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Al-Barakah (Islamic State administrative district)

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This article is about self-proclaimed administrative division of the Islamic State. For other uses, see Baraka.

Al-Barakah
Arabic: الْبَرَكَة, romanized: al-Barakah
Administrative district (former province) of the Islamic State
Flag of Al-Barakah
Flag
Official seal of Al-Barakah
Seal
Proto-stateIslamic State
Established2014
CapitalAl-Shaddadah (until 2016)[1]
Hajin (by 2018)
Government
 • WaliAbdul Nasser Qardash (2014, 2015)
Abu Osama al-Iraqi † (2014–2015)
Abu al-Waleed al-Sinawi † (?–2018)

Al-Barakah (Arabic: الْبَرَكَة, romanized: al-Barakah) is a Syrian administrative district of the Islamic State (IS), a Salafi jihadist militant group and unrecognised proto-state. Originally set up as al-Barakah Province (Arabic: وِلَايَة الْبَرَكَة, romanized: Wilāyah al-Barakah) to govern IS territories in al-Hasakah Governorate, the province shifted south after 2016 due to the territorial losses to the YPG/YPJ. Having been demoted from province to district in 2018, al-Barakah administered a small strip of land along the Euphrates in Deir ez-Zor Governorate until the Battle of Baghuz Fawqani; since then the "territory" has turned into an insurgency.

History

[edit]
Seal of al-Barakah during its time as self-proclaimed province

After entering the Syrian Civil War in 2013, the Islamic State started to call al-Hasakah Governorate "al-Barakah"[2] (translated "the blessing"[3] or "the blessed"[4]). Having captured vast swaths of Iraq and Syria, IS reorganized itself as proto-state in 2013/14, creating a government and 18 provinces ("wilayah") under the authority of the "Provincial Council" to administer its territories.[5] Al-Barakah Province was founded in early 2014 to govern IS-held areas in al-Hasakah Governorate,[3][6] and essentially claimed the same boundaries as the latter.[3][6] In a number of battles in course of 2014, most notably the Battle of Markada, IS defeated other rebel factions in the governorate and integrated their territories into al-Barakah Province.[7] The province was further expanded during the 2014 Eastern Syria offensive.[8] Nevertheless, the province's actual control remained limited to al-Hasakah Governorate's west and south,[9] while the rest was held by YPG/YPJ and the Syrian Army.[8]

After already losing much of its territory in 2015 to a number of YPG-led offensives, al-Barakah was reduced to al-Hasakah Governorate's frontier areas during the al-Shaddadi offensive of early 2016. Much of al-Barakah's regional leadership was also killed by an American airstrike in the latter offensive.[1] By late 2017, al-Barakah consisted just of a few villages and oil wells in al-Hasakah Governorate's east;[10] in response, the IS central command transferred some areas which previously belonged to "al-Furat [Euphrates] Province"[a] to al-Barakah.[3] Around November of that year, the leadership of al-Barakah Province agreed to a month-long ceasefire with the YPG-led Syrian Democratic Forces.[10] On 19 April 2018, much of al-Barakah's leadership, including its governor, general Sharia official, and 30 battalion and sector commanders, were killed by a bombing during a meeting.[11]

IS reorganized its regional affiliates in Iraq and Syria in July 2018, reducing former provinces like al-Barakah to districts and instead referring to all of Syria as a single province.[3][12] According to researchers Aaron Zelin and Devorah Margolin, this was supposed to "streamline decision-making and operations".[13] After the launch of a SDF campaign to evict IS from its last Syrian strongholds east of the Euphrates in September 2018, IS further reorganized its territorial divisions. Al-Barakah was moved 200 kilometres (120 miles) south,[3] into areas that were previously administrated by al-Furat Province. This move was probably due to IS losing all remaining territory in al-Hasakah Governorate during the early stages of the campaign. At the same time, a new "al-Hasakah" branch was set up in the areas which had originally been part of al-Barakah Province, probably to coordinate terrorist attacks there.[3]

