Jump to content

LGBTQ rights in Indonesia

Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from LGBT rights in Indonesia)

LGBTQ rights in Indonesia
Indonesia
StatusNever criminalised (except in Aceh province)
Gender identityTransgender people allowed to change their legal gender with several conditions
MilitaryNot explicitly prohibited by Law (de jure), Illegal (de facto)
Discrimination protectionsLimited protection following a legal process
Family rights
Recognition of relationshipsNo recognition of same-sex couples
AdoptionAdoption by single LGBT people recognized, but adoptions by same sex couples are banned

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Indonesia face legal challenges and prejudices not experienced by non-LGBTQ residents. Traditional social norms disapprove of homosexuality and gender transitioning, which impacts public policy. Indonesian same-sex couples and households headed by same-sex couples are not eligible for any of the legal protections available to opposite-sex married couples. Most parts of Indonesia do not have a sodomy law, and the country does not currently prohibit non-commercial, private and consensual sexual activity between members of the same-sex, yet there is no specific Indonesian law that protects the LGBT community against discrimination and hate crimes. In Aceh, homosexuality is illegal under Islamic Sharia law and it is punishable by flogging or imprisonment. Indonesia does not recognize same-sex marriage.

In July 2015, the Minister of Religious Affairs stated that it is difficult for Indonesia to legalize same-sex marriage because deep-seated religious norms speak strongly against it.[1] The importance in Indonesia for social harmony leads to an emphasis on duties over rights, meaning that human rights broadly, including LGBT rights, are very fragile.[2] Despite this, the LGBT community in Indonesia has steadily become more visible and politically active.[2]

Coming out to family and friends is seldom undertaken by LGBT people in Indonesia, as they are afraid of rejection and social backlash. Nevertheless, there are some rare cases of understanding and acceptance by the families of LGBT persons.[3]

Despite Indonesia's reputation as a relatively moderate Muslim country, in the 21st century sharia-supporting fundamentalist Muslim groups have gained increasing support.[4] As a result, LGBT people have faced growing hostility and intolerance, including attacks and discrimination.[5] In early 2016, LGBT people and activists in Indonesia faced fierce opposition, homophobic attacks and hate speech, even launched by Indonesian authorities.[6] In February 2016, Human Rights Watch urged the Indonesian government to defend the rights of LGBT people and publicly condemn officials' discriminatory remarks.[7]

In 2017, two young gay men (aged 20 and 23) were sentenced to being caned in front of the public in the Aceh province.[8][9] In 2017, police launched multiple raids on gay saunas under the pretext of pornography-related offences. In May 2017, 141 men were arrested for a "gay sex party" in the capital Jakarta;[10] ten were charged.[11] Another raid took place in October 2017, when Indonesian police raided a sauna in Central Jakarta popular with gay men, arresting 51 people, although only six were charged, including the spa owner.[12] An over-broad interpretation of the Pornography Act, coupled with government inaction, has enabled the police to use it in targeting LGBT people.[13]

Legality of same-sex sexual activity

In December 2022, the Indonesian Parliament has passed a bill that in part criminalizes sex outside of marriage for heterosexual sex if lodged by a complaint by closest family members.[14][15] The spokesperson for the draft bill stated that, the draft bill will not criminalize private same-sex sexual acts of LGBT persons.[16] At present, the current Criminal Code which does not criminalize extramarital relations are still in force.[17]

Part of a series on
LGBTQ rights
The Greek letter "lambda"
Lesbian ∙ Gay ∙ Bisexual ∙ Transgender ∙ Queer
Overview
Aspects
Opposition
Organizations
Politics
Timeline
Related
LGBTQ portal

Currently, unlike its neighbouring Commonwealth country, Malaysia, Indonesia does not explicitly have a sodomy law. The national Criminal Code does not prohibit non-commercial, private and consensual sexual activity between two consenting adults of the same-sex. A national bill seeking to criminalize same-sex sexual activity, along with cohabitation, adultery and the practice of witchcraft, failed to be enacted in 2003 and no subsequent bill has been reintroduced.[18][failed verification]

Indonesia allows one of its provincial government to establish specific sharia-based laws, such as criminal sanctions for homosexuality. These local penalties exist in the province of Aceh, where a bylaw against LGBT rights has been passed. These sharia-based criminal codes permit up to 100 lashes or up to 100 months in prison for consensual same-sex sexual activity.[19] In May 2017, two gay men, aged 20 and 23, in the Aceh province were each sentenced to a public caning of 83 lashes for having consensual sex in private.[8]

Indonesia itself has allowed private and consensual sexual activity between members of the same sex since 1993, at an 18 years of age.[20]

The Constitution does not explicitly address sexual orientation or gender identity. It does guarantee all citizens various legal rights, including equality before the law, equal opportunity, humane treatment in the workplace, religious freedom, freedom of opinion, peaceful assembly, and association.[21]

The government also has taken specific steps to censor films and other media content that is deemed to be "promoting" homosexuality. In 2016, the government announced plans to ban several websites and computer applications that promotes homosexuality.[22] A survey conducted by Pew Research Center in 2023 estimated that 95% of Indonesians oppose same-sex marriage.[23]

Calls for discrimination and criminalization

The most active opposition against the recognition of LGBT rights in Indonesia has come from religious authorities and pressure-groups, especially Islamic organisations. Indonesian Ulema Council (Majelis Ulama Indonesia or MUI) has made a statement, which stigmatised the LGBT population by declaring them "deviant" and an affront to the "dignity of Indonesia".[19]

In 2005, the Indonesian government gave Aceh Province the right to introduce Sharia Law, albeit only to Muslim residents. The northernmost province of Aceh proceeded to enact a sharia-based anti-homosexuality law that punishes anyone caught having gay sex with 100 lashes. The law was set for enforcement by the end of 2015.[24] Another example is the city of Palembang which introduced jail and fines for homosexual sex (though the laws are disbanded as of 2020.[25][26][27]) Under the law, homosexuality is defined as an act of "prostitution that violates the norms of common decency, religion, and legal norms as they apply to societal rule."[28] The following acts are defined as acts of prostitution: homosexual sex, lesbian sex, sodomy, sexual harassment and other pornographic acts.

