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Nazism and cinema

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The Totenehrung (honouring of dead) at the 1934 Nuremberg Rally. SS leader Heinrich Himmler, Adolf Hitler and SA leader Viktor Lutze (from L to R) on the stone terrace; from Triumph of the Will, directed by Leni Riefenstahl.

Nazism made extensive use of the cinema throughout its history. Though it was a relatively new technology, the Nazi Party established a film department soon after it rose to power in Germany. Both Adolf Hitler and his propaganda minister, Joseph Goebbels, used the many Nazi films to promote the party ideology and show their influence in the burgeoning art form, which was an object of personal fascination for Hitler.[1] The Nazis valued film as a propaganda instrument of enormous power, courting the masses by means of slogans that were aimed directly at the instincts and emotions of the people. The Department of Film also used the economic power of German moviegoers to influence the international film market. This resulted in almost all Hollywood producers censoring films critical of Nazism during the 1930s, as well as showing news shorts produced by the Nazis in American theaters.

Background

[edit]

The Nazis were very aware of the propagandistic effect of movies and already in 1920 the issues of the Racial Observer included film criticism.[2] The SS-philosopher Walter Julius Bloem published the book The Soul of the Cinema – A Commitment to the Movies in 1922.[3]

In September 1923, Philipp Nickel produced a documentary of the "German Day in Nuremberg" where the "Battle-League" was founded, shortly before the Beer Hall Putsch. Hitler wrote about the psychological effect of images in Mein Kampf:

One must also remember that of itself the multitude is mentally inert, that it remains attached to its old habits and that it is not naturally prone to read something which does not conform with its own pre-established beliefs when such writing does not contain what the multitude hopes to find there.

The picture, in all its forms, including the film, has better prospects. In a much shorter time, at one stroke I might say, people will understand a pictorial presentation of something which it would take them a long and laborious effort of reading to understand.[4]

A comprehensive critique of the film industry was published by the Nazi economist Hans Buchner in 1927 with the title "Spellbound by Movies. The Global Dominance of the Cinema".[5] Further short Nazi films about party rallies were made in 1927–1929. The first NSDAP film office was established in 1931, and started producing "documentaries" in a larger scale, e.g., in 1932 "Hitlers Kampf um Deutschland" (Hitler's fight for Germany), "Blutendes Deutschland" (Germany is bleeding), "Das junge Deutschland marschiert" (The German Youth is on the March).[6] Herbert Gerdes directed five Nazi propaganda films: Erbkrank (1936), Alles Leben ist Kampf (1937), Was du Ererbt (1938), Schuld oder Schein (1921), and Das Große Geheimnis (1920).[7][8]

Nazi propagandist Hans Traub, who had earned his PhD in 1925 with a dissertation on the press and the German revolutions of 1848–49, wrote in the essay "The film as a political instrument" in 1932:

Without any doubt the film is a formidable means of propaganda. Achieving propagandistic influence has always demanded a ‘language’ which forms a memorable and passionate plot with a simple narrative. … In the vast area of such ’language’ that the recipients are directly confronted by in the course of technical and economical processes, the most effective is the moving picture. It demands permanent alertness; it’s full of surprises concerning the change of time, space, and action; it has an unimaginable richness of rhythm for intensifying or dispelling emotions.[9]

Goals of the Nazi film policy

[edit]

Goebbels, who appointed himself "Patron of the German film", believed that a national cinema which was entertaining and put glamour on the government would be a more effective propaganda instrument than a national cinema in which the NSDAP and their policy would have been ubiquitous. Goebbels emphasized the will to end the "shamelessness and tastelessness" that he thought could be found in the former movie industry.[10] The main goal of the Nazi film policy was to promote escapism, which was designed to distract the population and to keep everybody in good spirits; Goebbels indeed blamed defeat in World War I on the failure to sustain the morale of the people.[11]

The open propaganda was reserved for films like Der Sieg des Glaubens and Triumph des Willens, records of the Nuremberg rallies, and newsreels. There are some examples of Nazi-era feature films that deal with the NSDAP or with party organizations such as the Sturmabteilung, Hitler Youth or the National Labour Service, one example being Hitlerjunge Quex about the Hitler Youth. Another example is the anti-semitic feature film Jew Suss. The propaganda films that refer directly to Nazi politics amounted to less than a sixth of the whole national film production, which mainly consisted of light entertainment films.[citation needed]

For conceiving a Nazi film theory, Goebbels suggested as formative material the Hamburg Dramaturgy and Laokoon, or the Limitations of Poetry by Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, and also demanded "realistic characters" pointing to Shakespeare.[12] Goebbels emphasized Lessing's idea that "not only imagining per se, but purposeful imagining, would prove the creative mind".[13]

Emil Jannings wrote in 1942 in the National Socialist Monthly about the goal of showing men and women who can master their own fate as models for identification.[14] The authorities and NSDAP departments in charge of film policy were the film department of the Ministry of Propaganda, the Chamber of Culture (Reichskulturkammer), the Chamber of Film (Reichsfilmkammer), and the film department of the Party Propaganda Department (Reichspropagandaleitung).[citation needed]

A system of "award" was used to encourage self-censorship; awarded for such things as "cultural value" or "value to the people", they remitted part of the heavy taxes on films.[15] Up to a third of the films in Nazi Germany received such awards.[15]

History

[edit]
Film production and earnings[16]
Year Films produced Total RM cost Tickets sold (millions) Gross RM receipts (millions)
1932 238.4 176.4
1933 114 28.5 244.9 176.3
1934 129 32.5 259.4 194.6
1935 92 36.3 303.9 230.9
1936 112 50.7 361.6 282.1
1937 94 50.5 394.4 309.2
1938 93 441.6 353.3
1939 107 623.7 476.9
1940 85 834.1 650
1941 67 892.3 725.7
1942 58 1,062.1 894.2
1943 76 1,116.5 958.6
1944 60 1,101.7 951.3
1945 6

Pre-seizure of power

[edit]

A Symphony of the Will to Fight, the first film officially produced by the Nazis, was a coverage of the 1927 Nuremberg rally. Nazi activity was later filmed by UFA GmbH, which was acquired by Alfred Hugenberg in 1927.[17]

The Nationalist Socialist Film Service was created in November 1928, and local parties were required to have film projectors starting in 1929.[18] Goebbels established an organization to distribute Nazi films in 1930, but did not receive proper financial backing. Film production and distribution were instead handled by Gauleiters. In 1932, ten Landesfilmstellen (LES) were formed to distribute films created by the Nazi Film Service.[19] The Hitler Youth started showing films on a monthly basis in Cologne beginning on 20 April 1934, and this expanded nationally to a weekly basis in 1936.[20]

Takeover

[edit]

The Film Credit Bank [de], formed on 1 June 1933, gave the Nazis financial control over film production as independent producers became dependent on its backing. The Reich Chamber of Film was formed on 14 July, and was later included as one of the seven organizations in the Reich Chamber of Culture. The Film Credit Bank was financing over 73% of feature films by 1936.[21] The Reich Cinema Law, enacted on 1 March 1934, required all film scripts to be approved by a Nazi film advisor.[22]

Hans Hinkel was tasked by Goebbels with removing all Jewish influence from the film industry.[23] Weimar-era films which had Jewish people involved in the production were renamed and had those people removed from the credits. Warner Bros. closed its German affiliate rather than follow Nazi policies on Jews and Universal Pictures' German affiliate, Deutsche Universal, was moved to Vienna and then to Budapest.[24]