The territory of al-Barakah district came under increasing pressure during 2018, as the SDF advanced along the Euphrates. By late 2018, al-Barakah's territory witnessed heavy fighting,[14][15] and al-Baghuz Fawqani, a village under al-Barakah's jurisdiction,[3] became the Islamic State's last important territorial holding in Syria by February 2019. As the SDF and IS battled for Baghuz Fawqani, al-Barakah's media channel released a video declaring that defeat in this battle would not mean defeat in the entire campaign, and urged the IS loyalists to continue their resistance.[16] Even as their last pocket in al-Baghuz was reduced to a small tent city and a cave system, IS continued to keep its institutions functioning, including its bureaucracy, police, and distribution of food and monetary aid to civilian followers.[17]

Even though al-Barakah ceased to exist as coherent territorial entity following the Battle of Baghuz Fawqani, its forces remained active. Militants affiliated with al-Barakah pledged allegiance to the Islamic State's new caliph Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi on 9 November 2019,[18] and reportedly attacked a U.S. base in al-Shaddadah on 26 December.[19] The IS media office in Syria also published videos in 2019 and 2020, threatening further attacks on anti-IS forces in the former territories of al-Barakah and al-Khayr.[13]

Organization

[edit]

Territory

[edit]
Further information: Territory of the Islamic State
Approximate territory of al-Barakah Province in April 2015
Approximate territory of al-Barakah district in November 2018

Al-Barakah Province generally claimed all of al-Hasakah Governorate as its territory, though it never fully controlled the region.[3][4][6][20] By early 2016, al-Barakah Province's headquarters was al-Shaddadah, while the province had been reduced to southern al-Hasakah Governorate.[1] Following its demotion to district and move south, the administrative division covered Hajin[b] and the villages of al-Baghuz Fawqani, al-Sayyal and Hasrat (which IS calls al-Khayrat) and Mawzan near the Euphrates, all of them part of the Abu Kamal District. Furthermore, the village of al-Bahra near Hajin was already part of al-Barakah since late 2017. Al-Barakah district in its current form is bordered by al-Furat district to its west and al-Khayr district to its northwest.[3][14]

Leadership

[edit]
Further information: List of Islamic State members

The province's first known governor ("wali") was Abdul Nasser Qardash in 2014. In June of that year, after the Islamic State's declaration of its caliphate, Qardash was transferred to other positions.[22] He was succeeded by Abu Osama al-Iraqi who held the position from 2014[23] to 2015, when he was killed during the Battle of al-Hasakah city[24][25] by an American airstrike.[26] He had been a member of the Islamic State's senior leadership,[23] and was considered to be one of the group's "military elite leaders".[25] At some point in 2015, Qardash once gain became involved in governing al-Barakah.[22] Later on, Abu al-Waleed al-Sinawi was appointed wali of al-Barakah. He was killed on 19 April 2018.[11]

Another prominent member of al-Barakah's government was the Saudi female jihadist Rima al-Jarish, a co-founder of the al-Khansaa Brigade who "led the media machine" of al-Barakah from 2014 until her death in 2016 and was responsible for recruiting foreigners.[1] Adam al-Chechani (d. 2016) served as leading military commander in the province by 2016.[1] Two known general Sharia officials for al-Barakah include Sheikh Abu Raghad al-Da'jani, and Abu Raghad al-Da'jani (died 19 April 2018).[11]

Furthermore, several sub-commanders and regional leaders of al-Barakah are known:

  • Abu Abeer al-Iraqi, "deputy emir" of al-Shaddadah until his death in 2016[1]
  • Abu Aicha al-Jazrawi, head of the Sharia Court in al-Shaddadah from an unknown point after May 2015[c] until his death in 2016[1]
  • Abu Hamid, emir for tribal affairs and head of the Sharia Court until his death in 2015[27]
  • Awn al-Murad al-Tunisi ("Abu Sayyaf al-Tunisi"), head of the Diwan al-Rikaz (ministry for the production/acquisition and sale of oil, gas, and antiquities) in al-Barakah and al-Khayr Provinces until his death in a U.S. Delta Force operation in May 2016[28]
  • Faysal Ahmad Ali al-Zahrani, the Islamic State oil and gas division official for al-Barakah from September 2014. He still held this position by December 2015, and had by then also assumed responsibility for a VBIED production site at al-Shaddadah.[29]
  • Abu Jihad al-Tunisi, media official for al-Barakah[30]