In March 2015, Indonesian Ulema Council (Majelis Ulama Indonesia or MUI) issued a fatwa, or religious edict, called for same-sex acts to be punished by caning, and in some instances, the death penalty.[19] The fatwa considers homosexuality a curable disease and says homosexual acts "must be heavily punished."[19]

Indonesian People's Representative Council (DPR) has dismissed the suggestion that the death penalty would be introduced for same-sex acts, citing that it is quite impossible to implement that policy in Indonesia. The DPR said that the MUI fatwa only serves as moral guidance to adherents, not as positive law, since legal power is only possessed by the state.[29]

In March 2016, amid a surge in anti-LGBT sentiments that began earlier in the year, parties like the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) and the United Development Party (PPP) proposed an anti-LGBT bill aimed at banning LGBT rights activism and criminalizing LGBT behavior.[30] Various politicians made statements against the LGBT community in following months that year.[31]

In late November 2016, the Islamic Defenders Front (FPI) tipped off police in Jakarta that there was a "sex party". The police then raided the gay gathering, charging the men with violating the national law against pornography, which is very broadly written.[32]

Part of a series on
LGBTQ topics
      
Sexual orientation and gender
History
General
Identities
Culture
Rights
Health
Social attitudes
Issues
Academic fields and discourse
LGBTQ portal

On 21 May 2017, police detained 144 people in a raid on a gay sauna, Atlantis Gym Jakarta.[33] The Indonesian Ulema Council made a statement that such activity is blasphemy against religion and an insult against Indonesian culture. "What kind of logic that able to accept this kind of sexual deviation, even animals are not gay. This is clearly not about equality," as stated by the Head of Law Department of MUI.[34] He made his remarks even though homosexuality has been observed in more than 1,500 animal species. Earlier in the same month, 14 men were arrested at a "gay party" in Surabaya.[35]

On 14 December 2017, the Constitutional Court of Indonesia issued a 5–4 ruling rejecting a petition by the conservative Family Love Alliance which sought to amend the Indonesian Criminal Code to make gay sex and sex outside of marriage illegal.[36] There were three articles of the Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP) petitioned for review, namely article 248 on adultery, article 285 on rape, and article 292 on child abuse.[37] Under article 292 of the Criminal Code, child sexual abuse is a crime, both heterosexual or homosexual conducts. The petitioner sought to erase the term "underage" in article 292, in order to persecute all same-sex sexual conducts of all ages, including among consenting adults.[38] Which meant the petitioner sought to criminalise homosexuality. The court rejected to amend the law and held that the issue was a matter of the Indonesian legislature.[39]

Since January 2018, as part of revising the criminal code, lawmakers have been working on a criminal code draft.[40] Despite the international criticism and the human rights organisations fears, if passed, the law would criminalise consensual sex between two unmarried people, cohabitation, adultery and rape. It will also enable lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender people to be taken to court for their sexual orientation.[41]

In late September 2019, the outgoing People's Representative Council's plan to pass the revised criminal code (RKUHP) was met with widespread student demonstrations on 23, 24 and 25 September 2019.[42] The revision of the Criminal Code (RKUHP) is increasingly discriminating against LGBT people. Article 421 (1) concerning obscenity explicitly mentions the same-sex acts: "Everyone who commits obscene acts against other people of the same sex in public is convicted with a maximum imprisonment of 1 year and six months or a maximum fine of category III." The explicit mention of "same sex" obscenity is feared triggering discriminatory treatment and will generate bylaws that particularly targeting LGBT people.[43] As the response on this widespread opposition, the government have either postponed or intercepted this controversial revised criminal code.[44]

Recognition of same-sex relationships

Main article: Recognition of same-sex unions in Indonesia

Indonesian law does not recognise same-sex marriage, civil unions or domestic partnerships.[1]

Military service

There is no military law that clearly states that LGBT people are prohibited from joining the military. However, several soldiers were fired because they were caught having same-sex sexual activity under the ST/1648–2019 telegram.[45][46]

Some of them were also imprisoned for allegedly "disobeying a service order".[47] Aprilio Manganang becoming the first service member in 2021 to legally change gender from female to male, although his case was intersex and assigned female at birth and was raised as a girl.[48]

In December 2022, it was reported that soldiers within the Indonesian military - who have engaged in "consenting gay sex between adults in private" are facing jail time (by a crackdown from the government).[49]

In 2023, General Andhika Perkasa stated LGBT people have the same rights as other Indonesian citizens and that there are no laws that says LGBT people can't serve in the military. However, he realized that soldiers aren't allowed to have same-sex sexual activity while serving in Indonesia's military. He added that there was a case of members of the military joining an LGBT group, but was not fired for their sexual orientation. Andika Perkasa explained further that LGBT soldiers could be fired or punished if they commit 'indecent sexual acts'. For example, if they have a sex video and they spread it.[50]

Adoption and family planning

Same-sex couples are not eligible to adopt a child in Indonesia. Only married couples consisting of a husband and a wife can adopt.[51]

Even though the Indonesian law requires only married couples consisting of a husband and a wife can adopt, adoption by single people regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity is allowed and there have been no laws prohibiting it.

Discrimination protections

As of 2019, no specific law exists to protect Indonesia citizens from discrimination or harassment based on their sexual orientation or gender identity.[1] Nevertheless, government agencies are slowly starting to enact anti-discrimination policies. The Attorney General's Office recently rescinded a public job offer declaring LGBT persons need not apply because of mental insanity after being advised by the National Commission on Human Rights.[52]

In March 2019, a 30-year-old Indonesian police brigadier known as TT filed a case in the Semarang State Administrative Court in Central Java against the provincial police alleging a violation of the law on discrimination claiming he was fired for being gay after colleagues forcefully outed him and his partner. He also filed a complaint to the human rights commission.[53][54] In May 2019, the court rejected the lawsuit. His lawyer said the panel of judges decided that they could not continue examining the case because TT should have first appealed the dismissal to the authorities within the Central Java Police when he received the termination letter before resorting to filing a lawsuit.[55]

Though Indonesia does not explicitly have discrimination protections enshrined by the Indonesian constitution, the Indonesian police authorities ruled a circular letter since 2015 that it would process any hate speech related to sexual orientations and gender identity.[56] The Indonesian government have stated that in a democratic country, every citizen has the right to express and think and that it will be protected and provided by the state.[57] The main purpose to eradicate hate speech is to protect and control a harmonious social life in a heterogenous society.[57] Similarly, the Regulation of the Head of the National Police of the Republic of Indonesia Number 8 of 2009 stipulates the duty of the police to protect the special rights of minority groups, including in the terms of sexual orientation.[58] On the other hand, while not explicitly mentioned in the constitution, theoretically there is a guarantee of protection against discriminatory practices in employment based on any ground in the Constitution and the Human Rights Law (No. 39/1999).[59]

