List of active separatist movements in Africa
This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Africa. Separatism includes autonomism and secessionism.
Criteria
[edit]What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:
- They are active movements with active members.
- They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
- They are citizens/people of the conflict area and do not come from another country.
Under each region listed is one or more of the following:
- De facto state (de facto entity): for unrecognized regions with de facto autonomy.
- Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state.
- Proposed autonomous area: for movements towards greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession.
- De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region.
- Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control.
- Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession.
- Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations.
- Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities.
- Ethnic/ethno-religious/racial/regional/religious group(s).
Algeria
[edit]
- Ethnic group: Kabyle Berbers[1]
- Proposed state: Kabylia and various other Berber states: Chenoui,[2][3][4] Southern Algeria, Mzab[5][6][7][8][3]
- Government-in-exile: Kabyle Provisional Government (ANAVAD AQVAYLI UΣḌIL).[9]
- Movement leader: Ferhat Mehenni.[10]
- Political party: Movement for the self-determination of Kabylie (MAK).[11][12] Southern Algeria Liberation Front
Kabylia is a charter member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO)[13]
Kabylia is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States[14]
Angola
[edit]
Central-Eastern Angola
- Ethnic group:
Lunda-Tchokwé people
- Proposed state: Democratic Republic of Lunda-Tchokwé
- Government-in-exile: Partido Democrático da Defesa do Estado Lunda-Tchokwé,[15][16]
- Political party: Partido Democrático da Defesa do Estado Lunda-Tchokwé[17]
- Advocacy groups: Mulher Unida da Lunda-Tchokwé, Pioneiros Unidos da Lunda-Tchokwé, Juventude Unida da Lunda-Tchokwé, Manifesto Jurídico Sociológico do Povo Lunda-Tchokwé[18]
- Ethnic group: Bakongo
- Proposed state: Republic of Cabinda[19]
- Government-in-exile: Frente para a Libertação do Enclave de Cabinda (FLEC) (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Political party: Frente para a Libertação do Enclave de Cabinda (FLEC),
Liberation Front of the State of Cabinda - Militant organization: Forças Armadas de Cabinda (FAC)
- Status: Ongoing low-intensity war
Cabinda is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States[13]
Botswana
[edit]
- Ethnic group: Masubia, Nzanza, Mbowe, Makalahari, MaYeyi, Mampukushu, Makwengari, Mambunda, Matotela, Batoka, Mafwe, Barotse, Leya, Nanzwa, Lujana, Dombe
Cameroon
[edit].png)
- Ethnic group: Anglophones of the former Southern Cameroons, consisting of over 80 ethnic groups
- Population: ~4 million people
- Proposed state: Federal Republic of Ambazonia[23]
- Advocacy group: Interim Government of Ambazonia, Ambazonia Governing Council and others[24]
- Militant groups: Ambazonia Self-Defence Council, Ambazonia Defence Forces, SOCADEF, other smaller militias
- Status: Ongoing civil war
Ambazonia is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States[13]
- People: Oron
- Population: 150,000–300,000 people (subject of dispute)
- Proposed state: Democratic Republic of Bakassi[25]
- Militant groups: Bakassi Movement for Self-Determination
- Status: Active insurgency until 2009, isolated incidents until 2015
Central African Republic
[edit]
Territories under control of FPRC around 2024
Dar El Kuti (Republic of Logone)
- Ethnic group: Muslims in the Central African Republic
- Proposed state: Dar al-Kuti[26]
- Advocacy group and militant organization: Séléka[27]
- Status: Ongoing civil war, effectively a proto-state
Dar El Kuti is a self-proclaimed state supported by the Popular Front for the Rebirth of Central African Republic (FPRC), a Muslim rebel movement in the Central African Republic.[28]
