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Pinochetism

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Official portrait of Augusto Pinochet during the military dictatorship of Chile.
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Pinochetism (Spanish: Pinochetismo) is an authoritarian and personalistic political ideology rooted in the military dictatorship led in Chile between 1973 and 1990 by Augusto Pinochet. Ranging from the right-wing[1] to the far-right,[2] Pinochetism is characterised by its anti-communism,[3] conservatism,[4] militarism,[5] and nationalism.[6] Under Pinochet, Chile's economy was placed under the control of a group of Chilean economists known collectively as the Chicago Boys, whose policies have been described by some as neoliberal.[7] Former and current supporters of the dictatorship are known as pinochetistas.

History

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Military dictatorship

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Upon assuming power, the dictatorship's first measure was to ban left-wing political parties and (forcibly) limit the political activity of their members. It also ordered the indefinite suspension of other political parties; however, many members of right-wing parties (and a few Christian Democrats and Radicals) actively collaborated with Pinochet's regime (but were unable to demonstrate their thoughts openly).[citation needed] Lucía Hiriart, who served as First Lady of Chile as Pinochet's wife, brought together Pinochetist women through CEMA Chile, an institution she directed from 1973 to 2016. CEMA Chile had more than 500,000 members and was granted a large budget to use for its operations.[8] The far-right Spanish politician Blas Piñar supported the Chilean dictatorship and declared himself an admirer of Pinochet's work, meeting him on several occasions in Chile and Spain.[9][10] During the 70s, all party political activity was prohibited. It was not until 1980, after the promulgation of the new constitution, that the organization of political groups was allowed.[citation needed]

Demonstration in support of the Pinochet regime, on September 11, 1976, in front of the Diego Portales building.

Between 1980 and 1987, various support groups for the dictatorship emerged, such as the National Action Movement, the National Labour Front, the National Unity Youth Front,[11] the National Union Movement,[12] and the Independent Democratic Union.[13] The fascist and ultranationalist[14] National Advance was a party that focused its positions on the figure of Pinochet; many of its members were also members of the National Information Center, which is why this party obtained very low votes in the 1989 elections, disappearing when the legal minimum failed to be obtained.[15] The dictatorship also enjoyed support from other fascist groups such as the Movimiento Revolucionario Nacional Sindicalista and others that left power (after a power struggle within the liberal-conservative right), mainly after criticising the neoliberal leadership that the regime acquired.[16]

This power struggle was won by liberal-conservative political factions like the National Renewal and the Independent Democratic Union, which, due to their social origins, had a large and important network of contacts. In addition, the military authorities, in a show of pragmatism, trusted neoliberal political currents more than nationalist ones because they believed they could legitimise Chile's reputation abroad by reforming its economy, as the regime was politically isolated; there was even a time of ostracism in which the Andean country was integrated into the so-called " Santiago-Brasilia-Jerusalem-Pretoria triangle", which comprised pariah states, such as apartheid-era South Africa or Israel.[17]

In 1987, a new law concerning political parties was promulgated, according to which political parties could begin to formally operate, with the exception of the Communist Party and any organization following similar ideologies (a proscription justified by Article 8 of Chile's constitution).[citation needed] In that same year, the Great Front of Chile was formed, which brought together other organizations that supported Pinochet, such as the Acción Gremialista, the Civic Action Committees, and the Pinochetist Independent Movement.[15] The latter was founded on April 19, 1987, by Abraham Abrilot, and defined as nationalist and exclusively supporting the figure of Pinochet.[18] Its symbol consisted of a pedestal that contained the map of Chile horizontally, and on it the national coat of arms.[19] It defined itself not as a political collectivity, but as "an independent and apolitical body" that aspired to "unite the great mass of Chileans" unaffiliated with any ideology.[20]

Later, the Pinochetist Independent Movement canvassed in support of Pinochet in front of his headquarters—which led to it being fined by the Municipality of Santiago, and to protests led by anti-Pinochet parties and political groups.[21][22] At the end of March 1988, the leadership of the movement headed by Abrilot was dismissed, which was accused of "lack of capacity to exercise the position of president and arbitrariness in decision-making", after which the presidency was assumed by Ricardo Valenzuela. In the run-up to the plebiscite on October 5, 1988, they called for a "Yes" vote, having previously indicated that it would call for a "No" vote in the event that the nominated candidate was not Pinochet.[18] After the victory of the "No" option, the Pinochetist parties would decline.