Gender identity and expression

See also: Transgender rights

Transgender identity (also called waria) has long been part of Indonesian culture and society.[60] While transgender people in Indonesia are generally more accepted than gays, lesbians and bisexuals, they have, in recent years, faced growing discrimination and rejection, mostly from sharia-supporting Muslim groups, which have become more and more popular in Indonesia.[4] The status of transvestite, transsexual or other transgender persons in Indonesia is complex. Cross-dressing is not, per se, illegal and some public tolerance is given to some transgender people working in beauty salons or the entertainment industry, most notably the celebrity talk show host Dorce Gamalama. Transgender people are allowed to change their legal gender on official documents after undergoing sex reassignment surgery and after receiving a judge's approval. Individuals who undergo such surgery are later capable of marrying people of the opposite legal gender.[60]

Discrimination and harassments directed at transgender people is not uncommon, though violence is quite rare.[61] Indonesian law does not explicitly protect transgender people from discrimination or harassment.[62] Transgender people who do not hide their gender identity often find it challenging to maintain legitimate employment and thus are often forced into prostitution and other illegal activities to survive. The Islamic Indonesian Ulama Council ruled that transgender persons must live in the gender that they were born with. "If they are not willing to cure themselves medically and religiously", said a Council member, they must be willing "to accept their fate to be ridiculed and harassed."[63] However, the Indonesian judicial system takes the contrary position, with cases like Vivian Rubiyanti Iskandar (the first trans Indonesian to be legally recognized as female) giving rise to legal recognition of trans Indonesians' actual genders by the State. There have also been cases where perpetrators of hate crimes against the transgender community were arrested and prosecuted by the Indonesian authorities.[64][65]

Recent developments

In 2007, Yuli Retoblaut, a transgender person, publicly applied to be a commissioner of the nation's National Commission on Human Rights.[66] The city of Yogyakarta has the only madrasa for transgender people in the world.[67] In January 2018, transgender women were arrested, stripped naked, had their heads shaved, and were publicly shamed in the province of Aceh.[68] Later in March, the Jakarta Social Agency declared waria to be socially dysfunctional. Sources reported that "the agency regularly conducted raids against transgender women". Detained trans individuals are taken by the agency to city-owned "rehabilitation" centres, where they are incarcerated, along with homeless people, beggars, and street buskers, and only released if documentation stating their lack of homelessness was received, and a statement is signed where the individual promises not to repeat their "offence". Officials have stated this is being done to create a deterrent against being transgender, and that continued violations will result in jail time.[69][70][71]

Since June 2021, the Ministry of Home Affairs has conducted outreach efforts to issue transgender Indonesians with identification papers, including a Kartu Tanda Penduduk. Transgender residents of Banten, West Java, Central Java, East Java, North Sumatra, South Sumatra, South Sulawesi, Lampung, and Papua have benefited so far. The stated reasoning was that many of them were undocumented, especially where their families did not approve of them (in Indonesia, the family register is an essential identification paper), leaving them without access to work or social services. The Ministry also stated that only the "male" and "female" sex descriptors would be recognized for the time being, with no option for a third gender / X designator, and that transgender Indonesians would have their gender at birth printed unless they had already obtained recognition from the courts.[72]

Conversion therapy

Conversion therapy, commonly called "rehabilitation", is not regulated but not criminalized. There was an attempt to legalize conversion therapy, in a draft titled "RUU Ketahanan Keluarga" (means "Drafted Law of Family Resilience") but got rejected by 5 factions out of 9 factions.[73] Some city governments de facto legalized conversion therapy.[74]

Living conditions

86% of Indonesian citizens identify themselves as Muslim.[75] According to the Ministry of Health (Indonesia) in 2012, Indonesia has around 1 million MSMs both visible or not, more than 5% of them of which are diagnosed with HIV, whereas it is estimated that Indonesia has around 31 thousand Transgender women. It is estimated that the LGBT community constitutes around 3% of the Indonesian population, which is around 8 million.[76] The family policy of the authorities and the social pressure to marry and religion means that homosexuality is generally not supported.[75] Both modernist and traditionalist Muslims as well also other religious groups such as Christians, especially Roman Catholics, generally oppose homosexuality. Many Islamic fundamentalist groups such as the FPI (Islamic Defenders Front) are openly hostile towards LGBT people by attacking the home or work of those they believe are a threat to the values of Islam.[28]

Explicit discrimination and violent homophobia are carried out mainly by religious extremists, while subtle discrimination and marginalisation occur in daily life among friends, family, at work or school.[75] LGBT people often suffer abuse by the hands of the police, but it is hard to document due to victims refusing to give statements due to their sexuality.[75] LGBT people are often arrested or charged due to their sexual orientation.[75] Gays in jails are often sexually abused due to their sexual orientation, and often do not report it due to being traumatised and fear of being sent back to prison to suffer further abuse.[75]

Indonesia does have a reputation as being a relatively moderate and tolerant Muslim nation, which does have some application to LGBT people. There are some LGBT people in the media, and the national government has allowed a discreet LGBT community to exist, which sometimes organises public events. However, conservative Islamic social mores tend to dominate within the broader society. Homosexuality and cross-dressing remain taboo and periodically LGBT people become the targets of fanatical vigilante groups.[77]

In January 2018, the Aceh police ransacked a parlour with support from the Aceh autonomous government. The police tortured all LGBT citizens within the premises of the parlour, shaved the heads of transgender women, stripped their shirts and bras, and paraded them in the street while forcing them to shout "to become men". The event was criticised by human rights organisation.[78]

According to Planet Romeo in 2015, Indonesia has a low abuse rate toward LGBT people. Indonesia ranked 73 on Gay Happiness Index, surpassing Malaysia at 77 and India at 81. Low public opinions are the reason why Indonesia is ranked low, despite having bigger public behaviour score comparing with countries that ranked higher than Indonesia.[61]

Media and Censorship

The Law Against Pornography and Pornoaction (2006) prohibits "…any writing or audio-visual presentation – including songs, poetry, films, paintings, and photographs that show or suggest sexual relations between persons of the same sex."[79] Those in violation of the law could be fined or sentenced to prison for up to seven years.[28] However, the media is now giving homosexuality more media coverage in Indonesia.[2]

In February 2016, the public discourse and debates on homosexuality and LGBT issues intensified with the occurrence of high-profile cases of alleged homosexual misconducts, involving Indonesian celebrities. First, an accusation of sexual approach and harassment by TV personality Indra Bekti upon several men. Followed by the case of dangdut singer Saiful Jamil, who has been named a suspect in a sexual assault involving an underage male fan.[80]

