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List of Category 4 South Pacific severe tropical cyclones

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Category 4 the second-highest classification on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale which is used to classify tropical cyclones, that have 10-minute sustained winds of at least wind speeds of 86–107 knots (159–198 km/h; 99–123 mph). As of 2019 47 tropical cyclones have peaked Category 4 severe tropical cyclones in the South Pacific tropical cyclone basin, which is denoted as the part of the Pacific Ocean to the south of the equator and to the east of 160°E. The earliest tropical cyclone to be classified as a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone was Gyan which was classified as a Category 4 during December 22, 1981, as it impacted New Caledonia. The latest was Pola as it passed between Fiji and Tonga. This list does include any tropical cyclones that peaked as a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone, while in the Southern Pacific tropical cyclone basin.

Background

[edit]

The South Pacific tropical cyclone basin is located to the south of the Equator between 160°E and 120°W.[1] The basin is officially monitored by the Fiji Meteorological Service and the New Zealand MetService, while other meteorological services such as the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Météo-France as well as the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center also monitor the basin.[1] Within the basin a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone is a tropical cyclone that has 10-minute mean maximum sustained wind speeds of 86–107 knots (159–198 km/h; 99–123 mph) on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale.[1][2] A named storm could also be classified as a Category 4 tropical cyclone if it is estimated, to have 1-minute mean maximum sustained wind speeds of between 113–136 knots (209–252 km/h; 130–157 mph) on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale.[1][3] This scale is only officially used in American Samoa, however, various agencies including NASA also use it to compare tropical cyclones.[1] A Category 4 tropical cyclone is expected to cause catastrophic devastation, if it significantly impacts land at or near its peak intensity.[2][3]

