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In Colorado, cannabis has been legal for medical use since 2000 and for recreational use since late 2012. On November 7, 2000, 54% of Colorado voters approved Amendment 20, which amended the Stateonstitution to allow the use of marijuana in the state for approved patients with written medical consent. Under this law, patients may possess up to 2 ounces (57 g) of medical marijuana and may cultivate no more than six marijuana plants (no more than three of these mature flowering plants at a time). Patients who were caught with more than this in their possession could argue "affirmative defense of medical necessity" but were not protected under state law with the rights of those who stayed within the guidelines set forth by the state.[1] The Colorado Amendment 64, which was passed by voters on November 6, 2012, led to recreational legalization in December 2012 and state-licensed retail sales in January 2014.[2] The policy has led to cannabis tourism.[3] There are two sets of policies in Colorado relating to cannabis use: those for medicinal cannabis and for recreational drug use along with a third set of rules governing hemp.[4]

History

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Prohibition (1917) (1929) and (1937)

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Amidst an early 20th century trend of limiting the drug, Colorado first restricted cannabis on March 30, 1917. This made the use and cultivation of cannabis a misdemeanor, which was subject to a fine of between $10 and $100 (equivalent to $200 and $2,400 in 2023) and up to a month in jail.[5][6][7] In 1929, the Colorado Legislature passed a law making the second offense of sale, possession and distribution of marijuana a felony by one to five years in prison.[8]

Shortly after the 1937 Marihuana Tax Act went into effect on October 1, 1937, the Federal Bureau of Narcotics and Denver Police Department arrested Moses Baca for possession and Samuel Caldwell for dealing. Baca and Caldwell's arrest made them the first marijuana convictions under U.S. federal law for not paying the marijuana tax. Judge Foster Symes sentenced Baca to 18 months and Caldwell to four years in Leavenworth Penitentiary for violating the 1937 Marihuana Tax Act.[9]

Decriminalization (1975)

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In 1975, during a short-lived wave of decriminalization in the country, Colorado decriminalized possession of cannabis of up to one ounce (28 g), which was made a petty offense with a maximum fine of $100 (equivalent to $566 in 2023). That amount was increased to two ounces (57 g) in 2010, still with a maximum fine of $100 (equivalent to $140 in 2023).[10]

A contributing factor in the favor of decriminalization was the work on behalf of NORML by Pitkin County Deputy District Attorney Jay Moore, who helped win over the legislature's Republican leadership with arguments as to money wasted on needless enforcement of marijuana laws.[11]

Medical marijuana (2000)

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On November 7, 2000, 54% of Colorado voters approved Amendment 20, which amended the State Constitution to allow the use of marijuana in the state for approved patients with written medical consent. Under this law, patients may possess up to 2 ounces (57 g) of medical marijuana and may cultivate no more than six marijuana plants (no more than three of these mature flowering plants at a time). Patients who are caught with more than this in their possession may argue "affirmative defense of medical necessity" but are not protected under state law with the rights of those who stay within the guidelines set forth by the state.[1] Furthermore, doctors, when making a patient recommendation to the state can recommend the rights to possess additional medicine and grow additional plants, because of the patient's specific medical needs. Conditions recognized for medical marijuana in Colorado include: cachexia; cancer; chronic pain; chronic nervous system disorders; epilepsy and other disorders characterized by seizures; glaucoma; HIV or AIDS; multiple sclerosis and other disorders characterized by muscle spasticity; and nausea. Additionally, patients may not use medical marijuana in public places or in any place where they are in plain view, or in any manner which may endanger others (this includes operating a vehicle or machinery after medicating). Colorado medical marijuana patients cannot fill prescriptions at a pharmacy because under federal law, marijuana is classified as a schedule I drug. Instead, patients may get medicine from a recognized caregiver or a non-state-affiliated club or organization, usually called a dispensary. Dispensaries in Colorado offer a range of marijuana strains with different qualities, as well as various "edibles" or food products that contain marijuana extracts. Certain dispensaries also offer patients seeds and "clones" for those who want to grow their own medicine.[12]

In April 2013, the Colorado Court of Appeals held in Coats v. Dish Network that since marijuana remains against federal law, employers can use that standard rather than state law as a rationale for banning off-the-job worker use, and are not bound by Colorado's Lawful Activities Statute:[13][14][15]

The primary question before us is whether federally prohibited but state-licensed medical marijuana use is "lawful activity" under section 24-34-402.5, C.R.S. 2012, Colorado's Lawful Activities Statute. If it is, employers in Colorado would be effectively prohibited from discharging an employee for off-the-job use of medical marijuana, regardless of the fact that such use was in violation of federal law.