Until recently, the depiction of LGBT people was quite visible in Indonesian media, especially in television, with famous TV personalities, hosts, artist and celebrities with effeminate demeanour, or even cross-dressers were quite common in Indonesian television shows. However, after the alleged homosexual scandals involving Indonesian celebrities, in March 2016, the national broadcasting commission emphasised a policy banning TV and radio programs that make LGBT behaviour appear "normal", saying this was to protect children and teenagers who are "susceptible to imitating deviant LGBT behaviours".[6] This meant that broadcast companies, especially television stations, are discouraged from featuring effeminate figures, transgender people or cross-dressing in their programs, although such practices were previously quite common in Indonesian TV shows, especially TV variety shows and lawak (comedy) performances.[6]

Indonesia recently banned many sites, mainly pornographic sites but also any site that has the word "gay" or any word that related to LGBT. Indonesia also banned some LGBT-related applications like the gay dating service Grindr,[81] though similar dating applications like Walla and Hornet are not banned. Blued, the international version of Walla, is not banned on iOS.

Political party opinions

Most of major political parties and politicians remain silent in the cause of LGBTQ rights. Islamist parties like Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) and United Development Party (PPP) spoke strongly against LGBT rights and went further to propose a national bill to ‘ban’ LGBT activism. In March 2016, PKS and PPP proposed an anti-LGBT bill to ban LGBT activism and further marginalize their rights.[30] National Mandate Party (PAN), despite sharing anti-LGBT right sentiments with PKS and PPP however, has asked people not to discriminate and harass the LGBT community. However, in return, the party also urged LGBT people not to promote LGBT rights in Indonesia.[82]

Currently, the only political party in Indonesia that has openly supported the LGBT rights movement is The Green Party of Indonesia.[83] However, in October 2016, President Joko Widodo stated that he is a defender of LGBT rights and that LGBT people should have the right not to be discriminated against.[84] Also, some politicians from the PDI-P (Party for the Indonesian Democracy Struggle), PSI (Indonesian Solidarity Party), Labour Party (Indonesia) and the moderately conservative PKB (National Awakening Party) and the has sympathised support for LGBT rights.[28] PDI-P further stated that as a pluralist party, they could accept the existence of LGBT people. Despite holding that it is deviant behaviour, PDI-P has urged people to tolerate LGBT people and not extend hostile sentiments against them.[85]

LGBT rights movement in Indonesia

See also: LGBT social movements
Indonesian LGBT activists protests in Jakarta 2018

In 1982, the first gay rights interest group was established in Indonesia. "Lambda Indonesia" and other similar organisations arose in the late 1980s and 1990s.[86] Today, some of the major LGBTQ associations in the nation include "GAYa NUSANTARA" and "Arus Pelangi".

The gay and lesbian movement in Indonesia is one of the oldest and largest in Southeast Asia.[75] Lambda Indonesia activities included organising social gatherings, consciousness-raising and created a newsletter, but the group dissolved in the 1990s. Gaya Nusantara is a gay rights group which focuses on homosexual issues such as AIDS. Another group is the Yayasan Srikandi Sejati, which was founded in 1998. Their primary focus is health issues about transgender people, and their work includes providing HIV/AIDS counselling and free condoms to transgender sex workers at a free health clinic.[28] There are now over thirty LGBT groups in Indonesia.[28]

Yogyakarta, Indonesia, hosted a 2006 summit on LGBT rights that produced the Yogyakarta Principles on the Application of International Human Rights Law in Relation to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity.[87] However, a summit in March 2010 in Surabaya was met with condemnation from the Islamic Defenders Front and was disrupted by conservative protesters.[88]

By 2015, the victory of LGBT rights movement in Western countries has had significant implications in Indonesia. As numerous influential Western countries began legalising same-sex marriage since 2001, the LGBT rights issue has caught the attention and awareness of the general public in Indonesia and generated public discourse. The popular opinion split into several stances, and the main reaction was not positive. The right-wing elements in Indonesian politics, especially religious-based political parties and organisation have publicly condemned LGBT rights. Some argued that currently, Indonesia is under the threat of global LGBT "propaganda", which promotes an "LGBT lifestyle".[89] Same-sex marriage or civil union became the main issue discussed in public regarding LGBT rights, although LGBT activists have argued that currently they do not fight for same-sex marriage, but simply seek the fundamental human rights of security, freedom from fear and freedom of assembly.[5]

The comic Alpantuni depicts a gay Indonesian character who faces anti-LGBT sentiment featuring Muslim characters. Its Instagram account later was shut down by authorities.[90] However, he was able to reactivate it later.

In response to a proposed bill meant to mandate conversion therapy to individuals suspected of being LGBT, queer-identifying Indonesian musician/songwriter Kai Mata "generat[ed] media buzz for being the first openly gay musician in Indonesia,"[91] vocally out amidst government hostility and harsh public sentiment.[92] The comments section echoed support from the international community, hope from closeted Indonesians, and backlash from other citizens, telling her "I’m Indonesian and normal, please leave the country if you do not want to undergo therapy and recover."[93]

HIV/AIDS

Legal guidelines regarding HIV/AIDS do not exist, although AIDS is a significant problem in most countries in the region. Those infected with HIV traveling to Indonesia can be refused entry or threatened with quarantine. Due to the lack of sex education in Indonesian schools, there is little knowledge of the disease among the general population. Some organisations, however, do offer sex education, though they face open hostility from school authorities. At the beginning of the gay rights movement in Indonesia, LGBT organisations focused exclusively on health issues which led to the public believing that AIDS was a "gay disease" and led to LGBT people being stigmatised.[28]

Opposition

Traditionally, Indonesians are quite tolerant towards LGBT people who keep quiet and stay discreet about their private lives.[94] However, this level of tolerance is not extended towards the LGBT rights movements, which has faced fierce condemnation in the public sphere from Indonesian authorities. A wave of anti-LGBT rhetoric began in January 2016 when Higher Education Minister Mohamad Nasir said LGBT people should be barred from university campuses.[6] The Minister called for a ban on gay groups on university campuses after a group of University of Indonesia (UI) students established a counselling and support group called the Support Group and Resource Center on Sexuality Studies (SGRC).[95] The group was meant as a counselling service, resource centre and support group on sexuality and gender issues, especially for LGBT youth and students, who often suffer from abuses, harassment, violence and discrimination regarding their gender and sexuality. SGRC sees LGBT people as human beings who need a friend and protection. The group, which sought to advocate for those who suffer from gender-based violence, explained that they do not "turn" or "encourage" people to be gay, nor had they tried to "cure" gay people.[96] Amid the heat of the issue, the University of Indonesia refused to be held responsible for SGRC's actions and announced the group was not an officially registered student organisation.[95] Another official pressured smartphone instant-messaging services to drop gay and lesbian-themed emoji, prompting one company to comply.[5]