German film exports fell as they could not reach screen quotas due to Nazi policies to reduce foreign film imports and widespread censorship inhibiting distributors who wanted to import films.[25] The international box office accounted for 40% of German film earnings during the silent era and was at 30% in 1932, but fell to 11% for 1934–1935.[26]

More and more production companies went bankrupt. The number of companies dropped from 114 (1933–35) to 79 (1936–38) to 38 (1939–41). This did not necessarily lead to a decrease in the number of new films, as the remaining production companies produced many more films. Nazi companies went on to produce co-productions with companies of other countries: eight co-productions with the Kingdom of Italy, six co-productions with the French Third Republic, five co-productions with the Kingdom of Hungary, 5 co-productions with Czechoslovakia, 3 co-productions with Switzerland, two co-productions with the Second Polish Republic and the Empire of Japan (e.g., The Daughter of the Samurai), and one each with Francoist Spain, the United States, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and Sweden.[27]

State subsidies to the film industry resulted in improved production values: average film production costs quintupled from 250,000 ℛℳ in 1933[28] (equivalent to €1,158,873 in 2021) to 1,380,000 ℛℳ in 1942 (equivalent to €5,785,574 in 2021). Ticket sales within the Reich quadrupled from 250 million in 1933 to more than a billion in 1942.[28] Box-office sales more than doubled from 441 million ℛℳ in 1938 (equivalent to 2 billion 2021 €) to over 1 billion ℛℳ in 1942 (equivalent to 4 billion 2021 €).

Adolf Hitler, Joseph Goebbels, and others watch filming at Ufa, 1935.

Max Winkler oversaw the elimination of economic roadblocks to the nationalization of the film industry. UFA and Tobis Film, who were financially struggling in 1936, now had the majority of their stock controlled by Cautio Trust Company, created by Winkler. Kautio acquired UFA in March 1937, Tobis in May, Terra Film in August, and Bavaria Film was also acquired. Austria and Czechoslovakia's film industries were nationalized into Wien-Film and Prag Film [de] following their annexations by Germany. On 10 January 1942, UFA-Film GmbH (UFI) was formed as a giant holding company for the entire German film industry.[29] UFI was a vertically integrated monopoly, covering the entire European film market under German hegemony, with foreign imports cut off.[28] The company's profits surged, reaching 155 million ℛℳ in 1942 (equivalent to 650 million 2021 €) and 175 million ℛℳ in 1943 (equivalent to 715 million 2021 €).

Fritz Hippler, the director of The Eternal Jew, was placed in charge of the film section of the Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda (RMVP).[30]

Propaganda

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Film showings and attendance for the Hitler Youth[31]
Year Showings Attendance
1934–1935 300,000
1935–1936 905 425,176
1936–1937 1,725 897,839
1937–1938 3,563 1,771,236
1938–1939 4,886 2,562,489
1939–1940 8,244 3,538,224
1940–1941 12,560 4,800,000
1941–1942 15,800 5,600,000
1942–1943 >45,290 11,215,000

Since the period of the Weimar Republic, there had also existed an extensive system of educational film hire services which was extended under the Nazi administration. In 1943, there were 37 regional services and 12,042 city services.[32] In parallel, the Party Propaganda Department (Reichspropagandaleitung) ran its own network of educational film hire services which included 32 Gaue, 171 district, and 22,357 local services. All film hire services had extensive film collections as well as rental 16 mm film projectors available that made it possible to show films in any class or lecture room and at any group meeting of the Hitler Youth.

One-sixth of the 1,097 feature films produced between 1933 and 1945 were overt propaganda films. The majority of these films were financed by the RMVP's film section. The number of political films produced declined as World War II continued as Goebbels sought to distract the populace from the war.[33]

The Nazis produced three feature-length propaganda films about the party's rise to power in 1933. These were S.A.-Mann Brand, Hitlerjunge Quex, and Hans Westmar.[34] Goebbels praised The Rebel as what Nazi filmmakers should aspire to.[35] Goebbels wanted film propaganda to be done using subtle methods, but Triumph of the Will, which was the opposite of this belief, was produced against Goebbels' wishes.[36]

Death Over Shanghai, which was released four weeks before the Nazi rise to power, was re-edited into a pro-Japanese film. Another pro-Japanese film, Port Arthur, was made in 1936.[37]

The United Kingdom's status in Nazi propaganda fluctuated. The Higher Command from 1935 depicted the British and Prussian allied military effort against Napoleon. The Traitor from 1936 depicted British agents as the enemies of German rearmament. The Rothschilds from 1940 had a negative depiction of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington. The Nazis made the pro-Irish The Fox of Glenarvon and My Life for Ireland during World War II.[38]

A law was passed in 1938 which required newsreels to be played before all commercial film showings. All of the newsreel companies were merged into Die Deutsche Wochenschau on 21 November 1940.[39]

Women Are Better Diplomats, Germany's first feature film in colour, was released in 1941.[40]

International

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Around 500 films were exported to the United States between 1933 and 1942.[41] The 79th Street Theater in Yorkville, Manhattan only showed films from Germany.[42] Casino Film Exchange was one of the largest American importers of German and Austrian films in the 1930s, operated a theatre in Yorkville,[43] and presented the films to German-Americans across the country.[44]

Fall of Nazism

[edit]

Newsreel and film production was hampered by petrol and potassium nitrate shortages in 1944. Goebbels dissolved the departments for theatre, music, and the visual arts in the Propaganda Ministry. Cultural and advertising film production was ended as well.[45]

The Soviet Union dismantled Ufa within its occupation zone and created the state-owned DEFA to manage a film monopoly in East Germany. East Germany held the major studios of Berlin, such as Babelsberg Studio and Johannisthal Studios, while Geiselgasteig studio in Munich became one of the film centres of West Germany. All Ufa property was liquidated in the American and British occupation zones on 7 September 1949.[46]

The war had destroyed a large number of Germany's cinemas. Only 10 of Munich's 80 theatres and 100 of Bavaria's 500 theatres were still operating in January 1946. The number of theatres rose to 1,848 in the British zone, 1,268 in the American zone, and 450 in the French zone.[47]

Censorship

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Anything that hinted at national weakness or promoted democracy were banned in the country along with other studio projects if they portrayed an image of Germany or history that the Nazis did not want the world to see. They also censored films for moral, political and eugenic infractions. This uniquely aggressive and effective suppressive of speech through film left only the small independent art house films where one could find stories critical of the Nazis in the 1930s, not unlike where one might find movies critical of China in the 21st century.[48]

All Quiet on the Western Front was so upsetting to Nazi officials watching the screening in Berlin in December 1930 that it was stopped mid-screening and many edits had to be made before it could be re-released. Universal scrapped all scenes that portrayed Germans in a negative light, and the Germans agreed to screen the film again only if Universal released the censored version worldwide as well.[48]

Using the significant economic power of German moviegoers to self-censor films globally, resulting in all but one Hollywood producers censoring films critical of Nazism and even showing news shorts of film produced by the Nazis in American theaters.[49] No American films that were made between 1933 and 1939 were critical of Nazism, including those released domestically.[49] Warner Brothers, the lone US production company without a partnership with the Nazis, had pulled out of Germany in 1934 after one of its Jewish employees was assaulted in Germany.[50] Paramount, MGM and Fox all kept working with the German market, in part because their revenue was often frozen in German banks and not released right away. Fox and Paramount even collaborated on news reels with the Nazis that were shipped all around the world, in the hopes of getting their frozen assets back.[50]

