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Cannabis culture

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(Redirected from Marijuana subculture)
This article is about lifestyles associated with cannabis use. For growing cannabis, see Cannabis cultivation. For the Canadian lifestyle magazine, see Cannabis Culture (magazine).

Émile Bernard, Smoking Hashish, 1900
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Cannabis culture describes a social atmosphere or series of associated social behaviors that depend heavily upon cannabis consumption, particularly as an entheogen, recreational drug and medicine.

Historically, cannabis has been used as an entheogen to induce spiritual experiences – most notably in the Indian subcontinent since the Vedic period dating back to approximately 1500 BCE, but perhaps as far back as 2000 BCE.[1] Its entheogenic use was also recorded in Ancient China,[2] the Germanic peoples,[3] the Celts,[4] Ancient Central Asia,[5][6] and Africa.[7][8] In modern times, spiritual use of the plant is mostly associated with the Rastafari movement of Jamaica. Several Western subcultures have had marijuana consumption as an idiosyncratic feature, such as hippies, beatniks, hipsters (both the 1940s subculture and the contemporary subculture), ravers and hip hop.

Cannabis has now "evolved its own language, humour, etiquette, art, literature and music."[9] Nick Brownlee writes: "Perhaps because of its ancient mystical and spiritual roots, because of the psychotherapeutic effects of the drug and because it is illegal, even the very act of smoking a joint has deep symbolism."[9] However, the culture of cannabis as "the manifestation of introspection and bodily passivity" — which has generated a negative "slacker" stereotype around its consumers — is a relatively modern concept, as cannabis has been consumed in various forms for almost 5,000 years.[9] New research published in the International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology claims to have refuted the "lazy stoner stereotype."[10] The study finds that regular cannabis users were no more likely than non-users to be apathetic or anhedonic (to experience a loss of interest or pleasure).[11]

The counterculture of the 1960s has been identified as the era that "sums up the glory years of modern cannabis culture", with the Woodstock Festival serving as "the pinnacle of the hippie revolution in the US, and in many people's opinion the ultimate example of cannabis culture at work".[9] The influence of cannabis has encompassed holidays (most notably 4/20), cinema (such as the exploitation and stoner film genres), music (particularly jazz, reggae, psychedelia and rap music), and magazines including High Times and Cannabis Culture. Cannabis culture has also infiltrated chess culture, whereby the "Bongcloud Attack" denotes a high risk opening sequence.

Social custom

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Consumption

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Main article: Recreational drug use

Cannabis was once sold in clubs known as "Teapads" during Prohibition in the United States; jazz was usually played at these clubs. Cannabis use was often viewed to be of the lower class and was disliked by many.[12] After the outlawing of cannabis, its consumption became covert. Decades later cannabis became once again tolerated by some regions' legislation. Customs have formed around the consumption of cannabis such as 420, named after the popular time of day to consume cannabis (4:20 p.m.)[13] and celebrated on April 20 (4/20). If consumed in a social setting it is encouraged to share cannabis with others.[14]

Use of euphemisms

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See also: List of slang names for cannabis and Glossary of cannabis terms

Euphemisms have long been used by subcultures to identify parts of their culture, and this pertains especially to subcultures of things that are taboo, including cannabis.[15][16] Cannabis as a product has among the highest number of direct euphemisms, with even more for related elements of cannabis culture.[15][16] One of the most common cannabis euphemisms, 420, was coined in the 1970s, but other terms are centuries older. A slang scholar, Jonathon Green, noted in 2017 that even though various countries and US states were decriminalizing and legalizing cannabis, more slang terms were still being coined; he suggested that while the original need for euphemisms was because of the illegality, it had become part of the culture as those using the slang terms did not focus on the legal status of the drug, telling Time that coming up with new slang terms "is also simply fun".[16] However, in 2021, it was suggested by researchers that new euphemisms were being coined to evade internet censors and automated moderation so that members of cannabis subcultures could discuss their use online even as common slang terms were added to banned word lists. They also suggested that, for this reason, many of the more recent euphemisms repurposed common words with innocuous meanings, as these words are less likely to be banned (it gave the example of "pot", though this is older).[15]