On June 10, 2016, Governor John Hickenlooper signed House Bill 16–1359. This bill stated that the court shall not prohibit the use or possession of medical marijuana as a condition of probation unless the individual is sentenced to probation for a conviction under Article 43.3 of Title 12, C.R.S.; or if the court determines based upon any material evidence that such a prohibition is necessary and appropriate to accomplish the goals of sentencing stated in 18-1-102.5, C.R.S.[16]

Recreational marijuana (2012)

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4:20 rally Denver, CO (2011)

Since the enactment of Colorado Amendment 64 in November 2012, adults aged 21[17] or older can grow up to six marijuana plants (with no more than half being mature flowering plants) privately in a locked space, legally possess all marijuana from the plants they grow (as long as it stays where it was grown),[18] legally possess up to one ounce (28 g) of marijuana while traveling,[19] and give as a gift up to one ounce (28 g) to other citizens 21 years of age or older.

Any adult in Colorado's territory may possess up to one ounce (28 g) of marijuana at any time, regardless of whether they are an in-state resident or an out-of-state visitor, as of 2016. Retail concentrate/edible limits are as follows: 8 grams (1⁄4 oz) of retail concentrate will be equal to 1 ounce (28 g) of flower, and therefore 800 mg of THC in the form of retail edibles will be equal to 1oz of retail flower.[20] Consumption is permitted in a manner similar to alcohol, with equivalent offenses prescribed for driving.[21] Consumption in public was recently passed in Denver under Ordinance 300 with a vote of 53% for legal public consumption, and a 46% vote against. Within 60 days the new rules will be written and should be similar to current public alcohol consumption rules and regulations.[22][23][24] Amendment 64 also provides for licensing of cultivation facilities, product manufacturing facilities, testing facilities, and retail stores.[25] Visitors and tourists in Colorado can use and purchase marijuana, but face prosecution if found in possession in any adjacent state. Denver airport has banned all possession of marijuana but admits it has not charged a single person with possession nor has the airport seized any marijuana since the ban went into effect.[26][27]

News report from Voice of America about the business of cannabis in Colorado - published March 20, 2015

Governor Hickenlooper signed several bills into law on May 28, 2013, implementing the recommendations of the Task Force on the Implementation of Amendment 64.[28][29][30][31] On September 9, 2013, the Colorado Department of Revenue adopted final regulations for recreational marijuana establishments, implementing the Colorado Retail Marijuana Code (HB 13–1317).[32] On September 16, 2013, the Denver City Council adopted an ordinance for retail marijuana establishments.[33][34] The state prepared for an influx of tourists with extra police officers posted in Denver. Safety fears led to officials seeking to limit use of the drug in popular ski resorts.[35] According to a Quinnipiac University poll released July 21, 2014, Coloradans continued to support the state's legalization of marijuana for recreational use by a margin of 54–43 percent. At the same time, the poll indicated 66 percent of voters there think marijuana use should be legal in private homes and in members-only clubs, but should not be legal in bars, clubs or entertainment venues where alcohol is served. Sixty-one percent of respondents also said laws regulating marijuana use should be as strict as laws regulating alcohol use.[36]

During 2014, the first year of implementation of Colorado Amendment 64, Colorado's legal marijuana market (both medical and recreational) reached total sales of $700 million.[37] In September 2014, legislation was submitted by Alabama senator Jeff Sessions to ensure that Electronic Benefit Transfer cards could not be used to purchase marijuana, as the United States Department of Health and Human Services stated that their usage in marijuana shops was not prohibited.[38]

By April 2018, revenue from legalized marijuana only amounted to 2% of the state's education budget, with some calling it "a drop in a bucket."[39] During this month, sales records showed that marijuana sales were flat and were about the same as they were the previous year.[40]

