Greater Awyu languages

Proto-Digul River
Proto-Digul River
Reconstruction of	Greater Awyu languages
Reconstructed; ancestors	Proto-Trans–New Guinea Proto-Awyu–Ok ;

Greater Awyu
Greater Awyu
Digul River
Geographic; distribution	Digul watershed, New Guinea
Linguistic classification	Trans–New Guinea Central West New Guinea Awyu–Ok Greater Awyu; ; ;
Proto-language	Proto-Digul River
Subdivisions	Awyu–Dumut; Becking–Dawi; Sawi;
Language codes
Glottolog	grea1275
	Map: The Awyu–Dumut languages of New Guinea The Awyu–Dumut languages (other languages not shown) Other Trans–New Guinea languages Other Papuan languages Austronesian languages Uninhabited

The Greater Awyu or Digul River languages, known in earlier classifications with more limited scope as Awyu–Dumut (Awyu–Ndumut), are a family of perhaps a dozen Trans–New Guinea languages spoken in eastern West Papua in the region of the Digul River. Six of the languages are sufficiently attested for a basic description; it is not clear how many of the additional names (in parentheses below) may be separate languages.

History

The Awyu (pronounced like English Ow you) and Awyu–Dumut families were identified by Peter Drabbe in the 1950s.

Voorhoeve included them in his proposed Central and South New Guinea group.^[2] As part of Central and South New Guinea, they form part of the original proposal for Trans–New Guinea.^[3]

Classification

The classification below is based on Usher^[4] and de Vries et al. (2012),^[5] who used morphological innovations to determine relatedness, which can be obscured by lexical loanwords.

Sawi (Sawuy)
Awyu–Dumut (Central Digul River)
- Awyu languages: Aghu (Jair), Shiaxa (Jenimu, Edera), Pisa (Asuwe)
- Ndeiram–Ndumut
  - Dumut (Wambon) branch: Mandobo (Kaeti, Dumut), Wambon
  - Ndeiram River: Kombai–Wanggom
North Digul River
- Awbono-Bayono
- Becking–Dawi
  - Dawi River: Komyandaret, Tsaukambo
  - Becking River: Korowai

Sawi is classified on pronominal data, as the morphological data used for the rest of the family is not available.

Pawley and Hammarström (2018) exclude Awbono-Bayono, treating it as a separate family.^[6]

Various other languages can be found in the literature. Airo-Sumaxage (Airo-Sumaghage)^[7] is listed in Wurm, Foley, etc., but not in the University of Amsterdam survey and has been dropped by Ethnologue. Ethnologue lists a 'Central Awyu', but this is not attested as a distinct language (U. Amsterdam). In general, the names in Ethnologue are quite confused, and older editions speak of names from Wurm (1982), such as Mapi, Kia, Upper Digul, Upper Kaeme, which are names of language surveys along the rivers of those names, and may actually refer to Ok languages rather than to Awyu.

van den Heuvel & Fedden (2014) argue that Greater Awyu and Greater Ok are not genetically related, but that their similarities are due to intensive contact.^[8]

Reconstruction

Phonemes

Usher (2020) reconstructs "perhaps" 15 consonants and 8 vowels, as follows:^[9]

		Bilabial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar
		Bilabial	Alveolar	Palatal	plain	labialized
Nasal		*m	*n
Plosive	plain	*p	*t		*k	*kʷ
Plosive	prenasalized	*ᵐb	*ⁿd	*ⁿdz	*ᵑɡ	*ᵑɡʷ
Fricative			*s
Semivowel		*w		*j
Rhotic			*ɾ

	Front	Central	Back
Close	*i		*u
Close-mid	*e		*o
Open-mid	*ɛ		*ɔ
Open		*a	*ɒ

Pronouns

Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns as:^[9]

	sg	pl
1	*nup
2	*ngup	*ngip
3

Ross (2005) reconstructs the pronouns of the Awyu–Dumut branch as follows:

	sg	pl
1	*nu-p	*na-gu-p
2	*gu-p	*ga-gu-p
3	e-p, [n]ege-p, *yu-p	*ya-gu-p

The suffix *-p and the change of the final TNG *a vowel to *u do not appear in the possessive pronouns: *na, *ga, *ya/wa, *na-ga, *ga-ga, *ya-ga.