The use of euphemisms and other related argot also identifies a person as belonging to a complex subculture of cannabis use both globally and regionally, with different terms in different regions. The argot also contributes to the identity of these subcultures by "provid[ing] socially constructed ways of talking, thinking, expressing, communicating and interacting among marijuana users and distributors. [...] These words convey the dynamic expressiveness involved in shared consumption and as a comprehensive communication system among subculture participants."[17]

In the arts

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As the psychoactive effects of cannabis include increased appreciation of the arts, including and especially music,[18][19] as well as increased creativity,[20] its influence and usefulness can be found in a variety of works. While coded names of cannabis appeared in music as early as the 1920s, such as Louis Armstrong's song, "Muggles", it was not until the 1960s and 1970s that artists began referencing it explicitly.[21] Songs famous for their cannabis-centric lyrics produced during this time include "Got to Get You into My Life" by the Beatles, "Rainy Day Women #12 and 35" by Bob Dylan, and Black Sabbath's "Sweet Leaf."[22]

Today, countless artists, not constrained to any drug-culture-specific genre, have opened up about their substance consumption and how it has inspired their works.[23][24][25][26] Snoop Dogg's love of marijuana is very well known, having created his own line of weed, vaporizer pen, and website focusing on cannabis culture.[27] Willie Nelson, who owns a cannabis company called Willie's Reserve, has even said that smoking saved his life.[28] Willie's Reserve Label is known for promoting social reform in hopes of ending marijuana and hemp prohibitions; it also partners with local Colorado growers, extractors and edibles makers for his wholesale brand.[29] Whereas Jay-Z also represents TPCO, which is now one of the largest cannabis companies in the world, as a 'Visionary Officer'.[30] Young artists like Greg Welch produce hundreds of pieces of art using cannabis flowers, extracts and accessories.[31] Canadian actor and comedian Seth Rogen has a popular line of smoking accessories and home goods under the name Houseplant.[32] Other contemporary artists who have been vocal about their cannabis use include Shawn Mendes[33] Miley Cyrus, Jay-Z, Lady Gaga, Zayn Malik, Wiz Khalifa, Rihanna, and Dave Chappelle.[27]

The Marley Family, to keep Bob Marley's legacy alive, started Marley Natural Archived June 16, 2022, at the Wayback Machine in 2016. Sound Tribe Sector 9, now part of Colorado's cannabis culture, partnered with Green Dot Labs to release exclusive hash pens.

In 2024, the Marley family collaborated with cannabis company Jeeter to launch a limited-edition line of cannabis products honoring Bob Marley's legacy. The Jeeter x Bob Marley "One Love" Unity Joint features 4.2 grams of premium cannabis flower and is available in Arizona, California, and Michigan. This collaboration underscores the enduring influence of cannabis in music culture.[34]

Cultures

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Main article: Drug culture
Process of making bhang in a Sikh village in Punjab, India. On the Hindu and Sikh festival of colors called Holi, it is a customary addition to some intoxicating drinks.[35]

Cannabis — the plant that produces hemp and hashish — has been one of the most used psychoactive drugs in the world since the late 20th century, following only tobacco and alcohol in popularity.[36] According to Vera Rubin, the use of cannabis has been encompassed by two major cultural complexes over time: a continuous, traditional folk stream, and a more circumscribed, contemporary configuration.[37] The former involves both sacred and secular use, and is usually based on small-scale cultivation: the use of the plant for cordage, clothing, medicine, food, and a "general use as an euphoriant and symbol of fellowship."[37][38] The second stream of expansion of cannabis use encompasses "the use of hemp for commercial manufacturers utilizing large-scale cultivation primarily as a fiber for mercantile purposes"; but it is also linked to the search for psychedelic experiences (which can be traced back to the formation of the Parisian Club des Hashischins).[38]