Politics and governance

[edit]
See also: Human rights in Islamic State-controlled territory and Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State
IS sign in al-Shaddadah which proclaims that "Whoever does not judge by what Allah has revealed - then it is those who are the disbelievers"; this edict was used as justification for several executions in al-Shaddadah.[31]

After taking control, the Islamic State started to provide public services and hired many people who had previously worked for Syrian state services. For instance, it hired "all" state-employed electricians in the area to repair power lines in al-Barakah.[32] In governing al-Barakah, IS also attempted to coopt local Arab tribes and clans.[33] In doing so, it exploited lingering anti-Kurdish sentiment among al-Hasakah Governorate's Arab population.[34][35] IS had originally "downplay[ed] accusations of anti-Kurdish racism"[2] and presented itself as pan-Sunni organization which regarded ethnicity as unimportant.[36] Consequently, a significant number of Kurds actually joined IS in al-Hasakah Governorate.[2] Over time, however, the Islamic State's relations with the Kurdish population of Syria in general worsened due to the successes of the mostly Kurdish YPG/YPJ.[37] As many Arabs feared Kurdish expansionism, IS thus started to present itself as defender of the Arab population and employed anti-Kurdish rhetoric.[37][35] This tactic had some success, even convincing former Arab critics of IS that the jihadists' rule over al-Hasakah Governorate was preferable to the YPG/YPJ.[35] Militant anti-Kurdish members of the Arab Tayy and Jibur tribes sided with IS in order to defend al-Barakah Province from the YPG-led Eastern al-Hasakah offensive of 2015.[34]

The Islamic State's governance of al-Barakah occasionally suffered from some internal turmoil: At some point in or after 2016, some local IS judges went on strike to protest the impunity with which IS security officials ("amnis") were allowed to act in al-Barakah. By this point, civilians had also voiced opposition to the security agents' behavior. Regardless, higher-ranking IS officials ignored the issue.[38] As IS control over its territories weakened, the severity of punishments increased, including in al-Barakah. One local recalled that IS security forces initially undertook actual investigations, but later started to just execute suspects.[39]

In early 2014, IS was preparing to set up a "dhimmi pact" to deal with Christians living in al-Barakah Province, and ordered them to pay the jizya (a special tax for non-Muslims). At the time, the Jihadists were not yet officially forcing them to convert to Islam.[40] Nevertheless, IS militants under al-Barakah's jurisdiction were known to abduct, ransom, persecute, and execute local Christians,[41][42] sometimes disparagingly referred to as "crusaders" by IS followers.[41] This ran contrary to the group's own portrayal of its policies, as al-Barakah's authorities claimed that they acted mercifully toward Christians while also proselytizing them. Most notably, al-Barakah's media center released a report in March 2015 according to which several Christians from Tell Tamer had voluntarily converted and "received the caliphate's blessing". A local journalist argued, however, that the converts had probably been threatened with torture or death. Accordingly, the Islamic State's version of the story was propaganda "to attract the sympathy of Muslims worldwide".[43]

After al-Barakah had been reduced to an insurgent presence, IS continued to publish administrative documents relating to the district in order to claim a continuation of its governance.[44]

Media and propaganda

[edit]

