Kalapuyan languages
| Kalapuya | |
|---|---|
| Ethnicity | Kalapuya people |
| Geographic distribution | Northwest Oregon |
| Linguistic classification | Penutian ?
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | kala1402 |
 | |
Kalapuyan (also Kalapuya) is a small extinct language family that was spoken in the Willamette Valley of Western Oregon, United States. It consists of three languages.[1]
The Kalapuya language is currently in a state of revival. Kalapuyan descendants in the southernmost Kalapuya region of Yoncalla, Oregon, published 100 copies of a comprehensive dictionary, with plans to expand.[2][3]
Family division
[edit]Kalapuyan consists of
- Kalapuyan
- Northern Kalapuya † (also known as Tualatin–Yamhill)
- Central Kalapuya † (several dialects, including Santiam)
- Yoncalla † (also known as Southern Kalapuya)
Genetic relations
[edit]
Kalapuyan is usually connected with the various Penutian proposals. This was originally part of an Oregon Penutian branch along with Takelma, Siuslaw, Alsea and Coosan.[4] A special relationship with Takelma had been proposed, together forming a "Takelma–Kalapuyan" or "Takelman" family.[5][6][7][8] However, an unpublished paper by Tarpent & Kendall (1998)[9] finds this relationship to be unfounded because of the extremely different morphological structures of Takelma and Kalapuyan.
Proto-language
[edit]Below is a list of Proto-Kalapuyan reconstructions by Shipley (1970):[10]
no. gloss Proto-Kalapuyan 1 all *pu- 2 bad *khaskha 3 big *pala 4 bird *twi(ː)ca 5 bite *yiːk 6 black *muː 7 blood *nu 8 blow *puː- 9 bone *ca 10 burn *y- 11 cold *tuːku 12 come *ma- 13 come - 14 cut - 15 dig *hu- 16 dog *tal 17 drink *kʷh- 18 dry *chakkaluː 19 dull *tu- 20 dust *skuːp 21 earth *nuwa 22 eat *kʷVnafu 23 egg *pha 24 eye *kʷhillaːk, *kʷhalliːk 25 fall 26 father *-fa- 27 father *maːma 28 fear *n- 29 fear *yakla 30 feather *lunka 31 few *puː(n) 32 five *waːn 33 flower *puːk 34 four *tapa 35 fruit *kayna 36 give *tiː 37 good *suː 38 grass *luːkʷa 39 green *ci- 40 guts *niːya 41 hair, head *kʷaː 42 hand *laːkʷa 43 he *kʷawk 44 hear *kapt 45 heart *-uːpna 46 heavy *kayt 47 hot *ʔuːk 48 I *chi 49 ice *tic 50 kill *tah- 51 know *yukhu 52 lake *paːɫ 53 leaf *takhVɫ 54 left *kay 55 liver *paw 56 long *puːs 57 louse *t- 58 man *ʔuːyhi 59 many - 60 meat *muːkhi, *muːkʷhi 61 mother *naːna 62 mountain *maːfuː 64 name *kʷat 65 neck *puː- -k 66 new *pa(n)ɫa 67 nose *nuːna 68 not *waːnk 69 old *yuː(k) 70 one - 71 other *wana 72 path *kawni 73 person *mim 74 pierce *twa- 75 push *t- 76 red *c- -l 77 river *cal 78 rope *cal 79 round *(wi)luː 80 saliva *ta(w)f 81 say *na(ka) 82 sea *minlak 83 see *huːthu 84 sew *-aːkʷaː(t) 85 short *-u(w)pna 86 sing *kawt 87 sit *tastu 88 sit *yuː 89 sky *yank 90 sleep, lie *way 91 smell *h- 92 snake *(t)kaː 93 snow *-uː(p)paː(y)k 94 split *plVk 95 stand *taːp 96 stone *taː 97 straight *yalk 98 suck - 99 sun *pyan 100 swell *kuːf 101 swim *kʷay(n) 102 tail *tkuː 103 they *k(ʷ)i(n)nVk 104 thick *fip 105 thin *kliʔk 106 think *m- -t 107 this *kʷus(a) 108 this *haːs(a) 109 thou *maː(ha) 110 three *psin 111 throw *kawi 112 tie *takt 113 tongue - 114 tooth *ti 115 tree *watVk 116 two *kaːmi 117 walk *ʔiːti 118 wash *kaw(a)ɫ 119 wash *cawC 120 water *pk(y)aː 121 we *stuː 122 what *ʔa(k)kaː 123 white *maw 124 wind *-iːʈwa 125 wing *wa(ː)n 126 ye *mV(t)tiː 127 year *miːcwa
References
[edit]- ^ Berman, H. (1990). An Outline of Kalapuya Historical Phonology. International Journal of American Linguistics, 56(1), 27-59.
- ^ Reece, Myers (2022-03-06). "The quest to save Oregon's Kalapuya: 'You lose a language, you lose a culture'". oregonlive. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
- ^ Notarianni, John (2022-04-02). "Bringing Oregon's Kalapuya language back from the brink of extinction". opb. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
- ^ Sapir, E. (1921). A Characteristic Penutian Form of Stem. International Journal of American Linguistics, 2(1/2), 58-67.
- ^ Frachtenberg, L. (1918). Comparative Studies in Takelman, Kalapuyan and Chinookan Lexicography, a Preliminary Paper. International Journal of American Linguistics, 1(2), 175-182.
- ^ Swadesh, M. (1965). Kalapuya and Takelma. International Journal of American Linguistics, 31(3), 237-240.
- ^ Shipley, W. (1969). Proto-Takelman. International Journal of American Linguistics, 35(3), 226-230.
- ^ Kendall, D. (1997). The Takelma Verb: Toward Proto-Takelma-Kalapuyan. International Journal of American Linguistics, 63(1), 1-17.
- ^ cited in: Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America, pp. 432-433. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Shipley, William. 1970. Proto-Kalapuyan. In Swanson, Jr., Earl H. (ed.), Languages and Cultures of Western North America, 97-106. Pocatello: Idaho State University Press.
Further reading
[edit]- Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
- Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996). Languages. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-048774-9.
- Jacobs, Melville (1945). Kalapuya Texts. University of Washington Publications in Anthropology. Vol. 11. Seattle: University of Washington.
- Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
- Sturtevant, William C. (Ed.). (1978–present). Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 1-20). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1-3, 16, 18-20 not yet published).
External links
[edit]
Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Kalapuyan reconstructions
- The Verbal Morphology of Santiam Kalapuya (Northwest Journal of Linguistics)
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