Cannabis has been used in the ancient past in places such as ancient India, Romania, Egypt, and Mesopotamia.[39][6] It was often used as medicine or for hemp, its main route of consumption was smoking. In addition, the plant holds cultural significance in many Eurasian countries. Hemp is associated within cultural rituals like marriage, death, birth, healing, protection, and purification.[40] In some Eastern European folklore, hemp links a spirit to the afterlife.[40]

Over time the culture became more international and a general "cannabis culture" formed. The culture has been responsible for the genre of films known as stoner films, which has come to be accepted as a mainstream cinema movement.[41][42] In the United States the culture has also spawned its own celebrities (such as Tommy Chong and Terence McKenna), and magazines (such as Cannabis Culture and High Times).

India

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Main article: Cannabis in India
Bhang eaters from India c. 1790. Bhang is an edible preparation of cannabis native to the Indian subcontinent. It has been used in food and drink as early as 1000 BCE by Hindus in ancient India.[43]

Cannabis is indigenous to the Indian subcontinent.[44] Cannabis is also known to have been used by the ancient Hindus of the Indian subcontinent thousands of years ago. The herb is called ganja (Sanskrit: गञ्जा, IAST: gañjā) or ganjika in Sanskrit and other modern Indo-Aryan languages.[45][46] Some scholars suggest that the ancient drug soma, mentioned in the Vedas, was cannabis, although this theory is disputed.[47]

A man smoking cannabis in Kolkata, India

Today cannabis is often formed into bhang, which has become an integral part of tradition and custom in the Indian subcontinent. In some sections of rural India, people attribute various medicinal properties to the cannabis plant. If taken in proper quantity, bhang is believed to cure fever, dysentery, sunstroke, to clear phlegm, aid in digestion, appetite, cure speech imperfections and lisping, and give alertness to the body.[48]

Jamaica

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Main articles: Cannabis in Jamaica and Rastafari
A Rasta man holding cannabis

By the 8th century, cannabis had been introduced by Arab traders to Central and Southern Africa, where it is known as "dagga";[49] many Rastas say it is a part of their African culture that they are reclaiming.[50] It is sometimes also referred to as "the healing of the nation", a phrase adapted from Revelation 22:2.[51]

Alternatively, the migration of many thousands of Hindus and Muslims from British India to the Caribbean in the 20th century may have brought this culture to Jamaica. Many academics point to Indo-Caribbean origins for the ganja sacrament resulting from the importation of Indian migrant workers in a post-abolition Jamaican landscape. "Large scale use of ganja in Jamaica ... dated from the importation of indentured Indians...."(Campbell 110). Dreadlocked mystics Jata, often ascetic known as sadhus or Sufi Qalandars and Derwishes, have smoked cannabis from both chillums and coconut shell hookahs in South Asia since the ancient times. Also, the reference of "chalice" may be a transliteration of "jam-e-qalandar" (a term used by Sufi ascetics meaning 'bowl or cup of qalandar'). In South Asia, in addition to smoking, cannabis is often consumed as a drink known as bhang and most qalandars carry a large wooden pestle for that reason.[52]

United States

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Marijuana's history in American culture began during the Colonial Era. During this time, hemp was a critical crop, so colonial governments in Virginia and Massachusetts required land-owning farmers to grow marijuana for hemp-based products.[21] Two of the nation's founding fathers, Thomas Jefferson and George Washington, were notable cultivators of hemp.[21] Another Colonial Era figure, John Adams, was a recreational user and wrote about hemp's mind-altering powers.[21]

Beatnik

[edit]
Main article: Beatnik

Marijuana use was associated with the subculture, and during the 1950s, Aldous Huxley's 1954 book The Doors of Perception further influenced views on drugs. When it came to cannabis the Beats were the first generation where it was central. Marijuana was integrated into many facets of cultural exchange and self-expression. Their assimilation of cannabis would later influence the hippie movement. [53]

Hippie

[edit]
Main article: Hippie

Following in the footsteps of the Beatniks, many hippies used cannabis, considering it pleasurable and benign. Growing the plant was common practice among hippies. During the 1960s and 1970s, hippies defied many cultural and mainstream norms and having the shared substance choice of marijuana served as a sign of unity. Initially, cannabis leaves, which contain comparatively less THC than buds, were smoked by hippies. [54]

However, there were some within the community who turned against drugs completely as a distinct way of achieving freedom.