Comoros
[edit].svg)
- Ethnic group: people of Anjouan
- Proposed state:
Anjouan - Political party: Mouvement Populaire Anjouanais
- Proposed state:
Republic of the Congo
[edit]
South Congo (Brazzaville)[citation needed]
- Ethnic group: South Congolese
- Advocacy group: Provisional Assembly and governance of the State of South Congo[citation needed]
- Proposed state:
State of South Congo[31][32]
Democratic Republic of the Congo
[edit]_-_Bas-Congo.svg)
- Advocacy group: Bundu dia Kongo
- Proposed state: Kingdom of Kongo[33]
- Political parties: Union of Independent Federalists and Republicans
- Militant organizations: Mai Mai Kata Katanga
Katanga is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States[13]
Egypt
[edit]
Eritrea
[edit]
- Ethnic group: Afar people, Saho people
- Proposed autonomous area:
Dankalia or unification with 
Ethiopia - Advocacy groups: Red Sea Afar Democratic Organisation,
Democratic Movement for the Liberation of the Eritrean Kunama, 
Saho People's Democratic Movement[38][39][40][41]
- Proposed autonomous area:
Equatorial Guinea
[edit]
- Ethnic group: Bubi
- Proposed state: Bioko Island
- Advocacy group: Movement for the Self-Determination of Bioko Island
- Ethnic group: Portuguese Africans
- Proposed state: Republic of Annobón[42]
- Advocacy group:
Free Annobón[43][44]
Ethiopia
[edit]
- Proposed state: Ogadenia (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization) or unification with
Somalia
- Political party: Ogaden National Liberation Front
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Oromia (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Militant organizations: Oromo Liberation Front,
Islamic Front for the Liberation of Oromia - Advocacy group: Qeerroo
- Militant organizations:
- Proposed state or autonomous area: Tigray[45]
- Political party: Tigray Independence Party[46]
- Proposed: Self-determination and/or autonomy for the Sidama people
- Militant organization:
Sidama National Liberation Front[47]
- Militant organization:
- ethnic group: Amhara people
- proposed: self determination and/or autonomy for
Amhara - political party: National Movement of Amhara
- status: Ongoing
- proposed: self determination and/or autonomy for
- ethnic group: Afar people
- proposed: independence for the
Afar Region - political party: Afar Liberation Front (former militant organization)
- militant organization: Afar Revolutionary Democratic Unity Front
- proposed: independence for the
France
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- Political party:
Lorganizasion Popilèr po Libèr nout Péi (Lplp) – Popular Front for National Liberation: composed of Nasion Rénioné, Mar, Drapo rouz, Patriot rénioné and Mir. - Political party: Communist Party of Réunion
- Proposed state:
Republic of Zabon
- Political party:
.svg){kind=small}
Mayotte continues to have autonomist and separatist movements despite the island having voted to become France's 101st department in 2011.[52]
Ghana
[edit]
- Proposed state: Western Togoland
- Militant organizations: Western Togoland Restoration Front (member of UNPO)
- Proposed state: Western Togoland
Kenya
[edit]
- Proposed state: Coast Province, Mombasa Republic
- Political party: Mombasa Republican Council[53][54]
- Status: Active[55]
Mombasa Republic is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States[13]
Rift Valley, Western Province, Nyanza
- Proposed State or autonomous region: People's Republic of Kenya
- Political Party:
Azimio la Umoja[56][57][58][59]
- Political Party:
Libya
[edit].png)
- Ethnic group: Arabs,
- Proposed autonomous region or state:
Cyrenaica[61] - Political party: Cyrenaica Transitional Council
- Proposed autonomous region or state:
South Libya
- Ethnic group:
Toubou[62][63]
- Proposed autonomy for:
Toubouland - Militant organisations: Toubou Front for the Salvation of Libya[64]
- Proposed autonomy for:
Malawi
[edit]Nyika
Mali
[edit]
Dark grey dots indicate regions with a Tuareg majority.