Basic vocabulary

Healey (1970) and Voorhoeve (2000)

The following selected reconstructions of Proto-Awyu-Dumut, Proto-Awyu, and Proto-Dumut by Voorhoeve are from Healey (1970)^[10] and Voorhoeve (2000),^[11] as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:^[12]

gloss	Proto-Awyu-Dumut	Proto-Awyu	Proto-Dumut
head	kɑibɑn; xaiban	xaiban; xɑibɑn	kɑbiɑn; kebian
hair	möxö; muk; *ron	mox; mux; *ron	mökö-ron; muk; *ron
ear	*turun	*turun	turutop; turu=top
eye	*kerop	*kero	*kerop
nose	*togut		*togut
tongue	fɔgat; fɔgɛt; *pogɑt	fagɛ; fɑge	ogat; pɑgɑt
louse	*gut	go; gu; *ɑgu	*gut
dog	angay; ɑgɑi; *set	sɛ; (y)ange; (y)angi; yɑgi	agay; ɑgɑi; *tit
pig	*wi	*wi	*uy
bird	*yet	*yi	*yet
egg	*wɑidin	*mugo	*wɑdin
blood	*gom	*gon	*gom
bone		*bogi	*mit
skin	kɑt; xa(t)	xɑ; xa	kotay; kɑtɑy
breast	ɑm; om	om; *om	om; ɔm
tree	*yin	*yin	*in
woman	ran; rɑn	ran; rɑn	ran; rɑn
sky	**xuit	*xuito	*kut
sun	*seyɑt		*sɑt
moon	*wɑkot		*wɑkot
water	*ox	ɔx; óxo	*ok
fire	*yin	*yin
stone	*irop	ero; iro	*irop
name	füp; pip	*fi	fip; üp
eat	ɑde; en; *ɛn-	ɑde-; en; *ɛn-	ɑde; en; *en-
two	rumo; rumon	okorumon; *ok=rumɔ(n)	irumon; rumo

Usher (2020)

Some lexical reconstructions of Proto-Digul River and lower-level reconstructions by Usher (2020) are:^[9]

gloss	Proto-Digul River	Sawuy	Proto-North Digul	Proto-Central Digul
head	*kamb[e̝]jan		*kabe̝jan	*kambijan
leaf/hair	*mo̝k	moːx	*mo̝k	*mo̝k
tongue	*te̝p	seːp ~ seɸ	*te̝p
skin/bark			*kat	*kat
breast		aːm	*am	*ɒm
dog	*tit	siːr	*tit	*tit
bird	*ndzeːt	eːr	*dze̝t	*je̝t
egg	*mug[o/ɔ]	mugo		*mugɔ
sun/day	*[a]tap	ataːp
moon	*wakɔɾ	oxaːr	*wakɔɾ	*wakɔɾ
water		aːx	*[a/ɔ]k	*ɔk

Evolution

Greater Awyu reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are:^[6]

Wambon language:

maŋgot ‘teeth, mouth’ < *maŋgat[a]
(Wambon S.) kodok ‘leg’ < *k(a,o)ndok[V]
mok ‘seed’ < *maŋgV
kotay ‘bark, skin’ < *(ŋg,k)a(nd,t)apu
kondok ‘bone’ < *kwanjaC
kim- ‘die’ < *kumV-
kinum- ‘sleep’ < *kin(i,u)-
ok ‘water, river’ < *okV
enop ‘fire’ < *kendop
(ko)sep ‘ashes’ < *(kambu-)sumbu
(Wambon N.) kumut ‘thunder’ < *kumut or *tumuk
ururuk ko- ‘to fly’ < *pululu