Hipster

[edit]
See also: Hipster (1940s subculture) and Hipster (contemporary subculture)

The term "Hipsters" define two cultural groups, the 1940s subculture dedicated to jazz, and the contemporary subculture today. Both are stereotyped as enjoying cannabis. In fact the early hipsters of the 1940s had many slang terms dedicated to the drug and its distribution.

Hip-Hop

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See also: Hip hop (culture)

The denigration of hard drug use by inner city youth played a prominent role in the entrench-ment of marijuana in the Hip-Hop culture.. Blunts are a favored method of consumption. [3] Following Cypress Hill's debut and Dr. Dre's The Chronic, the early 90's launched cannabis from taboo to commonplace among the scene. Songs featuring lyrics about plant, pot leaf imagery and nods to smoking accessories like Zig-Zag rolling papers, shifted the perspective of pot.[11] “I think marijuana/weed was always part of the culture, it was just underground,” Sen Dog told Cuepoint.[10]

Netherlands

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In the Netherlands, coffee shops sell cannabis under certain strict provisions, due to marijuana's classification as a 'soft drug.' [2] The Dutch policy of tolerance is generally considered successful but some concerns arise over drug tourism and cultivation, as it is still illegal to grow marijuana. [1]

Events

[edit]
Cannabis Day event in Vancouver, British Columbia

Notable cannabis-related events have included the Cannabis Cup, Global Marijuana March, Hanfparade, High Times Medical Cannabis Cup, MardiGrass, Spannabis, and Tokers Bowl.

Annual events in the United States include the Boise Hempfest, Emerald Empire Hempfest, Freedom Rally, Great Midwest Marijuana Harvest Festival, Hash Bash, Missoula Hempfest, Moscow Hemp Fest, National Cannabis Festival, National Cannabis Summit, Olympia Hempfest, Portland Hempstalk Festival, Salem Hempfest, and Seattle Hempfest.

Media

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Media coverage of marijuana has progressed in recent history. Attention and coverage of the drug began in the 1930s when fabricated horror stories of its effects were used to scare the public and influence public opinion.[55] To push the negative connotations of marijuana even more, films such as Marihuana (1936) and Reefer Madness (1937) were created.[21]

Cannabis-related media include Cannabis Planet, High Times, Stoner TV and Weedtuber. Websites include Leafly, MassRoots, Merry Jane, Price of Weed and Wikileaf. Podcasts, another format adopted into cannabis media, include Seed to CEO, Weed + Grub and Cannabis Law Podcast.[56]

See also: Cannabis and video game culture

The social game Pot Farm created "the largest cannabis community on earth", with 20 million unique players across its platforms and a 2011 figure of over 1 million users on Facebook.[57] Wiz Khalifa's WeedFarm Archived June 22, 2022, at the Wayback Machine app (launched in 2017) was a casual mobile game where users tended to a cannabis farm and brand with the rapper's help.[58] A number of similar tycoon style-games have been released.