Al-Barakah has its own media channel, simply called "Al-Barakah Province"[14] or "Al-Sham-Al-Barakah Province".[15] The material released by this channel is often disseminated by the Amaq News Agency[14] and the Shumukh Agency.[45] By 2015, al-Barakah was among the IS provinces with the highest propaganda output.[46] In its propaganda, IS did not just present al-Barakah Province's governance as ideal and fair,[33] but also promoted the beauty of its natural environment.[47] The media output of the province was initially reduced along with its shrinking territory during 2017, but as the Euphrates holdings of IS came into focus as the Jihadist organization's last important territory in Syria, al-Barakah regained some prominence. By 2018, the main focus of al-Barakah's media channel was the Islamic State's resistance against the advancing SDF.[14]

Military

[edit]
Main article: Military of the Islamic State

Al-Barakah was part of the "Eastern Syria Command" of the military of the Islamic State by 2015.[4] Like all IS provinces, al-Barakah was assigned money by the Islamic State's treasury department and Delegated Committee each month based on what was available and where support was most needed. Abdul Nasser Qardash stated that his budget for al-Barakah was $200 million in 2015. This money was spent on paying salaries of IS fighters, recruiting new troops, buying weaponry and ammunition, weapon development, and organizing military campaigns.[22]

The number of IS fighters who served in the province varied over time. By mid-2014, the "Army of Hasakah" counted around 6,000 men; one its top commanders at the time was Abu Jandal al-Kuwaiti.[48][49] In contrast, IS was only able to gather 4,500 troops for one of its last major offensives to expand al-Barakah in August 2015.[50] Al-Barakah's regional military was known to include a unit of Southeast Asian child soldiers, called the "Putera Khilafa" (Princes of the Caliphate).[51][52] IS also used multiple armoured fighting vehicles at the frontlines of al-Hasakah Governorate.[53]

Notes

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  1. ^ This IS province straddled the Syrian-Iraqi border, and covered eastern Deir ez-Zor Governorate.[3]
  2. ^ According to a refugee from Hajin, the town was still located in "Wilayat al-Furat" (Euphrates Province) by September 2018,[21] although IS propaganda portrayed Hajin as part of al-Barakah by this time, and the Euphrates Province had been demoted to Euphrates district in July 2018.[3]
  3. ^ Abu Hamid was head of the Sharia Court in al-Shaddadah until 31 May 2015,[27] so Abu Aicha al-Jazrawi was appointed sometime later.