In mid-2019, Governor Jared Polis signed a law that would allow licensed businesses to have social marijuana use areas.[41]

Regulation

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General regulations for the legal commercial production and vending of marijuana in the state, which continue to be updated by the General Assembly, are published through the Marijuana Enforcement Division of the Department of Revenue.[42] In July 2021, the Governor of Colorado established the Colorado Cannabis Business Office.[43]

Hemp is defined as any form of the cannabis plant which has less than "3/10's of one percent" delta-9-THC. The state department of agriculture regulates hemp production.[4] Colorado was one of the first states to legalize marijuana which means they were very careful when outlining how they would regulate it. There are multiple forms of marijuana such as smoking the plant, concentrates and edible making it difficult for Colorado to regulate.[44] The Governors' office worked and is still working hand in hand with individuals involved in law enforcement, public and environmental health, human services, and education to find solutions.[44] Marijuana causes impaired judgment and lack of coordination making it unsafe to drive at certain levels. This is problematic due to the rest of the population being at risk on the roads. Colorado has created legislation that states it is unlawful for one to operate a vehicle when intoxicated at a blood THC level of 5 nanograms/milliliter or more.[45] Colorado put in place legislation stating that only persons 21 and older can possess one ounce (28 g) of weed or less on hand.[46] In May 2021 the lawful possession limit for adults was doubled to two ounces (57 g) per person.[47]

Impaired driving

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Like other states, driving while impaired by any drug is illegal in Colorado, though it took the legislature six attempts and three years to pass marijuana intoxication measures.[48] Ultimately the legislators decided on a nanogram limit in the bloodstream, though the number they picked was scoffed at by activists.[49] Today Colorado law states that juries may convict a person of marijuana intoxication if they have five or more nanograms of THC per milliliter of blood, but defendants are allowed to argue that they were not intoxicated despite having such levels of THC in their bloodstream.[50]

Testing limitations

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Since the legalization of recreational Marijuana in the state of Colorado testing an individual's level of intoxication has proven to be a challenge. “There is no one blood or oral fluid concentration that can differentiate impaired and not impaired,” (Berger, 2018).

Results

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The interior of a cannabis shop in Walsenburg, Colorado

The Colorado amendment 64, which was passed by voters on November 6, 2012, led to legalization in January 2014.[51]

The annual number of teenager (13 to 21 years old) visits to emergency rooms involving a cannabis related diagnostic code or positive for marijuana from a urine drug screen more than quadrupled during the decade (2005-2014) leading to the legalization. Two thirds of these cases involving marijuana were about mental health problems, and more than half of these cases also tested positive for other drugs.[52][53]

A national survey conducted between 2014 and 2016 alleged that adolescent abuse of marijuana has fallen to the lowest level it has been in years after legalization.[54] This has been attributed to both additional funding raised from taxation and law enforcement's increasing involvement in the oversight of production and sales.

The biannual Healthy Kids Colorado Survey provides data on marijuana usage and attitudes among public middle or high schools students. According to the 2015 survey, Colorado's youth marijuana use rate dipped slightly in 2015 and was lower than the national average.[55] The percentage of teenagers who have "used marijuana one or more times during the past 30 days" had dropped to 21% in 2015, down from 25% in 2009.[56] The 2019 survey showed that the percentage of students who had "used marijuana one or more times during the past 30 days" stayed stable, between 19.4 and 21.2 percent, from 2013 until 2019, and there was no clear trend.[57]

In 2014, Colorado invested $2 million generated from marijuana sales tax revenue on campaigns aimed at anti-marijuana education of minors and the state has plans to spend double that amount, $4 million in 2015 (out of a total projected marijuana sales tax revenue of $125 million). The current campaigns provide information on marijuana laws, the impacts of youth use, the dangers of driving under the influence of any drug, and the harmful side effects of using marijuana.[58]

In 2017, the government of Colorado collected over $247 million in taxes, fees, and licensing costs.[59]