1998-present

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Supporters of Augusto Pinochet next to the Military Hospital, on December 9, 2006, the day before his death.

In 1998, after Pinochet's arrest in London, UDI senator Iván Moreira went on a hunger strike for five days, seeking his release. In 2013, he publicly regretted his actions and described them as "pathetic".[23] In 2001, Chilean director Marcela Said released her documentary I Love Pinochet, which included Pinochet's supporters after his arrest in London. Public figures such as Raul Hasbún, Fernando Barros, Cristián Labbé,[24] Patricia Maldonado, Francisco Javier Cuadra,[25] Joaquín Lavín, Hermógenes Pérez de Arce[26] appear in the film, as well as anonymous Pinochetists from different social classes.[24] Starting in 2004, part of the Chilean democratic right-wing gradually distanced itself from the figure of Pinochet, "when it was discovered that he had multimillion-dollar bank accounts abroad", which dismantled his austere image.[27]

In July 2007, Gonzalo Townsend Pinochet, the nephew of the late Augusto Pinochet, announced through Internet media the creation of a political party that would be born from the Unitary Pinochetist Action movement, which brought together Pinochet supporters and was led by Townsend. This party would have been called the "National Liberation Party", because Townsend was not legally allowed to use his uncle's last name. Finally, the political community failed to register in the electoral registers.[28] In September of that same year, the intention on the part of retired soldiers to form a new Pinochetist political party came to light, which would be called the Metropolitan Military Party, because it was focused on the Santiago Metropolitan Region.[29]

In 2014, Augusto Pinochet Molina, using his grandfather Augusto Pinochet as a reference, founded and led a liberal right-wing movement with Pinochetist influences. In mid-April 2015, he registered it as a political party in formation under the name of Partido Orden Republicano Mi Patria, although the press would know it as Por mi Patria.[30] The 38th Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro openly declares himself an admirer of Pinochet and radical right-wing groups in the United States claim and defend his legacy on T-shirts.[31] During a UN meeting, former president of Chile Michelle Bachelet spoke about Brazilian "police violence", to which Bolsonaro responded by saying "Mrs. Michelle Bachelet: if it were not for the staff of (Augusto) Pinochet, who defeated the left in 1973, including your father, today Chile would be a Cuba".[32]

A Chilean holds a poster of Augusto Pinochet while in the background there is one of Salvador Allende in 2023.

In the midst of a wave of right-wing politics, in 2018, Pinochetism re-emerged as a trend. This tendency is embodied by the conservative politician José Antonio Kast and his Republican Party.[27] Founded in 2019, the Republican Party is considered the main political group following "organic Pinochetism" today; it is consequently considered part of the new far-right in Chile, with the party receiving increasing support, as centre-left and centre-right parties began to reach a point of political convergence in the area, and as a result of increased (perceived) collusion in corruption scandals.[33][34]

The party's ideological doctrine is similar to the previously existing Gremialismo.[33][34] Kast, the founder of the party, had left the Independent Democratic Union in protest of what he considered the UDI's over-frequent criticism of Pinochet.[33] Another Pinochetist movement was National Force, also founded in 2019; its members include a lawyer known for defending military soldiers convicted of human rights violations during the dictatorship.[35] The Depute, Johannes Kaiser (Chilean politician), was previously a member of the Republican Party and has been explicit in his support for the Pinochet Regime.[36] as well as other persons related to that period as Miguel Krassnoff.[37] The RN militant, affiliated to Republican Action, Camila Flores has openly recognized herself as a Pinochetist.[38] The same is the case with deputy Ignacio Urrutia, a member of the RN (1987-1997), UDI (2001-2018) and the Republican Party (since 2019).[39]