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g "ISIS media official, jihadi leaders killed in American strike north Syria". ARA News. 20 February 2016. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
  2. ^ a b c Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (10 December 2013). "The Qamishli Front". Brown Moses. Retrieved 16 November 2018.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l BBC Monitoring (11 October 2018). "Explainer: IS redraws boundaries of its local Syrian 'branches'". BBC. Retrieved 16 November 2018.
  4. ^ a b c Nance 2015, p. 319.
  5. ^ Atwan 2015, p. 143.
  6. ^ a b c Bill Roggio (9 April 2014). "ISIS' 'Southern Division' praises foreign suicide bombers". Long War Journal. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  7. ^ Nance 2016, p. 55.
  8. ^ a b Charles Lister (7 August 2014). "Not Just Iraq: The Islamic State is Also on the March in Syria". Brookings Institution. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
  9. ^ "Islamic State Militant Activity In Iraq, Syria and Lebanon". Voice of America. 21 May 2015. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  10. ^ a b Leith Aboufadel (28 November 2017). "US-backed forces involved in one month long ceasefire with IS in Hasakah". al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  11. ^ a b c Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (25 December 2018). "Complaints Against the Islamic State's Media Department Head". Retrieved 22 January 2019.
  12. ^ Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center 2019a, p. 41.
  13. ^ a b Zelin & Margolin 2023, p. 24.
  14. ^ a b c d e Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center 2018a, p. 13.
  15. ^ a b Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center 2018b, p. 9.
  16. ^ Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center 2019b, pp. 1–2.
  17. ^ El Deeb, Sarah (6 March 2019). "To the bitter end, IS militants remain organized and brutal". AP News. Retrieved 8 April 2019.
  18. ^ "The Islamic State's Bayat Campaign". jihadology.net. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  19. ^ "Jihad and Terrorism Threat Monitor (JTTM) Weekend Summary: December 21-28, 2019". MEMRI. 28 December 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
  20. ^ Rasheed 2015, p. 46.
  21. ^ Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (28 September 2018). "Hajin in Deir az-Zor: Interview". Retrieved 20 February 2019.
  22. ^ a b c Husham Al-Hashimi (4 June 2020). "Interview: ISIS's Abdul Nasser Qardash". New Lines Institute. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  23. ^ a b Charles Lister (20 October 2014). "Islamic State Senior Leadership: Who's Who" (PDF). Brookings Institution. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  24. ^ "The regime forces and YPG retake the city of al- Hasakah". Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. Archived from the original on 29 July 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
  25. ^ a b "ISIS looks for al-Baghdady substitute". PUKmedia. 4 December 2016. Archived from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  26. ^ "After 4 years that left more than 8000 casualties including prominent leaders, airstrikes of the "International Coalition" kill "the former Wali of Raqqa" in the last ISIS enclave east of Euphrates". SOHR. 26 August 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  27. ^ a b Eric Schmitt (11 February 2016). "A Raid on ISIS Yields a Trove of Intelligence". New York Times. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  28. ^ Zelin 2018, pp. 16, 30.
  29. ^ Thomas Joscelyn (11 February 2016). "Treasury sanctions Islamic State oil and religious officials, facilitator in Gaza". Long War Journal. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  30. ^ Zelin 2018, p. 30.
  31. ^ Zana Omar (2 March 2016). "Key Victory Against IS in Syria Relieves Residents". Voice of America. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
  32. ^ da Silva, Bamber-Zryd & Lemay-Hébert 2023, p. 53.
  33. ^ a b Zelin 2015, p. 91.
  34. ^ a b Ridwan Bizar (20 February 2015). "Arab tribal fighters declare war on Kurdish YPG forces, north Syria". ARA News. Archived from the original on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2018.
  35. ^ a b c Weiss & Hassan 2016, p. 168.
  36. ^ Weiss & Hassan 2016, pp. 164–165.
  37. ^ a b Al-Tamimi 2017, pp. 35–36.
  38. ^ Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (21 June 2019). "Opposition to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi: 'The Hollow Organization'". Retrieved 28 July 2019.
  39. ^ da Silva, Bamber-Zryd & Lemay-Hébert 2023, p. 51.
  40. ^ Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (26 February 2014). "The Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham's dhimmi pact for the Christians of Raqqa province". Syria Comment. Retrieved 16 November 2018.
  41. ^ a b "Islamic State 'abducts dozens of Christians in Syria'". BBC. 23 February 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  42. ^ Kareem Shaheen (8 October 2015). "Isis appears to have killed three Christian hostages in Syria". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
  43. ^ Sarbaz Yusuf (24 March 2015). "ISIS-held Assyrian hostage converts to Islam". ARA News. Archived from the original on 17 December 2018. Retrieved 16 November 2018.
  44. ^ Zelin & Margolin 2023, p. 27.
  45. ^ Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center 2019a, p. 42.
  46. ^ Zelin 2015, pp. 87–88.
  47. ^ Zelin 2015, p. 93.
  48. ^ Nance 2016, p. 54.
  49. ^ Pascale Menassa (2 July 2014). "The Islamic State's organizational structure one year in". Al Monitor. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  50. ^ Aris Roussinos (19 August 2015). "What We Learned While Embedded With Kurdish Forces Clearing the Islamic State From Hasakah". Vice News. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  51. ^ Remy Mahzam (6 July 2016). "ISIS adds lure of children to regional propaganda campaign". The Straits Times. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  52. ^ Benjamin Soloway; Henry Johnson (19 May 2016). "ISIS Is Training Indonesian 'Cubs of the Caliphate' to Kill for the Cause". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  53. ^ Stijn Mitzer; Joost Oliemans (31 August 2017). "Armour in the Islamic State, the Story of 'The Workshop'". Oryx Blog. Retrieved 23 November 2018.

Works cited

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