Social Media

[edit]

"Social media posts, such as on the popular site Twitter, also reflect attitudes toward marijuana policy, with more marijuana-related communications with positive sentiment generated in states with legal recreational marijuana policies."[59] Retailers may utilize social media platforms to advertise product, sometime through celebrity/influencer endorsement.[60]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b Courtwright, David (2001). Forces of Habit: Drugs and the Making of the Modern World. Harvard Univ. Press. p. 39. ISBN 0-674-00458-2. Archived from the original on April 20, 2023. Retrieved October 25, 2020.
  2. ^ a b Needham, Joseph (1974). Science and Civilisation in China: Spagyrical discovery and invention : magisteries of gold and immortality. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-08571-7.
  3. ^ a b Rätsch, Christian (2003–2004). The Sacred Plants of our Ancestors. Vol. 2. Ultra!. ISBN 0-9720292-1-4. ISSN 1538-9413. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  4. ^ Creighton, John (2000). Coins and Power in Late Iron Age Britain. Cambridge University Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-521-77207-5.
  5. ^ Booth, Martin (2005). Cannabis: A History. Picador. p. 29. As the seeds of cannabis contain no psycho-active chemicals, it is believed the Scythians were actually casting cannabis flowers onto the stones.
  6. ^ a b "Lab work to identify 2,800-year-old mummy of shaman". People's Daily Online. 2006. Archived from the original on November 3, 2013. Retrieved September 10, 2016.
  7. ^ Dunhill, Alfred (1924). The Pipe Book. London: A & C Black.
  8. ^ Rubin, 1975. p.45
  9. ^ a b c d Brownlee, 2002. "01: Culture"
  10. ^ a b Skumlien, Martine; Mokrysz, Claire; Freeman, Tom P.; Valton, Vincent; Wall, Matthew B.; Bloomfield, Michael; Lees, Rachel; Borissova, Anna; Petrilli, Kat; Giugliano, Manuela; Clisu, Denisa; Langley, Christelle; Sahakian, Barbara J.; Curran, H Valerie; Lawn, Will (August 24, 2022). "Anhedonia, apathy, pleasure, and effort-based decision-making in adult and adolescent cannabis users and controls". International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 26 (1): 9–19. doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyac056. PMC 9850660. PMID 35999024.
  11. ^ a b Skumlien, Martine; Mokrysz, Claire; Freeman, Tom P.; Valton, Vincent; Wall, Matthew B.; Bloomfield, Michael; Lees, Rachel; Borissova, Anna; Petrilli, Kat; Giugliano, Manuela; Clisu, Denisa; Langley, Christelle; Sahakian, Barbara J.; Curran, H Valerie; Lawn, Will (August 24, 2022). "Anhedonia, apathy, pleasure, and effort-based decision-making in adult and adolescent cannabis users and controls". International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 26 (1): 9–19. doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyac056. PMC 9850660. PMID 35999024.
  12. ^ "Social History of Marijuana". Massachusetts Cannabis Reform Coalition. August 17, 2012. Archived from the original on March 10, 2016. Retrieved September 10, 2016.
  13. ^ Grim, Ryan (April 20, 2010). "420 Meaning: The True Story Of How April 20 Became 'Weed Day'". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on March 24, 2019. Retrieved September 10, 2016.
  14. ^ "Tokers weed guidelines". Archived from the original on July 25, 2019. Retrieved September 10, 2016.
  15. ^ a b c Zhu, Wanzheng; Gong, Hongyu; Bansal, Rohan; Weinberg, Zachary; Christin, Nicolas; Fanti, Giulia; Bhat, Suma (March 31, 2021). "Self-Supervised Euphemism Detection and Identification for Content Moderation". arXiv:2103.16808 [cs.CL].
  16. ^ a b c Steinmetz, Katy. "Why There Are So Many Different Names for Weed". Time. Archived from the original on March 23, 2022. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
  17. ^ Johnson, Bruce D.; Bardhi, Flutura; Sifaneck, Stephen J.; Dunlap, Eloise (2006). "MARIJUANA ARGOT AS SUBCULTURE THREADS: Social Constructions by Users in New York City". The British Journal of Criminology. 46 (1): 46–77. doi:10.1093/bjc/azi053. ISSN 0007-0955. JSTOR 23639330. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