Warner Brothers released the first film with a plot critical of Nazis, Confessions of a Nazi Spy, in May 1939; the film also fueled unfounded fears of Jewish refugees acting as Nazi spies and contributed to the further restriction of Jewish refugees from Europe.[51] Hollywood's presence started to come under increasing scrutiny after Kristallnacht in 1938, and a wholesale retreat from the country took place in mid-1940, in part because of declining sales in Germany.[48]

These new incentives put in place by the Nazis led to Universal scrapping a project about the sinking of the Lusitania and delaying its sequel to All Quiet on the Western Front to 1936. When production started on The Road Back, all the actors received a letter from Goebbels' emissary in Los Angeles, Georg Gyssling, that none of them would be able to work on projects shown in Germany. Despite the uproar that ensued, the production was completed after 21 preemptive cuts were made, including a sanitized ending that made the world, not Germany, seem culpable for militarism. However, Universal was still blacklisted in Germany. The Nazis insisted on edits to the Warner Brothers film Captured! that showed poor treatment of prisoners at the hands of Germans, and further punished the studio even after they acquiesced by blocking subsequent releases that were expected to perform well in Germany. MGM's cancellation of the anti-Nazi movie Are We Civilized? led to a dozen of their films being approved a week later. The Mad Dog of Europe, one of the first attempts to dramatize Hitler, was dissuaded from going further by the MPAA in 1933, who worried that all American films would be banned in Germany in retaliation.[48]

Goebbels also kept lists of which actors and crew were Jewish or anti-Nazi and refused to import films on which they worked. Georg Gyssling kept an eye on Hollywood scripts and activities, including writing letters to Will H. Hays' office when he found something that he or his bosses did not approve of.[50]

On 13 May 1936, Goebbels banned critics from writing negative reviews on the same day as the exhibition and later banned all negative reviews in November. Critics were required to obtain a license from the Reich Chamber of Culture.[52]

Cinemas

[edit]

Apart from the Ufa-owned cinema chain, the cinemas were not nationalized. The majority of the 5,506 cinemas that existed in 1939 within the so-called Altreich (the "Old Reich", i.e., Germany without Austria and the Sudetenland) were small companies run by private owners. However, a large number of rules and regulations issued by the Reichsfilmkammer limited the entrepreneurial freedom of the cinemas considerably. It was mandatory to include a documentary and a newsreel in every film programme. By a law of 1933 (the Gesetz über die Vorführung ausländischer Bildstreifen vom 23. Juni 1933), the government was also entitled to prohibit the presentation of foreign films. An import quota for foreign films had been set during the Weimar Republic, and during World War II, the import of films from certain foreign countries was completely prohibited. For example, from 1941 onwards, the presentation of American films became illegal.

A quantitative comparison of the percentage of German movies screened vs. foreign movies screened shows the following numbers: in the last year of the Weimar Republic the percentage of German movies was 62%; by 1939 it had risen to 77% while the number of cinema visits increased by the factor 2.5 from 1933 to 1939. On the contrary the percentage of for example American movies screened was reduced from 26% in 1932 to 14% in 1939; from 1933 to 1937 eleven US movies were considered "artistically valuable" by the Nazi authorities (e.g., The Lives of a Bengal Lancer).[53]

In order to boost the propaganda effect, the Nazis supported film shows in large cinemas with large audiences where the feeling of being part of the crowd was so overwhelming for the individual spectator that critical film perception had little chance. Film shows also took place in military barracks and factories. The Hitler Youth arranged special film programmes (Jugendfilmstunden) where newsreels and propaganda films were shown. In order to supply even rural and remote areas with film shows, the Party Propaganda Department (Reichspropagandaleitung) operated 300 film trucks and two film trains that carried all the necessary equipment for showing films in, for example, village inns. The Nazis intended to use television as a medium for their propaganda once the number of television sets was increased, but television was able initially to reach only a small number of viewers, in contrast to radio. Only a small number of the Einheitsempfänger TV also called People's TV, were produced.

Film propaganda had the highest priority in Germany even under the severe conditions of the last years of World War II. While schools and playhouses stopped working in 1944, cinemas continued to operate until the very end of the war. In Berlin for instance, anti-aircraft units were posted specially to protect the local cinemas in 1944.

On 9 February 1933, Nazi members of the German Cinema Owners' Association demanded that Adolf Engl be appointed leader. The entire board resigned on 18 March, and gave Engl and the Nazis control over the organization.[54]

Star system

[edit]
Marika Rökk with fan mail, c. 1940

There always had been film stars in Germany, but a star system comparable to the star system in Hollywood did not yet exist. Nazi leaders denounced the star system as a Jewish invention.[55] However, in order to improve the image of Nazi Germany, Goebbels made great efforts to form a star system.[56] After Marlene Dietrich and Greta Garbo had gone to Hollywood and could not be persuaded to serve the National Socialist film industry as figureheads, new film stars were promoted.

The best-known example is the Swedish actress Zarah Leander who was hired in 1937 by Ufa and became the most prominent and highest-paid German film star in only a few years. The publicity campaign for Leander was run by the press office of the Ufa, which concealed her past as a film actress already well known in Sweden and put their money right away on her charisma as a singer with an exceptionally deep voice. The Ufa press office provided the newspapers with detailed instructions on how the new star would have to be presented, and even the actress herself had to follow detailed instructions whenever she appeared in public. This kind of star publicity had not existed in Germany before.

Prominent politicians such as Hitler, Goebbels, and Hermann Göring appeared in public flanked by popular German film actors. The female stars in particular were expected to lend some glamour to the dry and male-dominated NSDAP events. Hitler's preferred dinner partners were the actresses Olga Chekhova and Lil Dagover, and from 1935, Hermann Göring was married to the popular actress Emmy Sonnemann. The relationships of Goebbels to several female film stars are also notorious. Magda Goebbels left a screening of the film Die Reise nach Tilsit, because it seemed to her too close a telling of her husband's relationship with Lída Baarová, which had resulted in the actress being sent back to her native Czechoslovakia.[57]

Personal proximity to the political leaders became a determining factor for the career success of film actors. An informal system of listings decided how frequently an actor would be cast. The five categories extended from "to cast at all costs even without a vacancy" (for instance Zarah Leander, Lil Dagover, Heinz Rühmann) to "casting under no circumstances welcome".

How crucial the film stars were for the image of the National Socialist government is also evident from the tax benefits that Hitler decreed in 1938 for prominent film actors and directors. From that time on, they could deduct 40% of their income as professional expenses.

The Nazi film theorist Fritz Hippler wrote in his 1942 book Contemplations on Film-Making: "Enough has been written as to whether 'celebritism' is beneficial or harmful—but one way or the other, it cannot be denied that throughout the world a main motive of people going to the movies is to see the faces they know and love" and Hippler suggested that the stars to be chosen for Nazi cinema should have "European standard" and at the same time appeal to the "Germans' ideal of beauty", so that Germans could identify with them.[58] Non-German actors in the Nazi cinema included Zarah Leander, Marika Rökk, Lída Baarová, Pola Negri, Adina Mandlová, Johannes Heesters, Iván Petrovich, Laura Solari, Angelo Ferrari, Germana Paolieri (Italian), Nikolay Fyodorovich Kolin, Boris Alekin (Russian), Igo Sym (Polish), Rosita Serrano (Chilean). The Russian Victor Tourjansky and the Hungarian Géza von Bolváry were popular non-German directors.

In 1944, Joseph Goebbels issued a list with "irreplaceable artists" called the Gottbegnadeten list, which included people such as Arno Breker, Richard Strauss, and Johannes Heesters.[59]

During World War II, German film stars supported the war effort by performing for the troops or by collecting money for the German Winter Relief Organization (Winterhilfswerk). Although most of the male stars were exempted from military service, some—such as the popular Heinz Rühmann—participated in the war as soldiers, often accompanied by newsreel film crews.

