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Cannabis in Florida is illegal for recreational use. Possession of up to 20 grams (3⁄4 oz) is a misdemeanor offense, punishable by up to a year in jail, a fine of up to $1000, and the suspension of one's driver's license.[1] Several cities and counties have enacted reforms to apply lesser penalties, however.

Medical use was legalized in 2016 by way of a constitutional amendment. Appearing on the ballot as Amendment 2, the initiative was approved with 71% of the vote.

The Victor Licata case

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Main article: Victor Licata

On October 16, 1933, 21-year-old Victor Licata used an axe to murder his parents, two brothers, and a sister while they were asleep. Despite evidence Licata had a pre-existing history of mental illness, police and the press made unattributed claims that he was "addicted" to marijuana. On October 17, 1933, the Tampa Bay Times wrote:

W. D. Bush, city chief detective, said he had made an investigation prior to the crime and learned the slayer had been addicted to smoking marihuana cigarettes for more than six months.[2]

However, a day later the Chief of Tampa Police Department downplayed the role the drug had in the murders, although he pledged himself to the cause of marijuana prohibition:

Maybe the weed only had a small indirect part in the alleged insanity of the youth, but I am declaring now and for all time that the increasing use of this narcotic must stop and will be stopped." (October 18, 1933) [3]

An October 20, 1933, editorial on page six of the Tampa Morning Tribune was entitled "Stop This Murderous Smoke".[4] The editorial writer called for the prohibition of marijuana:

... it may or may not be wholly true that the pernicious marijuana cigarette is responsible for the murderous mania of a Tampa young man in exterminating all the members of his family within his reach — but whether or not the poisonous mind-wrecking weed is mainly accountable for the tragedy its sale should not be and should never have been permitted here or elsewhere.[3]

Medical use

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CBD oil legalized (2014)

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On June 16, 2014, Governor Rick Scott signed into law Senate Bill 1030 – the "Compassionate Medical Cannabis Act" – to allow the use of low-THC, high-CBD cannabis oil produced from the strain of cannabis known as Charlotte's Web.[5][6] Qualifying conditions allowed under the bill were epilepsy, cancer, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.[7] It passed the House 111–7 and Senate 30–9.[8]

Failed Amendment 2 initiative (2014)

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Main article: 2014 Florida Amendment 2

In 2013, supporters of a constitutional amendment to legalize medical cannabis began collecting signature to place the issue on the 2014 ballot. The group United for Care turned in 745,613 of the required 683,149 signatures, and on January 27, 2014, the Supreme Court of Florida ruled 4-3 that the initiative had successfully qualified.[9] Appearing on the ballot as Amendment 2, the initiative ultimately failed with 57.6% of the vote (this was short of the 60% supermajority required for constitutional amendments in Florida).[10] Contributing to its defeat was casino magnate Sheldon Adelson, who donated $5.5 million to the initiative's opposition campaign.[11] The main sponsor in support of the initiative was attorney John Morgan, who spent close to $4 million.[12]

Right to Try Act expanded (2016)

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House Bill 307 was signed into law by Governor Scott on March 25, 2016, to expand the state's Right to Try Act to allow terminally ill patients to use cannabis.[13][14] The bill also sought to address problems that had arisen with the implementation of the state's CBD law that was approved in 2014.[15] House Bill 307 passed the House 99–16 and the Senate 28–11.[16]

Approved Amendment 2 initiative (2016)

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Main article: 2016 Florida Amendment 2

In 2016, a second attempt was made to pass a constitutional amendment to legalize medical cannabis in Florida. Appearing on the ballot as Amendment 2, the initiative was approved on November 8, 2016, with 71.3% of the vote.[17] The initiative legalized the use of cannabis with a doctor's recommendation for treatment of: cancer, epilepsy, glaucoma, positive status for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Crohn's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, chronic nonmalignant pain caused by a qualifying medical condition or that originates from a qualified medical condition, or other comparable debilitating medical conditions.[18]