  18. ^ Osborne, Geraint B.; Fogel, Curtis (2009). "Understanding the Motivations for Recreational Marijuana Use Among Adult Canadians" (PDF). Substance Use & Misuse. 43 (3–4): 539–572. doi:10.1080/10826080701884911. PMID 18365950. S2CID 31053594. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  19. ^ "We Asked Some Experts Why Weed and Music Go So Well Together". Thump. April 21, 2016. Archived from the original on May 18, 2017. Retrieved April 22, 2017.
  20. ^ "Cannabis and Creativity". Psychology Today. Archived from the original on April 20, 2023. Retrieved April 22, 2017.
  21. ^ a b c d e Hudak, John (2016). Marijuana: a Short History. Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 978-0-8157-2907-5. OCLC 958876698.
  22. ^ Bienstock, Richard; Reeves, Mosi; Garber-Paul, Elisabeth; Epstein, Dan (April 19, 2020). "Pot Sounds: The 20 Greatest Weed-Themed Songs of All Time". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on October 9, 2020. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
  23. ^ "Beatles' Acid Test: How LSD Opened the Door to 'Revolver'". Rolling Stone. August 25, 2016. Archived from the original on March 26, 2018. Retrieved April 22, 2017.
  24. ^ "Rihanna, Billie Holiday, Bob Marley and 6 of the most famous stoners in music history". April 20, 2017. Archived from the original on April 23, 2017. Retrieved April 22, 2017.
  25. ^ Branco, Nelson (April 20, 2017). "Melissa Etheridge: From LGBT to O'Cannabiz". Toronto Sun. Archived from the original on May 24, 2017. Retrieved April 22, 2017.
  26. ^ "Sound Bathing With Sigur Rós and Their Lord Jones Edibles". Billboard. April 20, 2017. Archived from the original on October 17, 2019. Retrieved April 22, 2017.
  27. ^ a b Grimm, Beca (April 20, 2017). "50 Most Successful Marijuana Enthusiasts You Should Know". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on October 13, 2020. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
  28. ^ Doyle, Patrick (April 29, 2019). "Willie Nelson: The High Life". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on September 23, 2020. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
  29. ^ Simmons, Kate McKee. "Willie Nelson Launches Willie's Reserve in Colorado". Westword. Archived from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
  30. ^ "Jay-Z to be new cannabis company's 'chief visionary officer'". BBC News. November 25, 2020. Archived from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
  31. ^ Hasse, Javier. "Cannabiscapes: Exploring Cannabis Culture Through Flower-Based Art". Forbes. Archived from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
  32. ^ Bryant, Jackie. "Seth Rogen's Houseplant Is A Celebrity Cannabis Brand Worth The Hype". Forbes. Retrieved November 4, 2024.
  33. ^ Matriano, Kate. "Shawn Mendes admits love for weed, draws mixed reactions". Retrieved October 22, 2024.
  34. ^ Ryan, Tamantha (May 22, 2024). "Exclusive | Bob Marley's family collaborates with Jeeter on cannabis line". Retrieved November 5, 2024.
  35. ^ Ayyagari S (2007). ""Hori Hai": A Festival of Colours!! (review)". Asian Music. 38 (2). Johns Hopkins University Press: 151–153. doi:10.1353/amu.2007.0029. S2CID 192201145.
  36. ^ Rubin, 1975. p.1
  37. ^ a b Rubin, 1975. p.3
  38. ^ a b Rubin, 1975. p.4
  39. ^ Rudgley, Richard (1998). Lost Civilisations of the Stone Age. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-684-85580-1.
  40. ^ a b Clarke, Robert C.; Merlin, Mark D. (2013). Cannabis. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520270480. JSTOR 10.1525/j.ctt3fh2f8. Archived from the original on November 2, 2020. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
  41. ^ Peters, Jon. "top ten stoner movies". Killerfilm.com. Archived from the original on January 9, 2014. Retrieved March 15, 2013.