The Bureau for the Promotion of Art worked with sub-divisions of the RMVP to investigate the racial origins of actors. Hans Albers's popularity was able to maintain his acting career despite his relationship with Hansi Burg, a Jewish woman.[60]

Actors and filmmakers such as Fritz Grünbaum, Hans Behrendt, and Max Ehrlich were murdered in The Holocaust.[61] Richard Oswald, Reinhold Schünzel, Wolfgang Zilzer, Henry Koster, Curt Alexander, and others fled Germany after the rise of the Nazis.[62] Liane Haid fled Germany in 1942 stating that "Everything was bombed and because all the good directors had left".[63]

National film award winners

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Officially honored films considered by the Nazis to be "artistically valuable" (German: künstlerisch wertvoll) by the state (* = predicate "special political value" – introduced in 1934, + = predicate "special traditional value" (German: volkstümlich wertvoll), ** = predicate "film of the nation" introduced in 1941):

Year Title
1933

S.A.-Mann Brand (dir. Franz Seitz, Sr.)
Hitlerjunge Quex i.e., Hitler Youth Quex (dir. Hans Steinhoff)
Reifende Jugend i.e., Maturing Youth (dir. Carl Froelich)
Flüchtlinge i.e., Refugees (dir. Gustav Ucicky)

1934

Ich für dich, du für mich i.e., I for you, you for me (dir. Carl Froelich)
Der Schimmelreiter i.e., The Rider on the White Horse (dir. Curt Oertel, Hans Deppe), based on the novella by Theodor Storm
Der verlorene Sohn i.e., The Prodigal Son (dir. Luis Trenker)
Der Herr der Welt i.e., Master of the World (dir. Harry Piel)
*Stoßtrupp 1917 i.e., Shock Troop 1917 (dir. Hans Zöberlein, Ludwig Schmid-Wildy)
Krach um Jolanthe i.e., Trouble with Jolanthe (dir. Carl Froelich), based on a book by August Hinrichs

1935

*Hermine und die sieben Aufrechten i.e., Hermine and the Seven Upright Men (dir. Frank Wisbar)
Liebesleute – Hermann und Dorothea von Heute i.e., A Pair of Lovers – Hermann and Dorothea of today (dir. Erich Waschneck)
Mazurka (dir. Willi Forst)
Artisten (dir. Harry Piel)
Liebe geht – wohin sie will i. ., Love goes – wherever it wants to (dir. Kurt Skalden)
*Der alte und der junge König i.e., The old and the young King (dir. Hans Steinhoff)
*Das Mädchen Johanna i.e., Lass Joan (dir. Gustav Ucicky), a film about the French heroine Joan of Arc
Friesennot i.e., Frisians in Hardship (dir. Willi Krause)
Henker, Frauen und Soldaten i.e., Hangmen, Women and Soldiers (dir. Johannes Meyer), a film about two cousins, one fighting on the German side in the Freikorps, the other fighting on the bolshevist (proto-soviet) side
*Liselotte von der Pfalz i.e., The Private Life of Louis XIV (dir. Carl Froelich), about Elizabeth Charlotte, Princess of the Palatinate
Papageno (dir. Lotte Reiniger)
*Der höhere Befehl i.e., The Higher Command (dir. Gerhard Lamprecht)

1936

Das Schönheitsfleckchen i.e., The Beauty Spot (dir. Rolf Hansen)
*Traumulus i.e., The Dreamer (dir. Carl Froelich)
Drei Mäderl um Schubert i.e., Three Girls around Schubert (dir. E. W. Emo), based on a novel by Rudolf Hans Bartsch
Stadt Anatol i.e., City of Anatol (dir. Victor Tourjansky)
Stärker als Paragraphen i.e., Stronger than Paragraphs (dir. Jürgen von Alten)
Wenn der Hahn kräht i.e., When the cock crows (dir. Carl Froelich)
Schlußakkord i.e., Final Chord (dir. Douglas Sirk)
Savoy Hotel 217 (dir. Gustav Ucicky), a crime story in the Russian Empire
Fährmann Maria i.e., Ferryman Maria (dir. Frank Wisbar)
Glückskinder i.e., Lucky Kids (dir. Paul Martin)
90 Minuten Aufenthalt i.e., 90-Minute-Stopover (dir. Harry Piel), a real time film about two friends, a German and a British criminal investigator who solve a case in Lisbon
Der Dschungel ruft i.e., The Jungle Calls (dir. Harry Piel)
Der Bettelstudent i.e., The Beggar Student (dir. Georg Jacoby), based on the play by Carl Millöcker
Allotria i.e., Tomfoolery (dir. Willi Forst)
*Der Kaiser von Kalifornien i.e., The Kaiser of California (dir. Luis Trenker)
*Verräter i.e., The Traitor (dir. Karl Ritter)
*Wenn wir alle Engel wären i.e., If We All Were Angels (dir. Carl Froelich)

1937

*Der Herrscher i.e., The Sovereign (dir. Veit Harlan)
*Patrioten i.e., Patriots (dir. Karl Ritter)
Mein Sohn, der Herr Minister i.e., My Son, the Government Minister (dir. Veit Harlan), a comedy making fun of the parliamentary system
Der Mann, der Sherlock Holmes war i.e., The Man Who Was Sherlock Holmes (dir. Karl Hartl)
Gewitterflug zu Claudia i.e., Stormy flight to Claudia (dir. Erich Waschneck)
*Der zerbrochene Krug i.e., The Broken Jug (dir. Gustav Ucicky), based on the play by Heinrich von Kleist
*Condottieri (dir. Luis Trenker, Werner Klingler), about Cesare Borgia and Caterina Sforza
*Die Tochter des Samurai i.e., The Daughter of the Samurai (dir. Arnold Fanck, Mansaku Itami)
*Urlaub auf Ehrenwort i.e., Leave on Word of Honor (dir. Karl Ritter)

1938

Revolutionshochzeit i.e., Revolution-Marriage (dir. Hans Heinz Zerlett)
*Heimat (dir. Carl Froelich)
Der Berg ruft i.e., The Mountain Calls (dir. Luis Trenker), about the first ascent of the Matterhorn; based on a novel by Carl Haensel
Das Verlegenheitskind (dir. Peter Paul Brauer)
Jugend i.e. Youth (dir. Veit Harlan), based on a play by Max Halbe
Der Fall Deruga i.e., The Deruga Case (dir. Fritz Peter Buch), based on a novel by Ricarda Huch
Mit versiegelter Order (dir. Karl Anton)
Liebelei und Liebe i.e., Flirtation and Love (dir. Arthur Maria Rabenalt)
Napoleon ist an allem schuld i.e., Napoleon Is to Blame for Everything (dir. Curt Goetz), about a man who studies Napoleon's biography and therefore neglects his wife
Geheimzeichen LB 17 i.e., Secret Code LB 17 (dir. Victor Tourjansky)
Verwehte Spuren i.e., Covered Tracks, (dir. Veit Harlan)
Verklungene Melodie i.e., Faded Melody, (dir. Victor Tourjansky)
Tanz auf dem Vulkan [de] i.e., Dance on the Volcano (dir. Hans Steinhoff), about Jean-Gaspard Deburau
*Der Katzensteg (dir. Fritz Peter Buch)
*Kautschuk i.e., Caoutchouc (dir. Eduard von Borsody)
Die Umwege des schönen Karl i.e., The Roundabouts of Handsome Karl (dir. Carl Froelich)
*Pour le Mérite (dir. Karl Ritter)