Under Amendment 2, a patient can access medical cannabis if a physician determines that the benefits of the drug would likely outweigh the potential health risks. Initially, Florida regulations did not allow for smoking the medication; instead it could only be consumed by vaping or as oils, sprays, or pills.[18] However, on May 25, 2018, Leon County Circuit Court Judge Karen Gievers ruled that the ban on smoking was unconstitutional.[19] That ruling was appealed by the administration of Governor Rick Scott, but the administration of Governor Ron DeSantis dropped the appeal and asked for the legislature to lift the restriction.[20] A bill that removed the prohibition on smoking was signed into law in March 2019.[21] In September 2020, sales of edible products began shortly after the Florida Department of Health published regulations to allow such sales.[22][23]

Recreational use

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Invalidated 2022 initiatives

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In April 2021, the Florida Supreme Court ruled 5–2 that an initiative to legalize recreational cannabis was "affirmatively misleading" and therefore would not appear on the 2022 ballot.[24] Prior to the ruling, the group Make it Legal Florida had collected 556,049 valid signatures of 891,589 required to qualify for the ballot.[25] The court invalidated the initiative because the summary, which was limited to 75 words, did not specify that cannabis would remain illegal under federal law.[26] The challenge was brought before the court by Attorney General Ashley Moody.[27][28]

A second initiative to legalize recreational cannabis, spearheaded by the group Sensible Florida, was struck down by the court in a 5–2 ruling in June 2021. The court again ruled that the summary was "affirmatively misleading", in agreement with a September 2019 challenge brought by Attorney General Moody.[29][30]

Adult Personal Use of Marijuana initiative (2024)

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Main article: 2024 Florida Amendment 3

In August 2022, a proposed constitutional amendment was filed by the group Smart & Safe Florida to legalize recreational cannabis in Florida.[31] In June 2023, the Florida Department of State confirmed that 967,528 valid signatures had been submitted of 891,523 required to qualify for the 2024 ballot.[32] Later in June, Attorney General Ashley Moody filed a 49-page legal brief urging the Florida Supreme Court to remove the initiative from the ballot.[33] In April 2024, the court ruled 5–2 that the initiative was constitutional and would remain on the ballot.[34][35]

If approved by voters on the November 5, 2024 ballot, Amendment 3, the Adult Personal Use of Marijuana initiative, would:[36][37]

  • allow adults 21 and over to possess up to three ounces of cannabis and five grams of concentrates
  • allow the sale of cannabis at existing medical cannabis dispensaries
  • allow, but not require, the legislature to approve cannabis sales at additional dispensaries
  • allow the cultivation of cannabis for distribution at dispensaries, but make no allowance for the personal cultivation of cannabis at home

Passage of the initiative is opposed by Governor Ron DeSantis and the Republican Party of Florida.[38]

County and municipal reforms

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Miami-Dade County (2015)

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In June 2015, Miami-Dade County commissioners approved by a 10–3 vote a plan to allow civil citations to be issued for possession of up to 20 grams (¾ oz) of cannabis. Persons issued a citation are required to pay a $100 fine or perform two days of community service.[39]

Broward County (2015)

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In November 2015, Broward County commissioners approved by a unanimous vote a plan to allow civil citations to be issued for possession of up to 20 grams (¾ oz) of cannabis. The penalty was set at $100 for a first offense, $250 for a second, and $500 for a third.[40]

Palm Beach County (2015)

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In December 2015, Palm Beach County commissioners approved by a 4–1 vote a plan to allow civil citations to be issued for possession of up to 20 grams (¾ oz) of cannabis. First and second offenses are punishable by a $100 fine; a third offense cannot be cited.[41] Instead of a fine, cited individuals can opt for 10 hours of community service.[42]

Tampa (2016)

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In March 2016, Tampa city council approved by a 5–1 vote a plan to allow civil citations to be issued for possession of up to 20 grams (¾ oz) of cannabis. The penalty was set at $75 for a first offense, $150 for a second, and $300 for a third.[43]

Orlando (2016)

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In May 2016, Orlando city council approved by a 4–3 vote a plan to allow civil citations to be issued for possession of up to 20 grams (¾ oz) of cannabis.[44] The penalty was set at $100 for a first offense and $200 for a second.[44] As an alternative, eight hours of drug education or community service can be substituted.[45] The program went into effect in October 2016.[45]