After the rise of the far-right in Chile in 2023,[40] the constitutional counselor and delegate of the Republican bench, Luis Silva Irarrázaval, acknowledged his admiration for the figure of Augusto Pinochet, stating "There is a hint of admiration for the fact that he was a statesman [...] he was a man who knew how to lead the State, who knew how to rebuild a State that was in tatters [...] 50 years after 73, his government should be read with a little more consideration and not simplify it. ...] he was a man who knew how to lead the State, who knew how to rebuild a State that was in tatters [...] 50 years after 73, a more considered reading of his government should be made and not simplify, with all its gravity, those 17 years to human rights violations", although he refuses to declare himself a Pinochetists.[41][42] In the same period, according to the CERC-MORI survey of May 2023, 36% of Chileans "believe that the military was right to carry out the coup d'état in 1973", up from 18% in 2013.[43][44][45][46][47]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Roush, Ty. "What To Know About 'Right Wing Death Squad'—Phrase Linked To Texas Shooter, Proud Boys". Forbes. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  2. ^ "'We've finally left the dictatorship behind us'". www.ips-journal.eu. 2021-12-17. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  3. ^ Valdes 1995, p. 86The fight against communism would also be added to the style afterwards, not only as an addendum, but also as a central axis
  4. ^ Valdes 1995, p. 203.
  5. ^ Guy-Meakin, Amelia (2012-09-17). "Augusto Pinochet and the Support of Chilean Right-Wing Women". E-International Relations. Retrieved 2023-06-09.
  6. ^ "Cuando despertó, el Pinochetismo todavía estaba ahí « Diario y Radio Universidad Chile". radio.uchile.cl (in European Spanish). 18 December 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  7. ^ Valdes 1995.
  8. ^ "CEMA Chile: La fundación pro mujeres que Lucía Hiriart convirtió en "inmobiliaria privada" « Diario y Radio Universidad Chile". radio.uchile.cl (in European Spanish). 17 December 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  9. ^ EFE (1979-05-03). "Blas Piñar, recibido por Pinochet". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  10. ^ "Pinochet.- Blas Piñar ensalza la obra de Pinochet por haber liberado a Chile "de la miseria y de la amenaza comunista"". Europa Press. 2006-12-11. Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  11. ^ Durruti, Belén Moncada (2006). Jaime Guzmán: una democracia contrarrevolucionaria : el político de 1964 a 1980 (in Spanish). RIL Editores. pp. 82–83. ISBN 978-956-284-520-5. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  12. ^ Bizzarro, Salvatore (20 April 2005). Historical Dictionary of Chile. Scarecrow Press. p. 486. ISBN 978-0-8108-6542-6. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  13. ^ "Partido Unión Demócrata Independiente - Reseñas Partidos Políticos". Historia Politica Legsilativa del Congreso Nacional de Chile (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  14. ^ Jilles, P (1987). El retorno de los nazis chilenos. Análisis. p. 36.
  15. ^ a b "La oposición tiene ganas". Apsi. 16 November 1987. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
  16. ^ Álvarez Vallejos, Rolando (July–December 2010). "¿Represión o integración? La política sindical de la dictadura militar. 1973-1980". Historia. 2 (42): 325–355. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
  17. ^ "Comisión de Asuntos Internacionales. Carpeta Nº 509 de 2010". Poder Ejecutivo de Uruguay. 9 November 2010. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
  18. ^ a b "Análisis: no. 221-233, abril a junio de 1988 - Memoria Chilena". Memoria Chilena: Portal (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-01-15.
  19. ^ "Movimiento Independiente Pinochetista de Chile". Archivo Fortín Mapocho. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
  20. ^ Friedmann, Reinhard (1988). 1964-1988, la política chilena de la A a la Z (in Spanish). Melquíades Servicio Editorial. ISBN 978-956-231-027-7.
  21. ^ "Movimiento Pinochetista". Archivo Fortín Mapocho. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
  22. ^ "Propaganda callejera: la otra protagonista de las elecciones". El Mercurio. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