Generally, religious authorities in Indonesia condemn homosexual acts and are fiercely against the LGBT rights movement. The most active opposition has come from majority-Islamic groups, with Majelis Ulama Indonesia, the country's top Muslim clerical body, calling for the criminalisation of homosexuality.[19] Other religious groups, such as Christianity and specifically Roman Catholicism, have expressed their rejection of LGBT rights in Indonesia. Indonesian Catholic authorities have reiterated that Catholicism does not recognise same-sex marriage but assured that, despite their perceived transgressions, LGBT people should be protected and not harmed.[97]

The Indonesia Psychiatric Association (PDSKJI) classifies homosexuality, bisexuality and transgenderism as mental disorders. Referring to Law No.18/2014 on Mental Health and the association's Mental Health and Mental Disorder Diagnostic Guidelines, the PDSKJI categorises homosexual and bisexual Indonesians as "people with psychiatric problems" and transgender people as having "mental disorders".[98]

Some military figures have used conspiracy theory rhetoric. Defense Minister Ryamizard Ryacudu called the LGBT movement a "proxy war" to brainwash Indonesians, and claimed that it received "foreign funding",[6] pointing to funds from United Nations organisations like UNAIDS or Western governments and foundations.

There have been a few incidents of LGBT people being harassed. LGBT groups are now working on setting up safe houses and draw up evacuation plans in case of need. In Yogyakarta, in February 2016, 23 LGBT activists were roughed up by police, who told local media they stopped them from holding a rally to avoid a clash with a hardline Muslim group holding an anti-LGBT protest nearby.[6]

The chair of the People's Consultative Assembly, Zulkifli Hasan mentioned in a statement that, "As a movement, the existence of LGBT must be opposed. We must limit its room to move. However, as individual people, they must be protected like any other citizen.”[99] Anthropologist Sharyn Graham Davies commented that the main focus of this opposition was that sexual and gender diversity may be tolerated but as long as LGBT people remain invisible in the Indonesian society and did not form a visible movement.[100][101] On the other hand, amid fierce hostilities, some officials – including former Governor of Jakarta, Basuki Tjahaja Purnama and former Political, Legal, and Security Affairs Minister Luhut Binsar Panjaitan — have defended the LGBT community. "Whoever they are, wherever they work, he or she continues to be an Indonesian citizen. They have the right to be protected as well," Panjaitan said.[6] President Joko Widodo has also expressed support for LGBT rights and has called on an end to discrimination.[84]

In 2018, the city of Pariaman in Sumatra passed a public indecency law to fine its gay and transgender residents 1m Indonesian rupiah ($70) for disturbing "public order" by banning "acts that are considered LGBT" in public. The regulation forbids "immoral acts" between same-sex couples and prohibits residents from "acting as a transvestite" in public. Several cities in West Sumatra have taken steps to marginalise LGBT groups.[102][103]

In June 2019, the head of Indonesia's population and family planning agency Nofrijal has labelled LGBT citizens the "main enemy of national development".[104]

Public opinion

Public opinion on same-sex marriage (2023) based on Pew Research Center[105]

  Strongly favor (3%)
  Somewhat favor (2%)
  Not sure (3%)
  Somewhat oppose (4%)
  Strongly oppose (88%)

According to a 2017 poll carried out by ILGA, 32% of Indonesians agreed that gay, lesbian and bisexual people should enjoy the same rights as straight people, while 47% disagreed. Additionally, 37% agreed that they should be protected from workplace discrimination. 38% of Indonesians, however, said that people who are in same-sex relationships should be charged as criminals, while 37% disagreed. As for transgender people, 49% agreed that they should have the same rights, 55% believed they should be protected from employment discrimination, and 41% believed they should be allowed to change their legal gender.[106]

Results online conducted by the ILGA in October 2016 shows that 69% of Indonesians oppose same-sex marriage, 14% support, while 17% have stated a neutral view.[107]

According to the SMRC national survey, 58% of Indonesians agreed that LGBT people have the right to live as citizens, whereas 46% of Indonesians would accept if their family members came out as a part of the LGBT community.[108]

Summary table

Right Legal status
Same-sex sexual activity legal Unknown No specific regulation that criminalizes same-sex sexual activity

No Illegal in Aceh[109]

Freedom of expression Yes Expressing support for LGBT is allowed and every LGBT-related content is allowed as long as it does not contain pornographic elements and is not targeted at an audience under 18 years of age. However, LGBT content is not allowed on TV during Ramadan.[110][111][112]
Anti-discrimination laws in employment only Unknown Theoretically, there is a guarantee of protection against discriminatory practices based on any ground in the Constitution and the Human Rights Law (No. 39/1999).[59]

The government claims that LGBT people's rights on employment already protected under Law No.39/2003, although it doesn't explicitly cited LGBT people. Transgender people still get discriminations since the government only recognize binary gender.[113][114]

Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services No
Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (Incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech) Yes Not enshrined by the constitution but the Indonesian police authorities rules that any hate speech related to gender or sexual orientation could be reported and processed following a legal process.[57]
Same-sex marriages No
Recognition of same-sex couples No
Stepchild adoption by same-sex couples No
Joint adoption by same-sex couples No
Adoption by single people regardless of sexual orientation Yes By law, adoption must be from a married heterosexual couple. However, single parents are allowed to adopt children if the minister permits. There are no requirements regarding sexual orientation to adopt a child as a single parent.[115][116]
LGBT people are allowed to serve openly in the military No De facto illegal
Intersex people are allowed to serve openly in the military In 1 case, an intersex man was allowed to join the military after surgery
Right to change legal gender Yes Trans/intersex individuals are allowed to change legal gender (requires surgery and judicial approval). Gender/sex change will be recognized by the state as the opposite legal gender.[117]
Third gender option No Despite allowing transgender people to have their own electronic identification card in 9 provinces in June 2021, a third gender option is not available.[118]
Access to IVF for lesbians No
Conversion therapy banned No
Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples No
MSMs allowed to donate blood Unknown No law related to it.[119] MSMs may be prohibited from donating blood under the allegation of "bad habits" on the questionnaire.[120]
Homosexuality declassified as a mental illness Yes The Indonesian Health Ministry (Kemenkes) does not classify homosexuality and bisexuality as a mental disorder, while treats the view of Transgenderism separately.[121]