Other

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Other cities and counties that have approved decriminalization ordinances are: Miami Beach (2015), Hallandale Beach (2015), Key West (2015), West Palm Beach (2015), Volusia County (2016), Osceola County (2016), Alachua County (2016), Port Richey (2016), Cocoa Beach (2019), and Sarasota (2019).[46][47][48]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Florida Laws & Penalties". NORML. Retrieved August 8, 2019.
  2. ^ Sloman. Reefer madness: the history of marijuana in America. p. 61.
  3. ^ a b Sloman. Reefer madness: the history of marijuana in America. p. 62.
  4. ^ "Licata Newspaper Articles and References". Uncle Mike's Library. June 25, 2009. Archived from the original on February 24, 2016. Retrieved March 26, 2012.
  5. ^ Cotterell, Bill (June 16, 2014). "Florida governor signs law allowing limited medical marijuana use". Reuters. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
  6. ^ Larrabee, Brandon (June 16, 2014). "Governor Scott Signs Medical Marijuana Bill". WFOR. The News Service of Florida. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
  7. ^ Klas, Mary Ellen (June 16, 2014). "Gov. Rick Scott signs 'Charlotte's Web' medical marijuana bill". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
  8. ^ Smith, Nancy (June 15, 2014). "Bill Signing Makes Florida 22nd State to Pass Medical Marijuana Legislation". Sunshine State News. Archived from the original on August 7, 2019. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
  9. ^ Cotterell, Bill (January 27, 2014). "Florida's top court puts medical marijuana initiative on November ballot". Reuters. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
  10. ^ Sweeney, Dan (November 7, 2014). "Medical marijuana: On the ballot in 2016?". Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
  11. ^ Hamilton, Keegan (October 26, 2016). "Weed Killers | Here's who's bankrolling the fight against legal marijuana". Vice News. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
  12. ^ "Florida Right to Medical Marijuana Initiative, Amendment 2 (2014)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved August 7, 2014.
  13. ^ Saunder, Jim (March 25, 2016). "Rick Scott approves medical marijuana expansion". Orlando Weekly. The News Service of Florida. Archived from the original on January 2, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
  14. ^ Buzzacco-Foerster, Jenna (March 25, 2016). "Gov. Scott signs medical marijuana expansion bill into law". Florida Politics. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
  15. ^ Reedy, Joe (March 14, 2016). "Florida medical marijuana bill with 'Right to Try' expansion heads to gov". The Cannabist. Associated Press. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
  16. ^ Zuckerman, Daniel (March 25, 2016). "Florida Gov. Rick Scott Passes Medical Marijuana Expansion Bill". Inquisitr. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
  17. ^ "Florida Medical Marijuana Legalization, Amendment 2 (2016)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved August 8, 2019.
  18. ^ a b Lewis, Jackson (June 27, 2017). "Florida Governor Signs Medical Marijuana Law". JD Supra. Retrieved July 14, 2017.
  19. ^ "Florida: Court Strikes Down Legislative Ban On Medical Cannabis Smoking". NORML. May 31, 2018. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
  20. ^ "Florida: Governor Demands Lawmakers Lift Ban On Smoked Cannabis". NORML. January 24, 2019. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  21. ^ "Senate Bill 182 (2019) - The Florida Senate". flsenate.gov. Retrieved March 15, 2019.
  22. ^ Call, James; Schneider, Tori; Cox, Billy (September 2, 2020). "Edible marijuana now available in Florida as Trulieve offers TruGels at dispensaries". Tallahassee Democrat. Retrieved November 6, 2021.
  23. ^ Fuller, Austin (September 21, 2020). "Medical marijuana chocolates, cookies and gels hit the dispensary shelves in Florida". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved November 6, 2021.
  24. ^ Stern, Mark Joseph (April 22, 2021). "The Florida Supreme Court Won't Let Voters Legalize Recreational Marijuana". Slate. Retrieved August 2, 2023.