  23. ^ Morgado, José. ""Mi huelga de hambre fue patética"". www.24horas.cl (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  24. ^ a b "I Love Pinochet: Éxodo 11:9". Cinechile (in Spanish). 2016-10-06. Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  25. ^ Cooperativa.cl. "Documental "I Love Pinochet"; el entrevistado como protagonista". Cooperativa.cl (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  26. ^ "Otros documentales que TVN no quiso exhibir: fanáticos de Pinochet, pintores "muy viejos" para la TV y el dueño de El Mercurio". Interferencia (in Spanish). 2021-09-11. Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  27. ^ a b Mostrador, El (19 September 2019). "Historiador español Mario Amorós alerta sobre un posible "pinochetismo" sin Pinochet". El Mostrador (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  28. ^ "Fenats convoca a paro de actividades para el próximo martes". Terra (in Spanish). 25 July 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-07-26. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  29. ^ "Soledad Alvear: "La Alianza no tiene idea de política social"". Terra (in Spanish). 11 August 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-08-12. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  30. ^ Chile, C. N. N. "Nieto de Pinochet lidera movimiento que iniciará trámites para ser partido político". CNN Chile (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  31. ^ "Mario Amorós: "Hay un retorno del pinochetismo"". El Español (in Spanish). 12 September 2019. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  32. ^ ""Si no fuera por Pinochet, que derrotó a la izquierda, entre ellos a su padre, Chile sería una Cuba": el ataque de Bolsonaro a Bachelet". BBC News Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  33. ^ a b c "El Partido Republicano: el proyecto populista de la derecha radical chilena". Revista Uruguaya de Ciencia Política. 30 (1): 105–134. June 2021. In their ideological core, the radical populist rights are composed of the combination of three traits: nativism, authoritarianism and populism. ... This recap allows to identify dimensions of analysis applicable to the Republican Party.
  34. ^ a b Dávila, Mireya (January 2020). "La reemergencia del pinochetismo". Barómetro de política y equidad. 16: 49–69.
  35. ^ ""Fuerza Nacional": El partido que inscribirá el abogado de los reos de Punta Peuco con exmilitares y que tiene como referente a J.A. Kast" (in Spanish). La Tercera. 2 January 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  36. ^ "Johannes Kaiser, el youtuber que pagó parte del polémico inserto en El Mercurio" (in Spanish). El Dínamo. September 17, 2019. Retrieved November 22, 2021.
  37. ^ "Johannes Kaiser Barents-von Hohenhagen. Reseñas biográficas parlamentarias". bcn.cl (in Spanish). BCN Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile. 2020. Retrieved 2022-08-23.
  38. ^ Chile, C. N. N. ""Yo soy pinochetista y lo digo sin problemas": La intervención de la diputada Flores durante consejo general de RN". CNN Chile (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  39. ^ Mostrador, El (2020-08-05). "Lo volvió a hacer: diputado Urrutia interviene con cuadro de Pinochet de fondo provocando indignación en la Cámara de Diputados". El Mostrador (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  40. ^ "Chile: ¿cómo la extrema derecha terminó dominando la constituyente, fruto del estallido social?" (in Spanish). France24. May 9, 2023. Retrieved June 17, 2023.
  41. ^ "Luis Silva manifiesta "admiración" por Pinochet: "Fue un estadista, supo rearmar un Estado hecho trizas"". CNN Chile (in Spanish). Retrieved May 31, 2023.
  42. ^ ""Fue un estadista": la admiración de Luis Silva por la figura del dictador Augusto Pinochet". BioBioChile - La Red de Prensa Más Grande de Chile (in Spanish). Biobío. May 31, 2023. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
  43. ^ "Encuesta CERC MORI: Un 36% de los chilenos justifica el golpe de Estado de 1973" (in Spanish). T13. May 30, 2023. Retrieved June 10, 2023.
  44. ^ "Mori-Chile: 36% de la población apoya dictadura de Pinochet" (in Spanish). DW. May 31, 2023. Retrieved June 10, 2023.
  45. ^ ""La idea de que Pinochet no hizo puras cosas malas es un fracaso cultural de los demócratas en Chile"" (in Spanish). BBC Mundo. June 6, 2023. Retrieved June 10, 2023.
  46. ^ "Un 36% de los chilenos cree que los militares tuvieron razón en dar el golpe de Estado que lideró Pinochet" (in Spanish). El País. May 30, 2023. Retrieved June 10, 2023.
  47. ^ "Más de un tercio de los chilenos apoyan la dictadura de Augusto Pinochet, según encuesta" (in Spanish). Swiss Info. May 30, 2023. Retrieved June 10, 2023.

Bibliography

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