1939

Es war eine rauschende Ballnacht i.e., It was an Amazing Night at the Ball (dir. Carl Froelich), a film about the Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Der Schritt vom Wege i.e., The False Step (dir. Gustaf Gründgens), based on the novel Effi Briest by Theodor Storm
Flucht ins Dunkel i.e., Escape in the Dark (dir. Arthur Maria Rabenalt)
*Aufruhr in Damaskus i.e., Uproar in Damascus (dir. Gustav Ucicky)
Ein ganzer Kerl i.e., A Real Man (dir. Fritz Peter Buch)
Johannisfeuer i.e., Midsummer Night's Fire (dir. Arthur Maria Rabenalt), based on the book by Hermann Sudermann
Der Florentiner Hut i.e., The Leghorn Hat (dir. Wolfgang Liebeneiner), based on the play Un Chapeau de paille d'Italie by Eugène Marin Labiche
Befreite Hände i.e., Liberated Hands (dir. Hans Schweikart)
Männer müssen so sein i.e., Men Have To Be That Way (dir. Arthur Maria Rabenalt)
Hotel Sacher (dir. Erich Engel)
Opernball i.e., Opera Ball (dir. Géza von Bolváry)
*+Robert Koch, der Bekämpfer des Todes i.e., Robert Koch, fighting death (dir. Hans Steinhoff)
*Mutterliebe i.e., A Mother's Love (dir. Gustav Ucicky)

1940

Der Postmeister i.e., The Postmaster (dir. Gustav Ucicky)
*Wunschkonzert i.e., Request Concert (dir. Eduard von Borsody)
Wiener G'schichten i.e., Vienna Tales (dir. Géza von Bolváry)
Die Geierwally i.e., The Vulture Wally (dir. Hans Steinhoff), based on a novel by Wilhelmine von Hillern
Das Herz der Königin i.e., The Heart of the Queen (dir. Carl Froelich), about Mary, Queen of Scots
*Friedrich Schiller – Der Triumph eines Genies i.e., Friedrich Schiller – The Triumph of a Genius (dir. Herbert Maisch)
*Feinde i.e., Enemies (dir. Victor Tourjansky)
*Jud Süß (dir. Veit Harlan)
*Bismarck (dir. Wolfgang Liebeneiner)

1941

Friedemann Bach (dir. Traugott Müller), a film about Johann Sebastian Bach's son Wilhelm Friedemann Bach
Ich klage an i.e., I accuse (dir. Wolfgang Liebeneiner)
*Mein Leben für Irland i.e., My Life for Ireland (dir. Max W. Kimmich)
*Kampfgeschwader Lützow (dir. Hans Bertram)
*Annelie (dir. Josef von Báky)
Auf Wiedersehn, Franziska i.e., Goodbye, Franziska (dir. Helmut Käutner)
Quax, der Bruchpilot (dir. Kurt Hoffmann)
*Kopf hoch, Johannes! i.e., Cheer up, Johannes! (dir. Viktor de Kowa)
Operette i.e., Operetta (dir. Willi Forst), about Franz Jauner and the establishment of the Viennese Operetta
Immer nur Du i.e., You, always (dir. Karl Anton)
Die schwedische Nachtigall i.e., The Swedish Nightingale (dir. Peter Paul Brauer), about Jenny Lind and Hans Christian Andersen
*Komödianten i.e., The Comedians (dir. Georg Wilhelm Pabst)
**Ohm Krüger (dir. Hans Steinhoff)
**Heimkehr i.e., Coming Home (dir. Gustav Ucicky)

1942

Wiener Blut i.e., Vienna Blood (dir. Willi Forst), a romantic comedy film about the Congress of Vienna
*Zwei in einer großen Stadt i.e., Two in a Big City (dir. Volker von Collande)
Die goldene Stadt i.e., The Golden City (dir. Veit Harlan)
Rembrandt (dir. Hans Steinhoff), about the Dutch painter Rembrandt van Rijn
Der große Schatten i.e., The Great Shadow (dir. Paul Verhoeven)
Kleine Residenz i.e., Little residence (dir. Hans Heinz Zerlett)
*Hände hoch! i.e., Hands Up! (dir. Alfred Weidenmann)
*Diesel (dir. Gerhard Lamprecht), about Rudolf Diesel
+Anuschka (dir. Helmut Käutner)
Meine Frau Teresa i.e., My Wife Theresa (dir. Arthur Maria Rabenalt)
*Andreas Schlüter (dir. Herbert Maisch), about sculptor and architect Andreas Schlüter
*Wen die Götter lieben i.e., Whom the Gods Love (dir. Karl Hartl), about Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
*Der Strom i.e., The River (dir. Günther Rittau)
Die Nacht in Venedig i.e., The Night in Venice (dir. Paul Verhoeven)
*+Die große Liebe i.e., The Great Love (dir. Rolf Hansen)
**Der große König i.e., The Great King (dir. Veit Harlan)
**Die Entlassung i.e., The Dismissal (dir. Wolfgang Liebeneiner)
Wir machen Musik i.e., We Make Music (dir. Helmut Käutner), about a composer whose idols are Johann Sebastian Bach and the like, but who himself fails as a composer of Art music and then succeeds making popular music

1943

Sophienlund (dir. Heinz Rühmann)
Romanze in Moll i.e., Romance in a Minor Key (dir. Helmut Käutner)
Der ewige Klang i.e., The Eternal Sound (dir. Günther Rittau), about two brothers, a violinist and a violin maker, guest star: Georges Boulanger, singing: Elisabeth Schwarzkopf
Frauen sind keine Engel i.e., Women are not Angels (dir. Willi Forst)
+Immensee (dir. Veit Harlan), based on the novella by Theodor Storm
*Germanin – Die Geschichte einer kolonialen Tat i.e., Germanin – the history of a colonial deed (dir. Max W. Kimmich, Luis Trenker), about the development of Suramin "to save Africa" from trypanosomiasis
Altes Herz wird wieder jung i.e., Old heart rejuvenated (dir. Erich Engel)
Armer Hansi i.e., Poor Hansi (dir. Gerhard Fieber), animated film by the Deutsche Zeichentrickfilme G.m.b.H
Zirkus Renz (dir. Arthur Maria Rabenalt), about the Circus Renz
Späte Liebe i.e., Late Love (dir. Gustav Ucicky), about a man who is estranged from his wife but finally they really find together
Damals i.e., Back Then (dir. Rolf Hansen)
*Wien 1910 i.e., Vienna 1910 (dir. E. W. Emo), about the mayor of Vienna Karl Lueger
*Paracelsus (dir. Georg Wilhelm Pabst), about the Swiss German philosopher Paracelsus
Ein glücklicher Mensch i.e., A joyful person (dir. Paul Verhoeven), about a famous chemistry professor, based on the play "Swedenhielms" by Hjalmar Bergman
Der weiße Traum i.e., The White Dream (dir. Géza von Cziffra)
Großstadtmelodie i.e., Melody of a Great City (dir. Wolfgang Liebeneiner)
*Der unendliche Weg i.e., The Endless Road (dir. Hans Schweikart)