By 2018, there was $905 million in total recreational cannabis sales since the legalization in 2014.[59]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "State-by-State Look at the Medical Necessity Defense" (PDF). NORML. November 10, 2003. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
  2. ^ Miller, Joshua (February 22, 2016). "In Colo., a look at life after marijuana legalization". Boston Globe. Retrieved May 6, 2018.
  3. ^ Jason Blevins (December 9, 2015). "Marijuana has huge influence on Colorado tourism, state survey says". The Denver Post. Retrieved May 6, 2018.
  4. ^ a b "Industrial Hemp".
  5. ^ Sarah E. Boslaugh (December 8, 2015). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Pharmacology and Society. SAGE Publications. pp. 1758–. ISBN 978-1-5063-4618-2.
  6. ^ Horner, Kylie (March 30, 2012). "Marijuana criminalized in Colorado 95 years ago today: Unhappy anniversary?". Westword. Archived from the original on November 12, 2013. Retrieved November 12, 2013.
  7. ^ Session Laws of Colorado. Vol. 21st Assembly. 1917. Ch. 39, p. 120. OCLC 1564150.
  8. ^ "Colorado cannabis time capsule, 1929: Legislators make sale and cultivation a felony". December 21, 2012. Retrieved July 20, 2021.
  9. ^ "Colorado's History With Marijuana And Path To Legalization". October 20, 2020. Archived from the original on July 20, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2021.
  10. ^ "The history of cannabis in Colorado...or how the state went to pot". November 1, 2012. Retrieved June 25, 2021.
  11. ^ Patrick Anderson (May 17, 2015). High in America. Garrett County Press. pp. 144–. ISBN 978-1-939430-16-8.
  12. ^ "Department of Public Health and Environment |" (PDF). www.colorado.gov. Archived from the original on May 21, 2009.
  13. ^ Ingold, John (April 25, 2013). "Colorado court upholds firing for off-the-job medical marijuana use". The Denver Post.
  14. ^ Roberts, Michael (April 26, 2013). "Marijuana: Paralyzed MMJ patient plans Supreme Court appeal over DISH sacking". Westword. Archived from the original on January 2, 2014. Retrieved January 1, 2014.
  15. ^ Coats v. Dish Network, 2013 COA 62 (April 25, 2013).
  16. ^ "Bill Folder" (PDF). Colorado General Assembly. June 10, 2016. Retrieved October 12, 2016.
  17. ^ Sadie Gurman (November 6, 2012). "Coloradans say yes to recreational use of marijuana". Associated Press.
  18. ^ Amendment 64: (3).b
  19. ^ Amendment 64: (3).a
  20. ^ Amendment 64:(3).a, 64:(3).b, and 64:(3).c
  21. ^ Amendment 64:(1).b-III and 64:(6).b
  22. ^ The Denver Post Editorial Board (September 30, 2013). "In Colorado, you still can't smoke marijuana in public". The Denver Post.
  23. ^ Caldwell, Alicia (October 19, 2013). "Colorado must carefully define 'public consumption' of marijuana". The Denver Post.
  24. ^ Lee, Kurtis (November 11, 2013). "Denver to continue tweaks to public pot consumption law". The Denver Post.
  25. ^ Amendment 64:(4)
  26. ^ "Despite ban, no marijuana seized and no citations at Denver airport". www.denverpost.com. May 22, 2014. Retrieved April 2, 2016.
  27. ^ "Where to buy legal Marijuana Shops, Maps, Laws". North Denver News. March 20, 2014.
  28. ^ Flatow, Nicole (May 28, 2013). "Six Ways Colorado Will Regulate Marijuana Like Alcohol". Think Progress.
  29. ^ "Gov. Signs Marijuana Bills Into Law". KKTV. AP. May 29, 2013. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013.
  30. ^ Kall, David M. (May 28, 2013). "Legislature approves historic marijuana sales and excise taxes in Colorado". Archived from the original on November 12, 2013. Retrieved November 12, 2013.
  31. ^ HB 13-1317 Implement Amendment 64 Majority Recommendation; HB 13-1318 Retail Marijuana Taxes; SB 13-283 Implement Amendment 64 Consensus Recommendations; HB 13-1325 Inferences For Marijuana And Driving Offenses; SB 13-250 Drug Sentencing Changes
  32. ^ Ingold, John (September 10, 2013). "Colorado first state in country to finalize rules for recreational pot". The Denver Post.
  33. ^ Meyer, Jeremy P. (September 17, 2013). "Denver council passes historic retail marijuana rules and regulations". The Denver Post.
