defenses crumble in northern Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 6 July 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  90. ^ Hassan Ridha [@sayed_ridha] (6 February 2016). "#YPG have taken control of the quarries & Talet Al-Feran which overlooks Al-Tamourah held by #JN & friends south of #NublZahraa #Aleppo" (Tweet) (in Arabic). Retrieved 10 February 2016 – via Twitter.
  91. ^ Julian Röpcke [@JulianRoepcke] (6 February 2016). "#News Russian airstrikes on the village of #Menagh,hours after #YPG told the #FSA to "hand it over to avoid this"" (Tweet) (in Arabic). Retrieved 10 February 2016 – via Twitter.
  92. ^ "مزارع جتل زاراته". Archived from the original on 26 August 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  93. ^ yaman2020. "قوات النظام تتقدم في ريف حلب الشرقي والوحدات الكردية تسيطر على طريق جنوب دير جمال وعشرات العوائل تصل لمدينة عفرين". المرصد السوري لحقوق الإنسان (in Arabic). Retrieved 10 February 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  94. ^ "YPG allow 80 fighters to enter from the countryside of Idlib to Azaz area in the countryside of Aleppo, and a man killed by border guards' bullets in the countryside of Al-Raqqah". Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 7 February 2016.
  95. ^ Tim Khalil (7 February 2016). "أنباء عن دخول العشرات من مقاتلي المعارضة إلى ريف حلب الشمالي عبر عفرين [News about the entry of dozens of opposition fighters into the northern countryside of Aleppo via Afrin]". ARA News. Archived from the original on 8 February 2016.
  96. ^ Syrian army advances towards Turkish border town
  97. ^ a b "Syria rebels squeezed on multiple fronts". AFP. 8 February 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  98. ^ a b Leith Fadel (8 February 2016). "Kurdish forces capture more villages near Mennagh Airbase in northern Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 6 July 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  99. ^ Edward (8 February 2016). "For the first time since the summer of 2013, the regime forces are almost 25 km away from the Syrian–Turkish border after losing Menagh military airport, and YPG advance in the northern countryside". Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  100. ^ Leith Fadel (8 February 2016). "Breaking: YPG takes full control of Deir Jamal in northern Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 6 July 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  101. ^ Edward (8 February 2016). "YPG control a road south of Deir Jamal and tens of families arrive to Afrin city". Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  102. ^ "Ivan Sidorenko". Twitter. Retrieved 10 February 2016.[permanent dead link‍]
  103. ^ khaled (8 February 2016). "استمرار الاشتباكات في منطقة تلال الطامورة بريف حلب الشمالي وقذائف تستهدف مدينة حلب وبلدتي نبل والزهراء". المرصد السوري لحقوق الإنسان (in Arabic). Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  104. ^ yaman2020. "رتل من نحو 100 آلية محملة بالعتاد والمقاتلين شوهدت متجهة من ريف إدلب الشمالي "نحو حلب" وقوات النظام تفشل في هجومها على ضهرة القرعة قرب نبل والزهراء". المرصد السوري لحقوق الإنسان (in Arabic). Retrieved 10 February 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  105. ^ "Ivan Sidorenko". Twitter. Retrieved 10 February 2016.[permanent dead link‍]
  106. ^ Hassan Ridha [@sayed_ridha] (9 February 2016). "#YPG & Jaish Thuwar have taken control of Al-Mashtal village NW of Menagh AB, & is now besieged from N, W & S" (Tweet). Retrieved 10 February 2016 – via Twitter.
  107. ^ Edward. "A convoy of about 100 vehicles loaded with ammunition and fighters were seen heading from the northern countryside of Idlib "towards Aleppo" and the regime forces fail in attacking Dahrat al-Qar'aa near Nubl and al-Zahraa". Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  108. ^ Leith Fadel (9 February 2016). "Syrian Air Force destroys large rebel convoy heading to northern Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  109. ^ Leith Fadel (10 February 2016). "Kurdish forces reportedly capture Mennagh Military Airport in northern Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 9 September 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  110. ^ جيش الثوار داخل بلدة منغ
  111. ^ yaman2020. "جيش الثوار ووحدات حماية الشعب يسيطران على مطار وقرية منغ واشتباكات عنيفة داخل بلدة كفرنايا". المرصد السورى لحقوق الإنسان. Retrieved 14 February 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  112. ^ Leith Fadel (10 February 2016). "Hezbollah, Syrian capture Kafr Naya in northern Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 6 July 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  113. ^ Julian Röpcke [@JulianRoepcke] (11 February 2016). "#Map Shiite militias capture #KafrNaya, Kurdish #YPG troops #Menagh. Both supported by #Russian air strikes. #Syria" (Tweet). Retrieved 14 February 2016 – via Twitter.