Systems

[edit]
Name Duration Peak intensity Areas affected Damage
(USD) 		Deaths Refs
Wind speed Pressure
Pam January 30 – February 8, 1974 195 km/h (120 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Wallis and Futuna, Vanuatu
New Caledonia, Queensland		 Significant Unknown [4][5][6]
Gyan December 18–29, 1981 185 km/h (115 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Vanuatu [7]
Abigail February 2–3, 1982 175 km/h (110 mph) 947 hPa (27.96 inHg) [8]
Isaac February 27 – March 5, 1982 175 km/h (110 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Tonga 10 million 6 [9][10][11]
Bernie April 5 – 9, 1982 165 km/h (105 mph) 960 hPa (28.35 inHg) [12]
Nisha
Orama		 February 13–28, 1983 185 km/h (115 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) French Polynesia $1.7 million [13]
Oscar February 28, 1983 185 km/h (115 mph) 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) Fiji $130 million 9 [14][15][16]
Rewa March 9–13, 1983 185 km/h (115 mph) 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) French Polynesia 5 [17]
Sarah March 23 – April 4, 1983 165 km/h (105 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Fiji None [18]
Tomasi March 27 – April 5, 1983 185 km/h (115 mph) 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) Cook Islands, Niue Minor None [19][20]
Veena April 8–14, 1983 185 km/h (115 mph) 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) French Polynesia 1 [21]
Odette January 19, 1985 165 km/h (105 mph) 936 hPa (27.64 inHg) Vanuatu [22]
Ima February 5–16, 1986 165 km/h (105 mph) 965 hPa (28.50 inHg) Cook Islands [23]
Uma February 4–8, 1987 165 km/h (105 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Vanuatu $150 million 50 [24][25]
Anne January 5–14, 1988 185 km/h (115 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Vanuatu, New Caledonia $500 000 2 [26][27][28]
Bola February 24 –
March 4, 1988		 175 km/h (110 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Vanuatu, Fiji, New Zealand $87 million 3 [29][27][30]
Harry February 8–19, 1989 185 km/h (115 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) New Caledonia [31][nb 1]
Ofa January 27 –
February 10, 1990		 185 km/h (115 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Polynesia $187 million 8 [32][33][34][35]
Val December 4–17, 1991 165 km/h (105 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Tuvalu, Samoan Islands $330 million 16 c[36][37]
Wasa
Arthur		 December 4–18, 1991 165 km/h (105 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) French Polynesia $60 million 2 [36][38][39]
Betsy January 4–15, 1992 165 km/h (105 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Vanuatu $2 million 2 [40][27][41]
Esau February 24 –
March 7, 1992		 195 km/h (120 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Vanuatu Minimal 1 [28][42][43]
Joni December 3–13, 1992 165 km/h (105 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Tuvalu, Fiji $1.6 million 1 [44][45][46]
Nina 21 December 1992 – 5 January 1993 150 km/h (90 mph) 960 hPa (28.35 inHg) Queensland, Tonga, Papua New Guinea
Solomon Islands, Wallis and Futuna		 $1 million 32 [47]
Prema March 26 – April 6, 1993 165 km/h (105 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Vanuatu, New Caledonia $50 million 1 [27][48]
Sarah January 18 – February 4, 1994 165 km/h (105 mph) 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) [49]
Theodore February 26 – March 3, 1994 185 km/h (115 mph) 933 hPa (27.55 inHg) [50]
Beti March 21–28, 1996 165 km/h (105 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) New Caledonia, Vanuatu
Australia, New Zealand		 $5.3 million 2 [51][27][52][53]
Drena January 3–10, 1997 165 km/h (105 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Vanuatu, New Caledonia
New Zealand		 [54][55]
Gavin March 3–12, 1997 185 km/h (115 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Tuvalu, Fiji
Wallis and Futuna		 $18.3 million 18 [45][55][56]
Dani January 15–22, 1999 185 km/h (115 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Vanuatu, Fiji
New Caledonia		 $2 million 14 [52][57][58]
Kim February 23–29, 2000 165 km/h (105 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) French Polynesia Minimal None [59][60]
Paula February 26 –
March 4, 2001		 175 km/h (110 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Vanuatu, Fiji, Tonga $1.39 million 2 [52][61]
Waka December 19, 2001 –
January 2, 2002		 175 km/h (110 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Wallis and Futuna, Tonga $51.3 million 1 [10][52][62]
Eseta March 10–14, 2003 185 km/h (115 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Fiji $876,239 None [63]
Ivy February 21 –
March 2, 2004		 165 km/h (105 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Vanuatu $8 million 2 [64][27][52][65][66]
Nancy February 10–17, 2005 175 km/h (110 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Cook Islands Severe None [67]
Xavier October 20–26, 2006 175 km/h (110 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Solomon Islands, Vanuatu Extensive None [68][69]
Daman December 2–10, 2008 185 km/h (115 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Fiji, Tonga $330 000 None [70]
Funa January 14–21, 2008 175 km/h (110 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Vanuatu Severe None [71]
Oli January 29 –
February 7, 2010		 185 km/h (115 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Cook Islands, French Polynesia $70 million 1 [72][34][73]
Tomas March 9 – 17, 2010 185 km/h (115 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Wallis and Futuna, Fiji $45 million 3 [74][75]
Zelia January 16 – 17, 2011 165 km/h (105 mph) 957 hPa (28.26 inHg) New Caledonia, Norfolk Island
New Zealand		 None None [76]
Wilma January 19 – 28, 2011 185 km/h (115 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Samoan Islands, Tonga
New Zealand		 $22 million 3 [77][78][79]
Atu February 13 – 24, 2011 165 km/h (105 mph) 937 hPa (27.67 inHg) New Caledonia, Vanuatu [80]
Jasmine February 6 – 19, 2012 195 km/h (120 mph) 937 hPa (27.67 inHg) Solomon Islands, Vanuatu
New Caledonia, Tonga		 None None [81]
Evan December 9 – 19, 2012 185 km/h (115 mph) 943 hPa (27.85 inHg) Samoan Islands, Fiji
Wallis and Futuna		 $161 million 4 [82]
Freda December 26, 2012 –
January 4, 2013		 185 km/h (115 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Solomon Islands
New Caledonia		 Unknown 2 [83][84]
Sandra March 9 – 14, 2013 185 km/h (115 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) New Caledonia, New Zealand None None [85]
Ula December 26, 2015 –
January 12, 2016		 185 km/h (115 mph) 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) Tuvalu, Samoan Islands, Tonga
Fiji, Vanuatu, New Caledonia		 Unknown 1 [86]
Hola March 3 – 11, 2018 165 km/h (105 mph) 952 hPa (28.11 inHg) Fiji, Vanuatu
New Caledonia, New Zealand		 Unknown 3 [87][88][89][90]
Pola February 23 – March 2, 2019 165 km/h (105 mph) 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) Wallis and Futuna, Fiji, Tonga Unknown Unknown [91][92]
Dovi February 6 – 12, 2022 175 km/h (110 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Vanuatu, New Caledonia, New Zealand $80 million 1 [citation needed]
Judy February 23 – March 4, 2023 175 km/h (110 mph) 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) Vanuatu Unknown Unknown

Other systems

[edit]

The FMS considers Gabrielle to have peaked as a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone in the Australian region and weakened into a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone as it moved into its area of responsibility.[93]

In addition to the 47 tropical cyclones listed above Severe Tropical Cyclone's: Kerry, Katrina, Larry and Jasper, were considered by the BoM to be Category 4 Severe tropical cyclones within the South Pacific Ocean, after they had moved into the Australian region.[94][95][96] The BoM also considers Severe Tropical Cyclone Watorea, to have been a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone, within the Australian region before it moved into the basin during February 24.[97] Severe Tropical Cyclone Anne was estimated to have peaked by the JTWC, with one-minute sustained wind speeds of 260 km/h (160 mph) for six hours during January 11, 1988.[98] This made it equivalent to a Category 5 tropical cyclone on the SSHWS, however, the FMS estimated that the system had peaked with 10-minute sustained winds of 185 km/h (115 mph) based on the Dvorak technique, which made it a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone on the Australian scale.[98][99] During 2017, a study into Category 4 and 5 tropical cyclones over the South Pacific during the 1980s, was published within the Royal Meteorological Society's International Journal of Climatology.[100] This showed that the intensity of such tropical cyclones had been underestimated by the various warning centres during the decade.[100] In particular, they estimated that Severe Tropical Cyclone's Oscar and Nisha-Orama had 1-minute sustained winds of 285 km/h (175 mph), which would make them Category 5 tropical cyclones on the SSHWS.[100]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Harry peaked as a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone while in the South Pacific basin during February 13, before it peaked as a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone within the Australian region.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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