- Ethnic group: Tuareg
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Azawad - Political party: Coordination of Azawad Movements, which includes MNLA
- Militant organisations: National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad
- Azawad is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States[13]
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
- Ethnic group: Fula
- Proposed state: Massina Empire
- Militant organizations: Katiba Macina[70][71][72]
Mauritius
[edit]
- Ethnic group: Rodriguan
- Proposed greater autonomous area or state:
Rodrigues - Political party: Rodrigues People's Organisation[73][74]
- Proposed greater autonomous area or state:
Morocco
[edit]
- Ethnic group: Riffian Berbers
- Proposed state: Republic of the Rif
- Political party: Riffian National Party
- Militant organisation(s): Riffian National Party
Started in Morocco during the 1920s,[75][76] and was revitalized in 2013.[77] The Rif Independence Movement is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States.[77]
Namibia
[edit]
- Ethnic group: Masubia, Nzanza, Mbowe, Makalahari, MaYeyi, Mampukushu, Makwengari, Mambunda, Matotela, Batoka, Mafwe, Barotse, Leya, Nanzwa, Lujana, Dombe
- Advocacy group: Movement for the Survival of the River Races of Zambesia
- Militant organization:
Caprivi Liberation Army[78] - Political party: Caprivi National African Union,
United Democratic Party - Proposed state:
Zambesia[20][21] or Caprivi Strip[79] or 
Barotseland
- Ethnic group: Baster
- Proposed autonomous area:
Rehoboth area[80] - Political party: The United People`s Movement (UPM)[81] Rehoboth Basters (Member of the UNPO)[82]
- Proposed autonomous area:
Nigeria
[edit]
- Ethnic group: Igbo, Anioma, Igede, Igala, Idoma, Ijaw, Kalabari, Ibibio, and Ogoni.
- Proposed state:
Republic of Biafra (defunct) - Separatist movements: The Indigenous People of Biafra, Biafra Zionist Movement, Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra
- Militant organization: Eastern Security Network
- Government in exile: Biafran Government in exile[83]
- Biafra is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States[13]
- Proposed state:
Republic of Oduduwa
- Ethnic group:
Yorùbá ethnic groups in Ekiti, Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, Oyo, Osun, Kwara, Òkun in Kogi states in Nigeria, Itsekiris in Delta state and Akoko in Edo state.
- Proposed state:
Republic of Oduduwa - Member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization[84]
- Civic organizations: Ilana Omo Oodua, Nigerian Indigenous Nationalities Alliance for Self-Determination(NINAS)
- Movement leaders: Professor Stephen Adebanji Akintoye, Sunday Igboho
- O'odua Grand Alliance for Independence & Oodua People's Congress Ogafi.org [85]
- Status: Constitutional Force Majeure
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Urhobo, Isoko, Itsekiri, Ijaw, Ukwuani, Edo, Esan, Ogoni, Kalabari and many more.
- Proposed: Autonomous regionalism:
Niger Delta Republic[87] was declared in February 1965 by Isaac Adaka Boro,[88] but failed to be established and remains an inspiration if not an aspiration.[89] - Movement: Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) formed in 2006 for the self-determination of the people of the Niger Delta[90]
- Militant groups: Niger Delta Avengers,[91] Niger Delta Greenland Justice Mandate, Niger Delta Vigilante, Niger Delta People's Volunteer Force (NDPVF),
- Status: Ongoing war
- Proposed: Autonomous regionalism:
- Ethnic group: Hausa people, Kanuri people
- Proposed State or Autonomous Area:
Arewa Republic - Political organisations Arewa Consultative Forum
- Proposed State or Autonomous Area:
- Ethnic group: Ogoni people
- Proposed autonomous region:
Ogoniland[93] - Advocacy group: Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People
- Proposed autonomous region:
- ethnic group: Edo people, Yoruba People, Igbo people
- proposed: re establishment of the
Kingdom of Benin - political party: United Kingdom of Great Benin[94]
- proposed: re establishment of the
Portugal
[edit]
- ethnic group: Madeiran
- proposed: greater autonomy for
Madeira - political party: Together for the People
- proposed: greater autonomy for
Senegal
[edit]
.svg){kind=small}
- Ethnic group: Diola
- Proposed state:
Republic of Casamance - Militant organization: Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance[95]
- Proposed state:
Somalia
[edit]
- Ethnic group: Somali
- De facto state:
Somaliland - Political organisations: Government of Somaliland
- Militant organisation: Somaliland Armed Forces
- De facto state:
- ethnic group: Somali
South Africa
[edit]
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Cape Republic[99]
- Ethnic groups: Cape Coloureds, Afrikaners, Khoisan, Cape Malays, Bantu peoples of South Africa (Primarily Xhosa)
- Political parties: Freedom Front Plus[100] Referendum Party Cape Independence Party[101]
- Advocacy groups: CapeXit[102] Cape Independence Advocacy Group (CIAG),[99]
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Sovereign State of Good Hope[103]
- Ethnic groups: Cape Coloureds, Khoisan, Cape Malays, Griqua people
- Advocacy Groups:
Goringhaicona Khoikhoin Indigenous Traditional Council,[a][13] First Indigenous Nation of South Africa (FINSA) - Status: Unrecognized
- Ethnic group: Afrikaners
- Proposed state or autonomous area: Volkstaat[104]
- Political Party: Freedom Front Plus (in parliament and member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization).[105] Outside parliament: National Conservative Party of South Africa, Boerestaat Party, Herstigte Nasionale Party, Afrikaner Self-determination Party.
