Chimbu–Wahgi languages
(Redirected from Hagen languages)
| Chimbu–Wahgi | |
|---|---|
| Simbu – Western Highlands | |
| Geographic distribution | Papua New Guinea |
| Linguistic classification | Trans–New Guinea or Papuan Gulf?
|
| Subdivisions |
|
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | cent2120 |
 Map: The Chimbu–Wahgi languages of New Guinea
Chimbu–Wahgi languages
Trans–New Guinea languages
Other Papuan languages
Austronesian languages
Uninhabited | |
The Chimbu–Wahgi languages are a language family of New Guinea. They are sometimes included in the Trans–New Guinea proposal; Usher links them with the Engan languages in a Central New Guinea Highlands family.[1]
Languages
[edit]There is little doubt that the Chimbu–Wahgi family is valid. The languages are:[2]
- Chimbu–Wahgi family
- Chimbu (Simbu) branch
- Western Highlands
- Jimi River
- Wahgi Valley
- Nii
- Wahgi
- North Wahgi (= Yu We?)
- Mount Hagen
- Melpa (Medlpa)
- Kaugel River
Phonology
[edit]Several of the Chimbu–Wahgi languages have uncommon lateral consonants: see Nii, Wahgi, and Kuman for examples.
Chimbu–Wahgi languages have contrastive tone.[3]
Pronouns
[edit]The singular pronouns are:
sg 1 *ná 2 *nim 3 *[y]é
Dual *-l and plural *-n reflect Trans–New Guinea forms.
Evolution
[edit]Middle Wahgi reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma:[3]
- ama ‘mother’ < *am(a,i)
- amu ‘breast’ < *amu
- numan ‘louse’ < *niman
- numan ‘thought, mind, will’ < *n(o,u)
- man, muŋ ‘fruit, nut, lump’
- muŋgum ‘kidney’ < *maŋgV ‘round object’
- mundmuŋ ‘heart’ < *mundun-maŋgV
- mokum, mokem ‘knuckle, joint’ < *mo(k,ŋg)Vm ‘joint’
- mundun mo- ‘be pot bellied’ < *mundun ‘internal organs, belly’
- ŋaŋ ‘small male child’ < *ŋaŋ[a] ‘baby’
- apa- ‘maternal uncle’ < *apa ‘father’
- embe(m) ‘name’ < *imbi ‘name’
- muk ‘blue’ < *muk
- tuk- ‘chop’ < *tVk- ‘cut, cut off’
- no- ‘eat’ < *na-
- mek si- ‘to vomit’
- mek ‘vomitus’ < *makV[C] + t(e,i)- ‘to vomit’
References
[edit]- ^ NewGuineaWorld, Central New Guinea Highlands
- ^ Usher, Timothy. Simbu-Western Highlands. New Guinea World.
- ^ a b Pawley, Andrew; Hammarström, Harald (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21–196. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
Further reading
[edit]- Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.
- Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-Chimbu-Wahgi. TransNewGuinea.org.
External links
[edit]- Kaipuleohone archive of Chimbu-Wahgi language recordings