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^ a b c "Difficult for Indonesia to legalize gay marriage: Minister". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta. 2 July 2015. Archived from the original on 17 November 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  2. ^ a b c Offord, Baden; Cantrell, Leon (May 2001). "Homosexual Rights as Human Rights in Indonesia and Australia". Journal of Homosexuality. 40 (3&4). Routledge: 233–252. doi:10.1300/J082v40n03_12. ISSN 0091-8369. PMID 11386335. S2CID 26743310.
  3. ^ Liza Yosephine. "A portrait of a gay Indonesian". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 3 November 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
  4. ^ a b Valdameri, Elena. "Radical Islam Is Gaining Ground in Indonesia". thewire.in. Archived from the original on 1 January 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  5. ^ a b c Jeffrey Hutton (15 February 2016). "Anti-Gay Actions in Indonesia Threaten a Fragile Population". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 21 September 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Alisa Tang (8 March 2016). "Under attack, Indonesian LGBT groups set up safehouses, live in fear". Reuters. Archived from the original on 28 July 2018. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
  7. ^ "Indonesia: Flurry of Anti-Gay Statements by Officials, Condemn Bias; Pledge to Protect LGBT Groups". Human Rights Watch. 11 February 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  8. ^ a b "Indonesia's Aceh: Two gay men sentenced to 85 lashes". BBC News Online. 17 May 2017. Archived from the original on 23 August 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
  9. ^ "Two Men Publicly Caned in Indonesia for Having Gay Sex". NBC News. Reuters. 23 May 2017. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  10. ^ "Indonesian police arrest 141 men over 'gay sex party'". BBC News Online. 22 May 2017. Archived from the original on 21 May 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
  11. ^ "Polisi Bantah Telanjangi 141 Gay di Kelapa Gading". Archived from the original on 22 May 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
  12. ^ "Pemilik Spa yang Dipakai 51 Pria Disangka Gay Jadi Tersangka". Archived from the original on 24 July 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
  13. ^ Andreas Harsono (8 October 2017). "Indonesian Police Raid 'Gay Party', Government Inaction Fosters Police Use of Pornography Law to Target LGBT People". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  14. ^ "Indonesia's parliament passes law criminalizing sex outside marriage". CBC News. 6 December 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  15. ^ "In Spite of new law, tourists can "get busy" outside of marriage in Bali, Officials say". TRAVEL NOIRE. 16 December 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
  16. ^ "Segera Disahkan: RKUHP Penjarakan Zina-Kumpul Kebo, LGBT Tidak". Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  17. ^ "Peraturan tentang Hukum Pidana". Archived from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  18. ^ Indonesia Seeks to Imprison Gays Archived 5 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, 365Gay.com, 30 September 2003
  19. ^ a b c d e "In response to anti-LGBT fatwa, Jokowi urged to abolish laws targeting minorities". The Jakarta Post. 18 March 2015. Archived from the original on 22 May 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  20. ^ "LGBT World Legal Wrap up Survey" (PDF). Homosexualitaet. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2013. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  21. ^ "About Fourth Constitution" (PDF). Indonesian Embassy, Kiev. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 August 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
  22. ^ Solomon, Feliz (16 September 2016). "Indonesia Wants to Ban Gay-Dating Apps". Time. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  23. ^ Evans, Johnathan; Jo Starr, Kelsey; Corichi, Manolo; Miner, William (12 September 2023). "Buddhism, Islam and Religious Pluralism in South and Southeast Asia". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
  24. ^ Gayatri Suroyo and Charlotte Greenfield (27 December 2014). "Strict sharia forces gays into hiding in Indonesia's Aceh". reuters. Archived from the original on 28 December 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
  25. ^ "Satpol PP Palembang, Ungkap Sering Temukan Pasangan LGBT, Tapi Sulit Ditindak". Palembang Tribune News. Archived from the original on 13 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  26. ^ "Belum ada Perda, Pasangan Gay Transgender Terjaring Razia Dilepas". IntensNews. 6 February 2020. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  27. ^ Dead link Archived 9 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine, Nov 2006
  28. ^ a b c d e f g Indonesia: Gays Fight Sharia Laws Archived 27 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Doug Ireland
  29. ^ "Fatwa MUI Hukum Mati Kaum Homoseksual Dinilai Sulit Diterapkan". Tribunnews (in Indonesian). 18 March 2015. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  30. ^ a b Qommarria Rostanti (8 March 2016). Achmad Syalaby (ed.). "Giliran PPP Dukung Inisiasi RUU LGBT". Republika (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 1 January 2018. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  31. ^ "These Political Games Ruin Our Lives". Human Rights Watch. 10 August 2016. Archived from the original on 23 June 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  32. ^ "Indonesian Militant Islamists, Police Raid Gay Gathering". Human Rights Watch. 29 November 2016. Archived from the original on 6 April 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  33. ^ "Indonesia police arrest dozens in raid on Jakarta gay sauna". ABC News. Archived from the original on 4 June 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
  34. ^ Sutrisno, Elvan Dany. "MUI: Pesta Gay Lecehkan Agama dan Budaya Bangsa". detiknews. Archived from the original on 14 December 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
  35. ^ "Indonesian police arrest 141 men over 'gay sex party'". BBC News. 22 May 2017. Archived from the original on 21 May 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  36. ^ "Indonesian court rejects push to outlaw extramarital and gay sex". The Sydney Morning Herald. 14 December 2017. Archived from the original on 10 April 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  37. ^ "Netizen Sambut 'Kemenangan' LGBT Usai Putusan MK". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 1 January 2018. Retrieved 18 December 2017.
  38. ^ Media, Kompas Cyber. "Penjelasan MK soal Tuduhan Putusan yang Melegalkan Zina dan LGBT - Kompas.com". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 18 December 2017.
  39. ^ "Indonesian Constitutional Court Declines to Ban Sex Outside Marriage". New York Times. 14 December 2017. Archived from the original on 8 June 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  40. ^ "After accusation of same-sex marriage support, Indonesian political parties rush to criminalize LGBT". Coconuts Jakarta. 22 January 2018. Archived from the original on 11 July 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
  41. ^ "Criminalization code". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 27 July 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