- Advocacy group: Orania Movement
- Movement: Boere-Vryheidsbeweging
- Status: Accord on Afrikaner self-determination
_by_Roberto_Breschi_taken_from_The_South_African_Flag_Book_by_A.P.Burgers.png){kind=small}
- Autonomous area: Zulu Kingdom
- Political Party: Inkatha Freedom Party, Abantu Batho Congress
- Status: Autonomy for traditional African communities and their leaders
- Ethnic group: Vhavenda
- Proposed state:
Venda - Political Party: Dabalorivhuwa Patriotic Front
- Proposed state:
Spain
[edit]_in_Spain.svg)
- Secessionist movement
- People: Canarians
- Proposed state:
Republic of the Canary Islands
- Political parties (autonomist): Coalición Canaria, Partido Nacionalista Canario, Centro Canario Nacionalista, Nueva Canarias
- Political parties (secessionist): FREPIC-AWAÑAK, Tanekra, Alternativa Nacionalista Canaria, Alternativa Popular Canaria, Unidad del Pueblo, National Congress of the Canaries
- Trade union: Intersindical Canaria
- Youth movement: Azarug
- Proposed state:
Canary Islands is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States[13]
- autonomist
- proposed autonomous region:
Ceuta
- political parties: Movement for Dignity and Citizenship and Ceuta Ya!
Sudan
[edit]
- Ethnic group: Fur, Arabs, Zaghawa, Masalit, Tama
- Proposed autonomous area:
Darfur or proposed unification with Chad[106][107] - Militant organization: Darfur Liberation Front
- Status: War in Darfur
- Proposed autonomous area:
- Ethnic group: Beja
- Proposed autonomous area or state:
Beja state[108][109][107] - Political groups: Beja Congress[109]
- Proposed autonomous area or state:
Tanzania
[edit]_sv.svg)
- Ethnic group: Arabs, Shirazi
- Proposed state:
Zanzibar - Political party: Civic United Front (member of Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization), Uamsho[110]
- Proposed state:
.svg){kind=small}
Uganda
[edit]
- Proposed: autonomy within Uganda
United Kingdom
[edit]
British Indian Ocean Territory
- Ethnic group: Chagossian People
.svg){kind=small}
Zambia
[edit]- Ethnic group: Barotse
- Proposed state: Barotseland
- Militant organization: Barotse National Council,[116] Kola Foundation,[117][118][119] Cuundu Caitwa,[120][121] Umodzi Ku'Mawa Forum[122]
- Proposed state:
Zimbabwe
[edit]
- Ethnic group: Matabele
- Proposed state: Mthwakazi
- Militant organization: Mthwakazi Liberation Front (M.L.F.)[123][124]
- Political party: Matabeleland Freedom Party[125]
- Revolutionary Movement:
Mthwakazi Republic Party (M.R.P)[126][127][128] - Matabele is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States[13]
See also
[edit]- List of conflicts in Africa
- Lists of active separatist movements
- List of historical separatist movements
- Coptic nationalism
Notes
[edit]References
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- ^ Siwel. "Yella Houha, ancien président du MAC appelle le peuple chawi et sa diaspora à prendre part aux marches du peuple kabyle du 17 et du 20 Avril" (in French). Retrieved 2024-09-11.