1944

Der gebieterische Ruf i.e., The Masterful Calling (dir. Gustav Ucicky)
Die Feuerzangenbowle i.e., The Punch Bowl (dir. Helmut Weiss)
*Philharmoniker i.e., Philharmonic (dir. Paul Verhoeven)
Träumerei i.e., Dreaming (dir. Harald Braun), about Robert Schumann
Das Herz muss schweigen (dir. Gustav Ucicky)
Familie Buchholz i.e., The Buchholz Family (dir. Carl Froelich), based on a novel by Julius Stinde
Orientexpreß i.e., Orient Express (dir. Victor Tourjansky)
+Neigungsehe i.e., Marriage of Affection (dir. Carl Froelich)
Opfergang i.e., Way of Sacrifice (dir. Veit Harlan)

1945

**Kolberg (dir. Veit Harlan)

Financial

[edit]
Financial details of German films
Year Title Cost Revenue Net revenue Refs and notes
1933 Hitlerjunge Quex 225,000 [64]
1933 Refugees 814,000 [64]
1934 A Man Wants to Get to Germany 400,000 [64]
1936 The Traitor 465,000 [64]
1938 Urlaub auf Ehrenwort 598,000 2,650,000 1,596,000 [64]
1938 Pour le Mérite 1,076,000 3,700,000 1,937,000 [64]
1939 D III 88 1,268,000 3,500,000 1,666,000 [64]
1939 Linen from Ireland 744,000 1,350,000 178,000 [64]
1939 Robert and Bertram 1,219,000 1,400,000 -120,000 [64]
1940 Bismarck 1,794,000 4,400,000 1,989,000 [64]
1940 The Rothschilds 951,000 2,500,000 1,093,000 [64]
1940 Friedrich Schiller – The Triumph of a Genius 1,935,000 2,600,000 238,000 [64]
1940 Jud Süß 2,081,000 6,500,000 3,172,000 [64]
1940 Wunschkonzert 905,000 7,200,000 4,239,000 [64]
1941 Carl Peters 3,190,000 3,300,000 -453,000 [64]
1941 Homecoming 4,020,000 4,900,000 -423,000 [64]
1941 I Accuse 960,000 5,400,000 3,641,000 [64]
1941 Ohm Krüger 5,477,000 5,500,000 -801,000 [64]
1941 Stukas 1,961,000 3,500,000 956,000 [64]
1942 The Great King 4,779,000 6,000,000 343,000 [65]
1942 The Dismissal 3,600,000 6,500,000 2,081,000 [65]
1942 The Red Terror 1,849,000 3,500,000 1,161,000 [65]
1943 Young Eagles 1,886,000 4,000,000 1,637,000 [65]