  25. ^ Jaeger, Kyle (April 22, 2021). "Florida Supreme Court Kills 2022 Marijuana Legalization Initiative That Hundreds Of Thousands Had Signed". Marijuana Moment. Retrieved August 2, 2023.
  26. ^ Wilson, Kirby (April 22, 2021). "Florida marijuana legalization dealt blow by Florida Supreme Court". Tampa Bay Times. Archived from the original on June 2, 2023. Retrieved August 2, 2023.
  27. ^ Gancarski, A.G. (December 20, 2019). "Ashley Moody argues against pot legalization initiative". Florida Politics. Retrieved August 4, 2023.
  28. ^ Saunders, Jim (March 24, 2020). "AG Moody, trying to slow down recreational pot amendment, asks Florida Supreme Court to review". Orlando Weekly. News Service of Florida. Retrieved August 4, 2023.
  29. ^ Wilson, Kirby (June 17, 2021). "Florida Supreme Court issues another defeat to marijuana legalization". Tampa Bay Times. Archived from the original on December 7, 2022. Retrieved August 2, 2023.
  30. ^ Moline, Michael (June 17, 2021). "FL Supreme Court blocks a second pro-pot citizens initiative from the 2022 ballot". Florida Phoenix. Retrieved August 2, 2023.
  31. ^ "Florida recreational marijuana initiative launched". CBS News Miami. News Service of Florida. August 8, 2022. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
  32. ^ Ritchie, Bruce (June 1, 2023). "Florida recreational marijuana effort clears crucial hurdle". Politico. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
  33. ^ Kam, Dara (June 27, 2023). "Florida's attorney general says recreational marijuana amendment is 'misleading to voters'". Orlando Weekly. News Service of Florida. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
  34. ^ Sarkissian, Arek (April 1, 2024). "Florida Supreme Court approves ballot measure to legalize recreational marijuana". Politico. Retrieved April 30, 2024.
  35. ^ Wilson, Kirby; Ellenbogen, Romy (April 1, 2024). "Recreational weed will be on Florida's 2024 ballot, Supreme Court rules". Tampa Bay Times. Archived from the original on April 9, 2024. Retrieved April 30, 2024.
  36. ^ Jaeger, Kyle (April 1, 2024). "Florida Voters Will Decide On Marijuana Legalization In November As Supreme Court Rejects Attorney General's Move To Block Ballot Measure". Marijuana Moment. Retrieved April 30, 2024.
  37. ^ "Florida Amendment 3, Marijuana Legalization Initiative (2024)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved April 30, 2024.
  38. ^ Leonard, Kimberly (May 7, 2024). "Florida GOP says no to weed referendum". Politico. Retrieved June 30, 2024.
  39. ^ Hanks, Douglas (June 30, 2015). "Miami-Dade adopts $100 fine for pot possession". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on March 23, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
  40. ^ Wallman, Brittany (November 11, 2015). "Broward downgrades penalty for pot possession". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
  41. ^ Washington, Wayne (December 15, 2015). "Palm Beach County's new pot law: $100 fine for holding about ¾-ounce". The Palm Beach Post. Archived from the original on March 23, 2019. Retrieved March 20, 2019.
  42. ^ Swisher, Skyler (December 15, 2015). "Palm Beach County eases penalty for marijuana possession". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved March 20, 2019.
  43. ^ Danielson, Richard (March 17, 2016). "Tampa City Council okays civil fines for small amounts of marijuana". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
  44. ^ a b Weiner, Jeff (May 9, 2016). "Orlando OKs citations for marijuana possession in small amounts". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
  45. ^ a b Cordeiro, Monivette (May 9, 2016). "Orlando City Council adopts use of civil citations for marijuana, but with some changes". Orlando Weekly. Archived from the original on May 12, 2016. Retrieved March 22, 2016.
  46. ^ Cox, Billy (September 3, 2019). "Sarasota votes to decriminalize small amount of marijuana". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Retrieved September 6, 2019.
  47. ^ "Decriminalization is sweeping Florida — one city at a time". Marijuana Policy Project. Retrieved August 8, 2019.
  48. ^ "Florida Local Decriminalization". NORML. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
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