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- ^ Burnett, M. Troy, ed. (2020). "Angola". Nationalism Today: Extreme Political Movements around the World. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 63–78, pages 77–78. ISBN 978-1-4408-5000-4.
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- ^ "Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
- ^ a b "UNPO: Zambesia". unpo.org. Retrieved 2022-12-28.
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- ^ "Rebels Declare 'Independence' Of Bakassi". Up Station Mountain Club.
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- ^ Dembassa-Kette, Crispin. "Rebel declares autonomous state in Central African Republic". af.reuters.com. Archived from the original on 23 April 2017.
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- ^ "الأقباط متحدون - سخرية وتحذير على تويتر وفيسبوك من دعوات الإخوان لانفصال الصعيد". www.copts-united.com. Retrieved 2024-09-11.
- ^ أبوحجر, محمد (2012-10-02). "العمال المفصولون فى "غاز مصر": الصعيد يطلب الانفصال". الوطن (in Arabic). Retrieved 2024-09-11.
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- ^ "الأقباط متحدون - بالصور منشورات بالمنيا تدعو لإنفصال الصعيد والأهالي يتهمون أنصار المعزول". www.copts-united.com. Retrieved 2024-09-11.
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- ^ AmboLegadu, Prensa (2022-05-07). "News | Ambô Legadu". www.ambolegadu.com. Retrieved 2024-04-09.
- ^ "Annobon's Road to Independence". 30 December 2022.
- ^ "LA DECLARACIÓN DE INDEPENDENCIA DE ANNOBÓN SACUDE GUINEA ECUATORIAL. | asodeguesegundaetapa.org".
- ^ Temare, Getachew Gebrekiros (28 September 2019). "The Republic of Tigray? Aydeln, yekenyeley!". Retrieved 14 October 2020.
- ^ Asefa, Abraham (22 August 2020). "'Exit' imminent as Abiy neglects the Tigrayan 'voice'". Retrieved 14 October 2020.
- ^ "Ethiopia: why the Sidama secession demand needs to be negotiated". The Conversation. 30 July 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
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- ^ "Politique. Quand Mayotte deviendra département..." Archived from the original on 2010-09-14. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
- ^ Kantai, Parselelo (17 May 2012). "Kenya's Mombasa Republican Council : The Coast calls for freedom". The Africa Report. Jeune Afrique Media Group (JAMG). Archived from the original on 10 October 2022.
- ^ Torres, Luc; et al. (6 September 2012). "The separatist map of Africa: interactive". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
- ^ Mwangi, Wachira (30 June 2022). "Puzzle of 81 suspects arrested in Mtwapa over MRC links". The Daily Nation. Archived from the original on 30 June 2022.
- ^ "Kenya's opposition wants to split up the country – but secession calls seldom succeed". 8 June 2023.
- ^ "NASA Supporters Unveil "Peoples Republic of Kenya" Flag".
- ^ "Azimio to push for secession in battle with Ruto as talks stall". 27 May 2023.
- ^ "Raila Criticised for Threatening Ruto with Secession Ultimatum - Kenyans.co.ke". 27 May 2023.
- ^ Cousins, Michel (2013-06-01). "Cyrenaica federalists declare self government on 64th anniversary of Emirate of Cyrenaica independence". LibyaHerald. Retrieved 2023-04-09.
- ^ Troy Burnett, M. (4 August 2020). Nationalism Today: Extreme Political Movements around the World. Abc-Clio. ISBN 9781440850004.
- ^ "Factbox: Who are the Tibu?". ChicagoHerald. 2012-04-08. Retrieved 2012-04-08.
- ^ Hatita, Abdul Sattar (2016-03-14). "People of Toubou Seeking Independence in Libya". ASHARQ AL-AWSAT English Archive. Retrieved 2023-06-13.
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- ^ "Malawians Give Mixed Reactions On Secession". All Africa.
- ^ "North Malawi independence: Yes, secession is good - Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi". www.nyasatimes.com. 2014-09-16. Retrieved 2024-09-11.
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- ^ "Bulgarian Declares Mass of Floating Pumice off New Zealand Principality of New Atlantis".[dead link]
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