  42. ^ "top ten stoner movies". Ign.com. August 8, 2008. Archived from the original on September 2, 2016. Retrieved March 15, 2013.
  43. ^ Staelens, Stefanie (March 10, 2015). "The Bhang Lassi Is How Hindus Drink Themselves High for Shiva". Vice.com. Archived from the original on August 11, 2017. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  44. ^ "Marijuana and the Cannabinoids", ElSohly (p. 8).
  45. ^ Leary, Timothy (1990). Tarcher & Putnam (ed.). Flashbacks. New York: GP Putnam's Sons. ISBN 0-87477-870-0.
  46. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Hemp" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 263.
  47. ^ Rudgley, Richard (1998). Little, Brown; et al. (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Substances. Abacus. ISBN 0-349-11127-8. Archived from the original on October 19, 2017. Retrieved September 10, 2016.
  48. ^ "Holi Festival". Archived from the original on September 27, 2016. Retrieved September 10, 2016. Tradition of Bhang
  49. ^ Hamid, The Ganjah Complex: Rastafari and Marijuana, introduction, p. xxxii.
  50. ^ Chanting Down Babylon, p. 130 ff.
  51. ^ Barry Chevannes, Rastafari and Other African-Caribbean Worldviews, pp. 35, 85; Edmonds, p. 52.
  52. ^ Bhang is often produced in large vessels at dargah gatherings known as "shaam-e-qalandar". During these gatherings large kettle drums known as naggara are played or alternatively, the Dhol. It is known as Qalandri dhamaal. Both groups, the Qalandar's and Sadhu's were lumped together by the British as faqeers. They are still frowned upon by the industrious population and are considered "dreadfull". Yet they are considered holy men by many. Both groups practice either some sort of chilla nashini or yoga in remote jungles, mountains or charnel grounds in which ganja aids to put a veil on the worldly and to transcend the various societal trends and pressures. It is also used to induce a state of euphoria and trance by some in conjunction with drumming, dance or whirling. Arrow of the Blue-Skinned God: Retracing the Ramayana Through India, Jonah Blank, p. 89.
  53. ^ "The Mighty Mezz, Marijuana, and the Beat Generation". Los Angeles Review of Books. May 7, 2015. Retrieved November 2, 2024.
  54. ^ Espinoza-Kulick, M. A.; Espinoza-Kulick, A. (October 2021). "Marijuana and the Hippies".
  55. ^ Stringer, Richard J.; Maggard, Scott R. (2016). "Reefer Madness to Marijuana Legalization". Journal of Drug Issues. 46 (4): 428–445. doi:10.1177/0022042616659762. S2CID 79023982. Archived from the original on April 20, 2023. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
  56. ^ "The Five Best Cannabis Podcasts in 2024 [With Links] | Insights | Frontier Risk Cannabis Insurance". www.frontierrisk.com. Retrieved November 4, 2024.
  57. ^ "How A Video Game Created The World's Largest Weed Community". herb.co. October 19, 2016. Archived from the original on April 12, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
  58. ^ Bergeron, Tiffany. "Fifteen Musicians Using Legal Weed to Brand Themselves". Westword. Archived from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
  59. ^ Daniulaityte, Raminta; Lamy, Francois R.; Smith, G. Alan; Nahhas, Ramzi W.; Carlson, Robert G.; Thirunarayan, Krishnaprasad; Martins, Silvia S.; Boyer, Edward W.; Sheth, Amit (November 2017). ""Retweet to Pass the Blunt": Analyzing Geographic and Content Features of Cannabis-Related Tweeting Across the United States". Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. 78 (6): 910–915. doi:10.15288/jsad.2017.78.910. ISSN 1937-1888. PMC 5668996. PMID 29087826.
  60. ^ Bierut, Tatiana; Krauss, Melissa J.; Sowles, Shaina J.; Cavazos-Rehg, Patricia A. (2017). "Exploring Marijuana Advertising on Weedmaps, a Popular Online Directory". Prevention Science. 18 (2): 183–192. doi:10.1007/s11121-016-0702-z. ISSN 1389-4986. PMC 5247325. PMID 27534665.

References

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