  42. ^ "DPR tunda pengesahan RKUHP, pemerintah pertahankan revisi UU KPK". BBC Indonesia (in Indonesian). 24 September 2019. Archived from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  43. ^ "RKUHP Dinilai Akan Perparah Diskriminasi terhadap LGBT". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 27 September 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  44. ^ Haryanti Puspa Sari (24 September 2019). "Ketua DPR: RKUHP Ditunda sampai Waktu yang Tak Ditentukan". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 27 September 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  45. ^ "Fenomena LGBT di Tubuh TNI-Polri dan Evaluasi Diklat Militer". CNN Indonesia. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
  46. ^ Damarjati, Danu. "Pecat Tentara Gay, TNI Tegaskan Tak Akan Terima LGBT Jadi Prajurit". Detiknews (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  47. ^ "Anggota TNI di Kaltara Dipecat dan Dipenjara karena Terbukti Hubungan Sejenis". Archived from the original on 20 August 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
  48. ^ Putra, Nanda Perdana (9 March 2021). "TNI AD Pastikan Aprilia Manganang Tentara dan Atlet Voli Perempuan Adalah Laki-Laki". Liputan 6 (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  49. ^ "Indonesian Soldiers Jailed for Consensual Gay Sex". 2 December 2022. Archived from the original on 2 December 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
  50. ^ "Dimintai pendapat soal LGBT, Andika Perkasa: Mereka tidak menyalahi hukum apa pun di Indonesia". hops.id (in Indonesian). 27 August 2023. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
  51. ^ "Yayasan Sayap Ibu Jakarta". sayapibujakarta. Archived from the original on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  52. ^ "AGO makes U-turn on anti-LGBT recruitment policy". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 25 December 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  53. ^ Foundation, Thomson Reuters. "Indonesian ex-police brigadier says he was fired for being gay". news.trust.org. Archived from the original on 7 June 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2020. {{cite news}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  54. ^ Glauert, Rik (19 May 2019). "Indonesian police going to court alleging he was fired for being gay". Gay Star News. Archived from the original on 10 July 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  55. ^ "Court rejects gay policeman's legal challenge". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 27 July 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
  56. ^ "Anti-LGBT Discourse: A Story of Preserved Hate Speech". KontraS. 26 February 2016. Archived from the original on 8 July 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
  57. ^ a b c Rongiyati, Sulasi (November 2015). "Surat Edaran Kapolri Tentang Ujaran Kebencian: Menjaga Kebebasan Berpendapat Dan Harmonisasi Kemajemukan" (PDF). Info Singkat. 7 (21): 1–4. ISSN 2088-2351. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
  58. ^ "Peraturan Kepala Kepolisian Negara Nomor 8 Tahun 2009". Paralegal.id. Archived from the original on 10 June 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
  59. ^ a b State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition (PDF) (Report). International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA). 17 May 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 September 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
  60. ^ a b "Sex or gender? Aming's challenge - Coconuts Jakarta". coconuts.co. 24 June 2016. Archived from the original on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  61. ^ a b "RESULTS OVERVIEW FROM A GLOBAL SURVEY ON PERCEIVED GAY-RELATED PUBLIC OPINION AND GAY WELL-BEING" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  62. ^ "thebacklot.com - Corner of Hollywood and Gay". thebacklot.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  63. ^ "AP Exclusive: Obama's transgender ex-nanny outcast". Yahoo News. 5 March 2012. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  64. ^ Media, Kompas Cyber (5 June 2020). "Perjalanan Kasus Ferdian Paleka hingga Akhirnya Bebas dari Penjara Halaman all". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  65. ^ Mais, Trisno. "Sadis, Ini Tampang Pembunuh Waria Pakai Martil-Tarik Jantung Korban". detiksulsel (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 30 April 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  66. ^ "Yulianus Rettoblaut: Fighting for equal education for transgender people". The Jakarta Post. 29 September 2015. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
  67. ^ "Transgender Muslims Find a Home for Prayer in Indonesia". The New York Times. 22 December 2015. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
  68. ^ "Police arrest 12 trans women and shave their heads 'to make them men'". PinkNews. Archived from the original on 11 January 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
  69. ^ "Jakarta Social Agency targets transgender people as 'social misfits'". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 17 November 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
  70. ^ "Indonesia is rounding up trans women and forcing them into rehab". PinkNews. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
  71. ^ "Mother's request to release arrested transgender daughter ignored". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 14 December 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
  72. ^ "9 Provinsi sudah layani ktp elektronik untuk transgender". nasional.tempo.co (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  73. ^ Saubani, Andri (24 November 2020). "RUU Ketahanan Keluarga Kandas, Pengusul Bersedih". Republika Online (in Indonesian).
  74. ^ "MUI Makassar Siap Buka Klinik Gratis Rehabilitasi LGBT, Dinkes dan Pakar Mendukung". muidigital (in Indonesian). 21 June 2022. Archived from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
  75. ^ a b c d e f g Laurent, Erick (May 2001). "Sexuality and Human Rights". Journal of Homosexuality. 40 (3&4). Routledge: 163–225. doi:10.1300/J082v48n03_09. ISSN 0091-8369. PMID 15814505. S2CID 25121615.
  76. ^ "Berapa Jumlah Gay & Lesbian di Indonesia?". 6 July 2015. Archived from the original on 4 September 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
  77. ^ Spartacus International Gay Guide, page 484. Bruno Gmunder Verlag, 2007
  78. ^ "Indonesia is set to ban gay sex". pinknews.co.uk. 31 January 2018. Archived from the original on 24 August 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  79. ^ "Indonesia's New Anti-Porn Agenda". Time. 6 November 2008. Archived from the original on 9 November 2008.
  80. ^ Safrin La Batu (20 February 2016). "Saiful case intensifies LGBT debate". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta. Archived from the original on 30 November 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  81. ^ "Indonesia Wants to Ban Gay-Dating Apps". Time. 16 September 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  82. ^ "PAN Minta Masyarakat Tidak Diskriminatif dengan Komunitas LGBT". Okezone (in Indonesian). 26 February 2016. Archived from the original on 1 January 2018. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  83. ^ "Partai Hijau Indonesia di Instagram: "Kelompok Kerja Nasional PHI untuk Orientasi Seksual, Identitas Gender, Ekspresi Gender & Karakter Seksual serta Perlindungan dari Kekerasan Seksual dan Budaya Patriarki menuntut Walikota Bogor mencabut Perda Kota Bogor Nomor 10 Tahun 2021 #SahkanRUUPKS #StopKekerasanSeksual #BiasGender #BersihAdilLestari #BuatSemuaBukanSegelintir Catatan: kelompok kerja PHI terbuka untuk semua anggota & simpatisan PHI, dimana kita semua setara dan berhak untuk mendorong dan memperjuangkan isu-isu yang ingin diangkat selama sejalan dengan platform hijau dan prinsip PHI. Mari bergabung hari ini untuk mewujudkan Indonesia yang bersih, adil dan lestari. www.hijau.org/signup"". Instagram (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 23 January 2023. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