Banned

[edit]
German feature films banned after World War II
Title Year of release Director Studio Refs and notes
A Beautiful Day 1943 Philipp Lothar Mayring Tobis Film [66]
Above All Else in the World 1941 Karl Ritter UFA [67]
Alert Level V [de] 1941 Alois Johannes Lippl Bavaria Film [68]
Annelie 1941 Josef von Báky UFA [69]
Attack on Baku 1942 Fritz Kirchhoff UFA [70]
Attention! The Enemy is Listening! [de] 1940 Arthur Maria Rabenalt Terra Film [71]
Baptism of Fire 1940 [72]
Battle Squadron Lützow 1941 Hans Bertram Tobis Film [73]
The Beloved [de] 1939 Gerhard Lamprecht UFA [66]
Bismarck 1940 Wolfgang Liebeneiner Tobis Film [74]
Black Fighter Johanna [de] 1934 Johannes Meyer Terra Film [75]
By a Silken Thread 1938 Robert A. Stemmle UFA [76]
Cadets 1939 Karl Ritter UFA [77]
Carl Peters 1941 Herbert Selpin Bavaria Film [78]
Comrades 1941 Hans Schweikart Bavaria Film [79]
Counterfeiters 1940 Hermann Pfeiffer Terra Film [68]
Covered Tracks 1938 Veit Harlan Majestic Film [80]
D III 88 1939 Herbert Maisch Tobis Film [72]
The Dark Spot [de] 1940 Georg Zoch Deka Film [81]
Das Alte Recht 1934 Igo Martin Andersen Andersen Film Production [76]
The Degenhardts 1944 Werner Klingler Tobis Film [82]
The Desert Song 1939 Paul Martin UFA [83]
Dreizehn Mann und eine Kanone 1938 Johannes Meyer Bavaria Film [84]
The Dismissal 1942 Wolfgang Liebeneiner Tobis Film [85]
Enemies 1940 Victor Tourjansky Bavaria Film [86]
Escape in the Dark 1939 Arthur Maria Rabenalt Terra Film [66]
The Eternal Jew 1940 Fritz Hippler Deutsche Filmherstellungs und Verwertungs [87]
The Eternal Spring 1939 Fritz Kirchhoff Bavaria Film [83]
Ewiger Wald 1939 Hanns Springer
Rolf von Sonjevski-Jamrowski 		Lex Film
Albert Graf v. Pestalozza 		[88]
The Family Tree of Dr. Pistorius [de] 1939 Karl Georg Külb UFA [82]
Feldzug in Polen 1940 [89]
The Fire Devil 1940 Luis Trenker Luis Trenker Film [90]
Five Million Look for an Heir 1938 Carl Boese Majestic Film [91]
The Flute Concert of Sanssouci 1930 Gustav Ucicky UFA [92]
The Fox of Glenarvon 1940 Max W. Kimmich Tobis Film [78]
Fräulein Veronika 1936 Veit Harlan Deutsch-schweizerisch-ungarlische Gemeinschaftsproduction [93]
Friedrich Schiller – The Triumph of a Genius 1940 Herbert Maisch Tobis Film [92]
Frisians in Peril 1935 Peter Hagen Delta-Film
Hermann Schmidt 		[94]
Front in the Sky 1942 [72]
Geheimakte W.B.1 1942 Herbert Selpin [92]
A German Robinson Crusoe 1940 Arnold Fanck Bavaria-Filmkunst [76]
Germanin 1943 Max W. Kimmich UFA [95]
The Girl from Barnhelm 1940 Hans Schweikart Bavaria Film [79]
The Golden City 1942 Veit Harlan UFA [96]
The Golden Spider 1943 Erich Engels Terra Film [97]
The Governor 1939 Victor Tourjansky Terra Film [98]
The Great and the Little Love 1938 Josef von Báky Klagemann Film [81]
The Great King 1942 Veit Harlan Tobis Film [77]
The Great Love 1942 Rolf Hansen UFA [99]
Hands Up! [de] 1942 Alfred Weidenmann Deutsche Filmherstellungs und Verwertungs GmbH [100]
Hans Westmar 1933 Franz Wenzler Volksdeutsche Filmgesellschaft [101]
Head up, Johannes! [de] 1941 Viktor de Kowa Majestic Film
Mülleneisen & Tapper 		[69]
The Heart of the Queen 1940 Carl Froelich UFA [95]
Homecoming 1941 Gustav Ucicky Wein Film [96]
The Hymn of Leuthen 1933 Carl Froelich Carl Froelich-Film [102]
I Accuse 1941 Wolfgang Liebeneiner Tobis Film [84]
Immensee 1943 Veit Harlan UFA [93]
The Immortal Heart 1939 Veit Harlan Tobis Film [88]
The Endless Road 1943 Hans Schweikart Bavaria Film [85]
Jakko [de] 1941 Fritz Peter Buch Tobis Film [103]
Journey into Life [de] 1941 Bernd Hofmann Bavaria Film [104]
The Journey to Tilsit 1939 Veit Harlan Majestic Film [80]
Jud Süß 1940 Veit Harlan Terra Film [87]
Junge Adler [de] 1944 Alfred Weidenmann UFA [103]
Jungens [de] 1941 Robert A. Stemmle UFA [103]
Kater Lampe 1936 Veit Harlan Robert Neppach Film [105]
Kolberg 1945 Veit Harlan UFA [74]
Life Calls 1944 Arthur Maria Rabenalt Terra Film [83]
Lightning Around Barbara 1941 Werner Klingler Rolf Randolf-Film [70]
Linen from Ireland 1939 Heinz Helbig Wien Film [106]
Love Is Duty Free 1941 E. W. Emo Wein Film [99]
Man for Man [de] 1939 Robert A. Stemmle UFA [106]
Militiaman Bruggler 1936 Werner Klingler Tonlicht Film [107]
Miracle of Flight 1935 Heinz Paul Terra Film [69]
Morgenrot 1933 Gustav Ucicky UFA [108]
Musketier Meier III 1938 Joe Stöckel Germania Film [109]
My Life for Ireland 1941 Max W. Kimmich Tobis Film [110]
The Night With the Emperor 1936 Erich Engel Klagemann Film [75]
Baptism of Fire 1940 [72]
Night Without Goodbyes 1943 Erich Waschneck UFA [107]
The Old and the Young King 1935 Hans Steinhoff Deka Film [102]
Opfergang 1944 Veit Harlan UFA [80]
Patriots 1937 Karl Ritter UFA [111]
Pedro Will Hang 1941 Veit Harlan Majestic Film [112]
People in the Storm 1941 Fritz Peter Buch Tobis Film [113]
Petermann Ist Dagegen 1937 Franz Wenzler Neucophon-Tonfilm Productions [106]
Pour le Mérite 1938 Karl Ritter UFA [73]
The Prodigal Son 1934 Luis Trenker Deutsche Universal Film [94]
The Rainer Case 1942 Paul Verhoeven Tobis Film [114]
The Rebel 1932 Luis Trenker
Curtis Bernhardt 		Deutsche Universal Film [90]
The Red Terror 1942 Karl Ritter UFA [115]
Refugees 1933 Gustav Ucicky UFA [94]
Riding for Germany 1941 Arthur Maria Rabenalt UFA [101]
Ripening Youth 1933 Carl Froelich Carl Froehlich Film [111]
Robert and Bertram 1939 Hans H. Zerlett Tobis Film [116]
The Roedern Affair 1944 Erich Waschneck Berlin Film [114]
The Rothschilds 1940 Erich Waschneck UFA [116]
The Ruler 1937 Veit Harlan Tobis Film [93]
Saloon Car E 417 [de] 1939 Paul Verhoeven Deka Film [117]
S.A.-Mann Brand 1933 Franz Seitz Sr. Bavaria Film [100]
Secret Code LB 17 1938 Victor Tourjansky Terra Film [98]
Sensational Casilla Trial [de] 1939 Eduard von Borsody UFA [112]
Shock Troop 1934 Hans Zöberlein
Ludwig Schmid-Wildy 		Arya Film [118]
Shoulder Arms 1939 Jürgen von Alten Germania-Film [76]
Six Days of Home Leave [de] 1941 Jürgen von Alten Cine-Allianz [117]
Sky Hounds 1942 Roger von Norman Terra Film [100]
Soldier Comrades 1936 Toni Huppertz Cinephon Film [109]
Spähtrupp Hallgarten 1941 Herbert B. Fredersdorf Germania Film [109]
The Sporck Battalion 1934 Rolf Randolf Rolf Randolf Film [107]
The Stage Hare 1937 Joe Stöckel Astra Film [89]
Steputat & Co. 1938 Carl Böse Terra Film [119]
Stukas 1941 Karl Ritter UFA [120]
Target in the Clouds 1938 Wolfgang Liebeneiner Terra Film [120]
Titanic 1943 Herbert Selpin
Werner Klingler 		Tobis Film [121]
The Traitor 1936 Karl Ritter UFA [97]
Trenck, the Pandur [de] 1934 Herbert Selpin Tobis Film [88]
Trouble Backstairs 1935 Veit Harlan A.B.C. Film [105]
Twilight 1940 Rudolf van der Noss UFA [122]
Two in a Big City 1942 Volker von Collande Tobis Film [123]
Two Worlds [de; it] 1940 Gustaf Gründgens Terra Film [88]
U-boats Westward! 1941 Günther Rittau UFA [104]
The Uncanny Transformation of Alex Roscher 1943 Paul May Bavaria Film [119]
Under Sealed Orders 1938 Karl Anton Majestic Film [111]
Venus on Trial 1941 Hans H. Zerlett Bavaria Film [101]
The Voice from the Ether [de] 1939 Harald Paulsen Terra Film [123]
Vienna 1910 1942 E. W. Emo Wien Film [114]
Wedding in Barenhof 1938 Carl Froelich UFA [119]
White Slaves 1936 Karl Anton Lloyd Film [86]
Wunschkonzert 1940 Eduard von Borsody Cine-Allianz [82]