  34. ^ Healy, Jack (January 1, 2014). "Colorado Stores Throw Open Their Doors to Pot Buyers". The New York Times.
  35. ^ Nick Allen (December 31, 2013). "Colorado becomes first US state to sell cannabis". telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
  36. ^ "July 21, 2014 - Limit Marijuana To Home, Members-Only Clubs, Colorado Voters Tell Quinnipiac University Poll; 50% Back Supreme Court On Contraception". quinnipiac.edu. Quinnipiac University. Archived from the original on July 24, 2014. Retrieved July 21, 2014.
  37. ^ "Colorado's legal weed market: $700 million in sales last year, $1 billion by 2016". The Washington Post. February 12, 2015. Retrieved February 12, 2015.
  38. ^ Miller, S.A. (September 9, 2014). "Welfare recipients can use debit cards for marijuana". Washington Times. Retrieved February 19, 2015.
  39. ^ Kathleen Foody (April 27, 2018). "Money from pot taxes a "drop in the bucket" to solve Colorado teacher funding problems". Associated Press.
  40. ^ "Colorado marijuana sales nearly flat in April". June 11, 2018.
  41. ^ Folley, Aris (May 29, 2019). "Colorado governor signs law legalizing marijuana social use areas". TheHill. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
  42. ^ "Marijuana Enforcement".
  43. ^ "Colorado Governor Announces New Cannabis Business Office with Focus on Social Equity". July 28, 2021.
  44. ^ a b Ghosh, Tista; Van Dyke, Mike; Maffey, Ali; Whitley, Elizabeth; Gillim-Ross, Laura; Wolk, Larry (November 12, 2015). "The Public Health Framework of Legalized Marijuana in Colorado". American Journal of Public Health. 106 (1): 21–27. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302875. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 4695936. PMID 26562117.
  45. ^ Ghosh, Tista S.; Van Dyke, Michael; Maffey, Ali; Whitley, Elizabeth; Erpelding, Dana; Wolk, Larry (March 12, 2015). "Medical Marijuana's Public Health Lessons — Implications for Retail Marijuana in Colorado". New England Journal of Medicine. 372 (11): 991–993. doi:10.1056/nejmp1500043. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 25760352.
  46. ^ "Recreational Marijuana Laws". lawatlas.org. Retrieved March 9, 2020.
  47. ^ "Governor Polis signs bill to increase marijuana possession limit for adults in Colorado". www.kktv.com. May 20, 2021. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
  48. ^ "Marijuana DUI Bill Passes In Colorado Senate, Appears Poised To Become Law". The Huffington Post. May 7, 2013.
  49. ^ Michael Roberts (May 8, 2013). "THC driving limit's passage means pot critic William Breathes may never drive legally again". Westword.
  50. ^ "Marijuana Laws in Colorado". Colorado Pot Guide. Archived from the original on April 9, 2016. Retrieved April 28, 2015.
  51. ^ Markus, Ben; Birkeland, Bente (January 1, 2023). "A decade of legal cannabis in Colorado". Colorado Public Radio. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
  52. ^ Fox, Maggie (May 4, 2017). "ER Visits for Kids Rise Significantly After Pot Legalized in Colorado". NBC News. Retrieved May 6, 2018.
  53. ^ "ER visits related to marijuana use at a Colorado hospital quadruple after legalization". May 4, 2017. Retrieved May 6, 2018.
  54. ^ "National Survey on Drug and Health". Center for Behavioral Health Statitists and Quality – via samhsa.gov.
  55. ^ "Colorado's Teen Marijuana Usage Dips after Legalization". Scientific American. June 21, 2016.
  56. ^ Ingraham, Christopher. "Now we know what happens to teens when you make pot legal". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
  57. ^ "Healthy Kids Colorado Survey Data". Colorado Department of Public Health & Environment. 2019. Retrieved June 11, 2021.
  58. ^ "Retail marijuana technical assistance". Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment. 2013. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
  59. ^ a b "Marijuana Tax Data". Colorado Department of Revenue. Archived from the original on April 4, 2016. Retrieved May 6, 2018 – via colorado.gov.
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