  84. ^ a b "Indonesia's President Finally Speaks Out Against Worsening Anti-LGBT Discrimination". Time. 20 October 2016. Archived from the original on 28 December 2018. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
  85. ^ Faiq Hidayat (18 February 2016). "PDIP bisa maklumi LGBT, perlu diedukasi bukan dimusuhi". Merdeka.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  86. ^ Oetomo, Dede (March–June 1996). "Gay identities". Inside Indonesia. No. 46. pp. 24–26. Archived from the original on 5 September 2008. Retrieved 20 June 2022. NLA collection—Trove: Inside Indonesia
  87. ^ "The Yogyakarta Principles: The Application of International Human Rights Law in relation to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity". Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  88. ^ Earth Times. Conservative Indonesian Muslims break up gay meeting Archived 9 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine. 26 March 2010
  89. ^ Intan Paramaditha (27 February 2016). "The LGBT debate and the fear of 'gerakan'". The Jakarta Post. Sydney. Archived from the original on 28 November 2018. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  90. ^ "Where did Alpantuni go? Instagram accused of removing gay Muslim comic strip". The Jakarta Post. 13 February 2019. Archived from the original on 14 February 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  91. ^ "What Do the May 1998 Riots Mean for Young Chinese Indonesians?". thediplomat.com. Archived from the original on 12 December 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  92. ^ "This lesbian singer-songwriter is the living embodiment of why queer representation is so important". PinkNews. 27 April 2020. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  93. ^ "LGBT+ Indonesian woman pleads for help to stop proposed law forcing people into conversion therapy". GCN. 3 March 2020. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  94. ^ Gollmer, Anggatira (2 March 2011). "It's OK to be gay in Indonesia so long as you keep it quiet". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 19 May 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  95. ^ a b "Mahasiswa Beri Konseling LGBT, Begini Respons UI". Tempo.co (in Indonesian). 21 January 2016. Archived from the original on 6 April 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  96. ^ Wisnu Prasetyo (23 January 2016). "Support Group untuk LGBT di UI: Kami Tak Mendorong dan Menyembuhkan Orang dari Gay". detikNews (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 4 March 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  97. ^ "Sikap Gereja Katolik terhadap isu LGBT". UCAN Indonesia (in Indonesian). 19 February 2016. Archived from the original on 14 September 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  98. ^ Liza Yosephine (24 February 2016). "Indonesian psychiatrists label LGBT as mental disorders". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta. Archived from the original on 4 November 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  99. ^ Nurbianto, Bambang (21 March 2016). "More political leaders speak out against LGBT". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  100. ^ Davies, Sharyn Graham (15 July 2016). "Indonesia's anti-LGBT panic". East Asia Forum. Archived from the original on 15 July 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  101. ^ Davies, Sharyn Graham (2019). "Waria". Global Encyclopedia of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer (LGBTQ) History. Gale eBooks. pp. 1717–1720. ISBN 978-0-684-32554-5. Archived from the original on 27 May 2024. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  102. ^ Indonesian city to fine LGBT residents for disturbing 'public order' Archived 26 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian, 2018
  103. ^ "Indonesian city plans to fine residents for 'LGBT behaviour'". South China Morning Post. 1 December 2018. Archived from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
  104. ^ Glauert, Rik (4 June 2019). "Indonesia govt official labels LGBTI people 'main enemy of national development'". Gay Star News. Archived from the original on 19 June 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  105. ^ "How people in 24 countries view same-sex marriage". PewResearchCenter. Archived from the original on 13 June 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  106. ^ ILGA-RIWI Global Attitudes Survey Archived 13 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine ILGA, October 2017
  107. ^ ILGA (October 2016). The Personal and Political: Attitudes to LGBTI people around the world (PDF) (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2017.
  108. ^ ""Mayoritas rakyat Indonesia menerima hak hidup LGBT" : Survey". BBC News Indonesia (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 28 January 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  109. ^ "QANUN ACEH NOMOR 6 TAHUN 2014 TENTANG HUKUM JINAYAT (Aceh Religious Bylaw on Crimes" (PDF). Aceh Provincial Website. 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  110. ^ "Pasang Bendera Pelangi, Nikita Mirzani Dukung LGBT?". suara.com. 8 June 2019. Archived from the original on 10 May 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
  111. ^ "Film Kucumbu Tubuh Indahku kembali Tayang di Bioskop 6 Februari". tirto.id. 6 February 2020. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
  112. ^ "KPI Larang TV Siarkan Adegan Berpelukan & LGBT Selama Ramadan 2021". kpi-larang-tv. 20 March 2021. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
  113. ^ Utami; Linggasari, Yohannie (2 May 2015). "Menteri Hanif: Tak Perlu Aturan Khusus Lindungi Buruh LGBT" (in Indonesian). CNN Indonesia. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
  114. ^ Priamoko, Nugroho Eko (29 July 2019). "Diskriminasi Kerja Kaum Minoritas: Perspektif Perbandingan Hukum" (in Indonesian). hukumonline.com. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
  115. ^ Pratomo, Ricky S.H (7 July 2018). "Bolehkah Single Parent Mengadopsi Anak?". Klinik Hukumonline hukumonline.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 8 February 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  116. ^ "Ini Tata Cara Mengadopsi Anak Sesuai Undang-Undang". Dukcapil Gunungkidul. 23 August 2016. Archived from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  117. ^ Beyama, Putri Della Yuswika Argita (2016). "Pengaturan Perubahan Jenis Kelamin Menurut Ketentuan Hukum Di Indonesia" (PDF). Essay (in Indonesian): 47. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  118. ^ "9 Provinsi sudah layani ktp elektronik untuk transgender". nasional.tempo.co (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  119. ^ "Give Blood Save Life". ayodonor.pmi.or.id. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  120. ^ "Alasan Kenapa Gay Tidak Boleh Donor Darah". Liiputan Health. 24 July 2013. Archived from the original on 29 July 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
  121. ^ "Homoseksual dan Biseksual Bukan Gangguan Jiwa". KOMPASIANA (in Indonesian). 19 February 2016. Archived from the original on 25 December 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_Indonesia&oldid=1257922866"