Youth [de; it] 1938 Veit Harlan Tobis Film [105]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Niven 2018.
  2. ^ Michaela Rethmeier: Die Funktion und Bedeutung Fritz Hipplers für das Filmschaffen im „Dritten Reich“, p. 25 (dissertation, University of Münster, 2006)
  3. ^ Original title: Seele des Lichtspiels – ein Bekenntnis zum Film, by Dr Walter Julius Bloem (1898–1945), Verlag Grethlein, Leipzig, 1922.
  4. ^ Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, p. 526 (Translation by James Vincent Murphy).
  5. ^ Original title: "Im Banne des Films. Die Weltherrschaft des Kinos", by Dr. Hans Buchner (1896–1971), Boepple publishing house, Munich, 1927.
  6. ^ Geschichte des deutschen Films, edited by Wolfgang Jacobsen, Anton Kaes, Berlin, Stuttgart, Weimar, 1993, p. 73.
  7. ^ Alles Leben Ist Kampf, cine-holocaust.de; accessed 7 April 2018.(in German)
  8. ^ Erbkrank, cine-holocaust.de; accessed 7 April 2018.(in German)
  9. ^ Hans Traub, Der Film als politisches Machtmittel, Munich, 1932, p. 29. Original German text: "Ohne Zweifel ist der Film als Sprache ein vortreffliches Mittel der Propaganda. Die Beeinflussung fordert von jeher solche Spracharten, die in der einfachen Erzählung einprägsame und bewegte Handlung gestalten. … Aus dem weiten Gebiet der Sprache aber, die unmittelbar durch technische und wirtschaftliche Vorgänge an den Empfänger herangetragen wird, ist die wirksamste Art das Laufbild. Es verlangt eine ständige Aufmerksamkeit; es ist voller Überraschungen im Wechsel von Handlung, Zeit und Raum; es ist unausdenkbar reich im Rhythmus der Gefühlssteigerung und der Gefühlsverdrängung."
  10. ^ Klaus Kreimeier: Die Ufa-Story. Geschichte eines Filmkonzerns. S. Fischer Verlag, 2002. ISBN 3596155754, pp. 309–310, Original, Goebbels: "Scham- und Geschmacklosigkeiten".
  11. ^ Cinzia Romani, Tainted Goddesses: Female Film Stars of the Third Reich p. 13; ISBN 0962761311
  12. ^ Michaela Rethmeier: Die Funktion und Bedeutung Fritz Hipplers für das Filmschaffen im „Dritten Reich“, p. 194 (dissertation, University of Münster, 2006)
  13. ^ Same source, p. 224. Original in German: "nicht das bloße Erdichten, sondern das zweckmäßige Erdichten einen schöpferischen Geist beweise."
  14. ^ Emil Jannings: "Über den Film", „Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte“, Volume 147, June 1942, pp. 342–343.
  15. ^ a b Cinzia Romani, Tainted Goddesses: Female Film Stars of the Third Reich p. 9; ISBN 0962761311
  16. ^ Welch 1983, pp. 23–24, 27, 160.
  17. ^ Welch 1983, pp. 5–6.
  18. ^ Orlow 1969, pp. 160–161.
  19. ^ Welch 1983, pp. 6–7.
  20. ^ Welch 1983, p. 20.
  21. ^ Welch 1983, pp. 9–11.
  22. ^ Waldman 2008, p. 48.
  23. ^ Welch 1983, p. 12.
  24. ^ Waldman 2008, p. 12.
  25. ^ Welch 1983, p. 24.
  26. ^ Welch 1983, p. 73.
  27. ^ Source: filmportal.de
  28. ^ a b c Merziger 2014, p. 60.
  29. ^ Welch 1983, pp. 24–27.
  30. ^ Welch 1983, pp. 28–29.
  31. ^ Welch 1983, p. 21.
  32. ^ Welch 1983, pp. 18–19.
  33. ^ Welch 1983, pp. 35–37.
  34. ^ Welch 1983, p. 40.
  35. ^ Welch 1983, p. 59.
  36. ^ Welch 1983, p. 125.
  37. ^ Waldman 2008, p. 40.
  38. ^ Leiser 1974, pp. 96–97.
  39. ^ Welch 1983, pp. 165–166.
  40. ^ Niven 2018, p. 124.
  41. ^ Waldman 2008, pp. 3.
  42. ^ Waldman 2008, pp. 8–9.
  43. ^ Waldman 2008, p. 32.
  44. ^ Waldman 2008, p. 68.
  45. ^ Niven 2018, pp. 220–221.
  46. ^ Kelson 1996, p. x.
  47. ^ Kelson 1996, p. xviii-xix.
  48. ^ a b c d Red Carpet: Hollywood, China, and the Battle for Global Supremacy. Erich Schwartzel. 2022. ISBN 9781984879004.
  49. ^ a b "Episode 1: "The Golden Door" (Beginnings–1938) | The U.S. and the…" (Video). The U.S. and the Holocaust | Ken Burns | PBS. 1:41:25. Retrieved 2023-01-24.
  50. ^ a b c "Hitler in Hollywood". The New Yorker. 2013-09-09. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
  51. ^ The U.S. and the Holocaust | "Yearning to Breathe Free" (1938–1942) | Episode 2 | PBS, retrieved 2023-01-24
  52. ^ Welch 1983, p. 17.
  53. ^ Ursula Saekel: Der US-Film in der Weimarer Republik – ein Medium der "Amerikanisierung"?: Deutsche Filmwirtschaft, Kulturpolitik und mediale Globalisierung im Fokus transatlantischer Interessen. Verlag Schoeningh Ferdinand, 2011, ISBN 3506771744, pp. 169, 255, 258
  54. ^ Welch 1983, pp. 7–9.
  55. ^ Cinzia Romani, Tainted Goddesses: Female Film Stars of the Third Reich p. 2 ISBN 0962761311
  56. ^ Cinzia Romani, Tainted Goddesses: Female Film Stars of the Third Reich pp. 2–3 ISBN 0962761311
  57. ^ Cinzia Romani, Tainted Goddesses: Female Film Stars of the Third Reich p. 86 ISBN 0962761311
  58. ^ Fritz Hippler: Betrachtungen zum Filmschaffen, 1942, pp. 23–24, 29. Original in German, Hippler: "über Wesen und Unwesen des Startums ist genug gesagt und geschrieben worden, aber Startum hin Startum her: es ist nicht zu leugnen, daß die Menschen der ganzen Welt ein Hauptmotiv ihres Filmbesuches in dem Wunsch sehen, ihnen bekannten und beliebten Gesichtern wiederzubegegnen"; "europäisches Format"; "deutschen Schönheitsideal".
  59. ^ Klee, Kulturlexikon, S. 227.
  60. ^ Welch 1983, pp. 83–84.
  61. ^ Waldman 2008, pp. 53, 66, 151.
  62. ^ Waldman 2008, pp. 69, 99–100.
  63. ^ Waldman 2008, p. 136.
  64. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Welch 1983, p. 269.
  65. ^ a b c d Welch 1983, p. 270.
  66. ^ a b c Kelson 1996, p. 61.
  67. ^ Kelson 1996, p. 57.
  68. ^ a b Kelson 1996, p. 59.
  69. ^ a b c Kelson 1996, p. 22.
  70. ^ a b Kelson 1996, p. 35.
  71. ^ Kelson 1996, pp. 58–59.
  72. ^ a b c d Kelson 1996, p. 50.
  73. ^ a b Kelson 1996, p. 51.
  74. ^ a b Kelson 1996, p. 27.
  75. ^ a b Kelson 1996, p. 31.
  76. ^ a b c d Kelson 1996, p. 17.
  77. ^ a b Kelson 1996, p. 26.
  78. ^ a b Kelson 1996, p. 36.
  79. ^ a b Kelson 1996, p. 30.
  80. ^ a b c Kelson 1996, p. 72.
  81. ^ a b Kelson 1996, p. 74.
  82. ^ a b c Kelson 1996, p. 23.
  83. ^ a b c Kelson 1996, p. 73.
  84. ^ a b Kelson 1996, p. 46.
  85. ^ a b Kelson 1996, p. 28.
  86. ^ a b Kelson 1996, p. 43.
  87. ^ a b Kelson 1996, p. 33.
  88. ^ a b c d Kelson 1996, p. 32.
  89. ^ a b Kelson 1996, p. 47.
  90. ^ a b Kelson 1996, p. 58.
  91. ^ Kelson 1996, pp. 39–40.
  92. ^ a b c Kelson 1996, p. 25.
  93. ^ a b c Kelson 1996, p. 70.
  94. ^ a b c Kelson 1996, p. 41.
  95. ^ a b Kelson 1996, p. 37.
  96. ^ a b Kelson 1996, p. 44.
  97. ^ a b Kelson 1996, p. 60.
  98. ^ a b Kelson 1996, p. 55.
  99. ^ a b Kelson 1996, p. 62.
  100. ^ a b c Kelson 1996, p. 20.
  101. ^ a b c Kelson 1996, p. 19.
  102. ^ a b Kelson 1996, p. 24.
  103. ^ a b c Kelson 1996, p. 21.
  104. ^ a b Kelson 1996, p. 54.
  105. ^ a b c Kelson 1996, p. 71.
  106. ^ a b c Kelson 1996, p. 18.
  107. ^ a b c Kelson 1996, p. 56.
  108. ^ Kelson 1996, p. 53.
  109. ^ a b c Kelson 1996, p. 48.
  110. ^ Kelson 1996, p. 38.
  111. ^ a b c Kelson 1996, p. 63.
  112. ^ a b Kelson 1996, p. 40.
  113. ^ Kelson 1996, p. 45.
  114. ^ a b c Kelson 1996, p. 29.
  115. ^ Kelson 1996, p. 42.
  116. ^ a b Kelson 1996, p. 34.
  117. ^ a b Kelson 1996, p. 64.
  118. ^ Kelson 1996, p. 49.
  119. ^ a b c Kelson 1996, p. 75.
  120. ^ a b Kelson 1996, p. 52.
  121. ^ Kelson 1996, p. 39.
  122. ^ Kelson 1996, p. 76.
  123. ^ a b Kelson 1996, p. 65.

Works cited

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