  114. ^ Chris Tomson (11 February 2016). "Kurdish fighters surround rebel stronghold of Azaz in northern Aleppo - Map update". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 6 July 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  115. ^ [1] [2] [3]
  116. ^ yaman2020. "الوحدات الكردية وجيش الثوار ينفيان صحة هجومهما على اعزاز وأكثر من 45 ضربة جوية تستهدف ريف حلب الشرقي". المرصد السورى لحقوق الإنسان. Retrieved 14 February 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  117. ^ Leith Fadel (12 February 2016). "Hezbollah, Syrian capture 2 hills in northern Aleppo as rebels continue to retreat". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  118. ^ khaled. "قوات النظام ومسلحي نبل والزهراء والحرس الإيراني يسيطرون على تلال بريف حلب الشمالي". المرصد السورى لحقوق الإنسان. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  119. ^ "Syrian army advances on final supply route to Aleppo". BelfastTelegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  120. ^ a b Leith Fadel (12 February 2016). "Breaking: Syrian Army, Hezbollah seize the Tannourah Quarries and enter Mount Simeon". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  121. ^ Leith Fadel (13 February 2016). "Hezbollah, Syrian Army seize most of Tannourah as rebels retreat in northwestern Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  122. ^ Edward. "YPG and al-Thowwar Army control area adjacent to al-Alqamiyyeh near Menagh airbase and Cutting the palm of a man in Al-Raqqah city". Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  123. ^ curdistani [@curdistani] (12 February 2016). "YPG fighters have liberated Shat village within 500m to Azaz town center. #Rojava #Syria" (Tweet). Retrieved 14 February 2016 – via Twitter.
  124. ^ "Peace hopes fade as Syrian army tightens grip on Aleppo". Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  125. ^ khaled. "قوات النظام تقترب من عندان وتسيطر على منطقة الطامورة الاستراتيجية بريف حلب الشمالي". المرصد السورى لحقوق الإنسان. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  126. ^ ABC News. "Syrian Troops Capture Village Near Northern City of Aleppo". ABC News. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  127. ^ Reuters Editorial (13 February 2016). "Turkish forces shell Syrian air base captured by Kurds". Reuters UK. Archived from the original on 14 February 2016. Retrieved 14 February 2016. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  128. ^ Piri Medya (13 February 2016). "TSK obüsleri Suriye'deki PYD mevzilerini vuruyor". Yeni Şafak. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  129. ^ [4] [5]
  130. ^ Paul Carrel, Shadia Nasralla and Tom Perry (14 February 2016). "Syrian army gains ground around Aleppo, looks to Raqqa". Reuters. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  131. ^ "Syria's Kurds 'won't retreat' despite Turkish shelling". Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  132. ^ suliman. "قوات سوريا الديمقراطية تقطع الطريق الرئيسي بين اعزاز وتل رفعت بريف حلب الشمالي وتقدم لقوات النظام بريف حلب الشرقي". المرصد السورى لحقوق الإنسان. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  133. ^ a b c Reuters Editorial (15 February 2016). "Kurdish-backed forces take Syrian town near Turkish border". Reuters UK. Archived from the original on 19 February 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  134. ^ Emmanuel [@EmmanuelGMay] (13 February 2016). "North-#Aleppo map: Positions shelled by #Turkish army. Ayn Daqnah contested. #YPG advance to outskirts of Tal Rifaat" (Tweet). Retrieved 14 February 2016 – via Twitter.
  135. ^ khaled. "15 مقاتلاً من الفصائل المقاتلة والإسلامية قضوا في المعارك بمحيط تل رفعت وقصف جوي وبري مكثف على ريف حلب الشمالي". المرصد السورى لحقوق الإنسان. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  136. ^ Leith Fadel (14 February 2016). "Hezbollah, Syrian Army push south towards Anadan in northern Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 6 July 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  137. ^ Edward. "About 350 fighters moved from the Turkish border crossing to the countryside of Idlib to Tall Rifaat and the northern countryside of Aleppo and the Turkish shelling continue on The Syrian Democratic Forces controlled areas and the citizens are displacing". Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  138. ^ a b Military Advisor [@miladvisor] (14 February 2016). "#SDF enter in Tel Rifaat from west/north neighbourhoods & have reached train station,clashes ongoing" (Tweet). Retrieved 18 February 2016 – via Twitter. {{cite web}}: |author1= has generic name (help)
  139. ^ Aldin 🇧🇦 [@aldin_ww] (14 February 2016). "Northern #Aleppo #YPF #SDF advancing inside Tell RIfat, train station captured" (Tweet). Retrieved 18 February 2016 – via Twitter.
  140. ^ a b suliman. "قوات سوريا الديمقراطية تسيطر على أجزاء واسعة من تل رفعت بريف حلب الشمالي ومعارك متواصلة بشكل عنيف في أطرافها". المرصد السورى لحقوق الإنسان. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  141. ^ Syrian Rebellion Obs [@Syria_Rebel_Obs] (15 February 2016). "#SRO - #SDF progressing in #Tal_Rifaat as no defenselines were built by islamists and jihadis forces in the town to protect it from west" (Tweet). Retrieved 18 February 2016 – via Twitter.
  142. ^ [6] [7] [8] [9]
  143. ^ Jenan Moussa [@jenanmoussa] (14 February 2016). "Rebel groups #Azaz fear YPG/SDF-attack 2night from Minigh &Ayn Daqnah towards Kafr Khasher. Asking 4 reinforcements" (Tweet). Retrieved 18 February 2016 – via Twitter.
  144. ^ khaled. "قوات سوريا الديمقراطية تسيطر على بلدة كفرنايا بريف حلب الشمالي وتقترب من مناطق سيطرة تنظيم "الدولة الإسلامية"". المرصد السورى لحقوق الإنسان. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  145. ^ Julian Röpcke [@JulianRoepcke] (15 February 2016). "It seems #KafrNaya was handed over by #Assad's Shiite militias to #YPG / #SDF. #Putin's plan to draw in #Turkey" (Tweet). Retrieved 18 February 2016 – via Twitter.
  146. ^ Syrian Democratic Forces control Tal Rifaat and Kafr Naseh, the regime forces control Ihres after controlling Masqan
  147. ^ a b Leith Fadel (16 February 2016). "Hezbollah, Syrian Army take control of Ahras in northern Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 6 July 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  148. ^ "Bitter Rebels Blame Kurds for Looming Tide of Syrian Refugees". VOA. 16 February 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  149. ^ a b Nick Paton Walsh, CNN (16 February 2016). "Syria war near Aleppo: Huge impact on Sunni moderates". CNN. Retrieved 18 February 2016. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  150. ^ "UN, US condemn Syria air strikes as 'almost 50 civilians' killed". Yahoo News. 15 February 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  151. ^ "Turkey cries foul over US call to stop shelling Syrian Kurds". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  152. ^ a b Edward. "The Syrian Democratic Forces control Sheikh Isa village and reach the outskirts of Mare' the almost-entirely-besieged-city in the northern countryside of Aleppo". Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  153. ^ "Turkey asking coalition partners for joint Syria ground operation - Business Insider". Business Insider. 16 February 2016. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  154. ^ [10] [11] [12]
  155. ^ khaled. "اشتباكات في مدينة حلب بين قوات سوريا الديمقراطية والفصائل ومزيد من القذائف تستهدف أماكن في المدينة". المرصد السورى لحقوق الإنسان. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  156. ^ a b Leith Fadel (17 February 2016). "Kurdish forces advance around Aleppo City". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  157. ^ "The rebel army declares Aleppo and its northern countryside a military zone". Hawar News Agency. 16 February 2016. Archived from the original on 17 February 2016.
  158. ^ [13] [14]
  159. ^ PCL., Post Publishing. "Bangkok Post". Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  160. ^ Edward. "Hundreds of fighters enter Azaz through Turkish territory coming from the countryside of Idlib". Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  161. ^ Leith Fadel (18 February 2016). "Kurdish forces advance inside Aleppo City". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
  162. ^ suliman. "اشتباكات متواصلة في مدينة حلب بين الوحدات الكردية والفصائل وبين قوات النظام وتنظيم "الدولة الإسلامية" في ريف حمص الجنوبي الشرقي". المرصد السورى لحقوق الإنسان. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
  163. ^ a b Leith Fadel (24 February 2016). "Kurdish forces seize the entire Youth Housing Complex in Aleppo City". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
  164. ^ Leith Fadel (23 February 2016). "Russian airstrikes propel the Syrian Democratic Forces to capture several sites inside Aleppo City". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
  165. ^ khaled. "تنظيم "الدولة الإسلامية" يقتحم بلدة خناصر ويسيطر على أجزاء واسعة منها ومعارك عنيفة تشهدها المنطقة". المرصد السورى لحقوق الإنسان. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
  166. ^ "Agathocle de Syracuse". Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  167. ^ a b "Syria regime reportedly mobilizing for west Aleppo campaign". 29 February 2016. Archived from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  168. ^ "Yesterday #SAA withdrew from the... - Syria 24 English - Facebook". Facebook. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  169. ^ ABC News. "ABC News". ABC News. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  170. ^ Leith Fadel (2 March 2016). "Syrian Democratic Forces capture strategic hill overlooking rebel supply route in Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  171. ^ user3. "معارك عنيفة واستهدافات متبادلة في محيط الشيخ مقصود والوحدات تنفي سيطرتها على طريق الكاستيلو". Retrieved 28 July 2016. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  172. ^ Iran in Syrian war [@warreports] (5 February 2016). "Photos and names of 24 Iranians #IRGC who have been killed since 1 Feb in northern Aleppo, Syria" (Tweet) (in Persian). Retrieved 5 February 2016 – via Twitter.
  173. ^ "شهید قاجاریان به قولش وفا کرد/راه پدرم را ادامه می دهم". خبرگزاری مهر - اخبار ایران و جهان - Mehr News Agency (in Persian). 4 February 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  174. ^ "Farsnews". Archived from the original on 12 August 2018. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  175. ^ Militants kill Iranian general in Syria: Reports
  176. ^ "Syrian and Russian forces targeting hospitals as a strategy of war". Amnesty International. 3 June 2016. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
  177. ^ "فتح بزرگ سوری‌ها درنبرد نُبل و الزهرا /فتح الفتوح بعدی در راه است/ پیام قاطع مقاومت از نزدیکی مرزهای ترکیه به ژنو". خبرگزاری فارس (in Persian). 5 February 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February_2016)&oldid=1245422243"