Mandobo Atas language:

am ‘breast’ < *amu
magot ‘mouth’ < *maŋgat[a]
koman ‘neck’ < *k(o,u)ma(n,ŋ)[V]
(a)moka ‘cheek’ < *mVkVm ‘cheek, jaw’
kere(top) ‘ear’ < *kand(e,i)k(V]
betit ‘fingernail’ < *mb(i,u)t(i,u)C
kodok ‘foot, leg’ < *k(a,o)ndok[V]
otae ‘bark, skin’ < *(ŋg,k)a(nd,t)apu
kiow ‘wind’ < *kumbutu
komöt ‘thunder’ < *kumut
üp ‘name’ < *imbi
kinum- ‘sleep’ < *kin(i,u)-
(ko)tep ‘ashes’ < *(kambu-)sumbu
ok ‘water, river’ < *okV
apap ‘butterfly’ < *apa(pa)ta

Pisa language:

mugo ‘egg’ < *maŋgV, kiri
mogo ‘eye’ < *kiti-maŋgV
kifi ‘wind’ < *kumbutu
ise ‘mosquito’ < *kasin
apero ‘butterfly’ < *apa(pa)ta
kunu (ri-) ‘sleep’ < *kin(i,u)-
kekuŋ- ‘carry on the shoulder’ < *kak(i,u)-

Syiaxa language:

fi ‘name’ < *imbi
apa ‘butterfly’ < *apa([pa]pata
boro ‘to fly’ < *pululu

References

^ New Guinea World, Digul River – Ok
^ Voorhoeve, C.L. 1968. “The Central and South New Guinea Phylum: a report on the language situation in south New Guinea. Pacific Linguistics, Series A, No. 16: 1-17. Canberra: Australian National University.
^ McElhanon, Kenneth A.and C.L. Voorhoeve. 1970. The Trans-New Guinea phylum: explorations in deep-level genetic relationships. Pacific Linguistics, Series B, No. 16. Canberra: Australian National University.
^ New Guinea World - Digul River
^ Lourens de Vries, Ruth Wester, & Wilco van den Heuvel. 2012. "The Greater Awyu language family of West Papua", pp. 269–312 of Hammarström & van den Heuvel (eds.), History, Contact and Classification of Papuan Languages. (Language and Linguistics in Melanesia Special Issue). Port Moresby: Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea.
^ ^a ^b Pawley, Andrew; Hammarström, Harald (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21–196. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
^ Multitree qgz
^ van den Heuvel, W. & Fedden, S. (2014). Greater Awyu and Greater Ok: Inheritance or Contact? Oceanic Linguistics 53(1), 1-36. University of Hawai'i Press.
^ ^a ^b ^c New Guinea World
^ Healey, A. 1970. Proto-Awyu-Dumut Phonology. In Wurm, S.A. and Laycock, D. C. (eds). Pacific Linguistic Studies in honour of Arthur Capell. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
^ Voorhoeve, C. L. 2000. Proto Awyu-Dumut phonology II. In A. Pawley, M. Ross, & D. Tryon (Eds.), The Boy from Bundaberg: studies in Melanesian linguistics in honour of Tom Dutton (pp. 361–381). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
^ Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.

Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.

External links

The Awyu–Ndumut languages in their linguistic and cultural context (University of Amsterdam)
Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Proto–Digul River – Ok
- (ibid.) Proto–Digul River (see also reconstructions of North and Central Digul River)
- (ibid.) Digul River. New Guinea World.

[1] New Guinea World, Digul River – Ok

[2] Voorhoeve, C.L. 1968. “The Central and South New Guinea Phylum: a report on the language situation in south New Guinea. Pacific Linguistics, Series A, No. 16: 1-17. Canberra: Australian National University.

[3] McElhanon, Kenneth A.and C.L. Voorhoeve. 1970. The Trans-New Guinea phylum: explorations in deep-level genetic relationships. Pacific Linguistics, Series B, No. 16. Canberra: Australian National University.

[4] New Guinea World - Digul River

[5] Lourens de Vries, Ruth Wester, & Wilco van den Heuvel. 2012. "The Greater Awyu language family of West Papua", pp. 269–312 of Hammarström & van den Heuvel (eds.), History, Contact and Classification of Papuan Languages. (Language and Linguistics in Melanesia Special Issue). Port Moresby: Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea.

[Pawley-TNG-6] Pawley, Andrew; Hammarström, Harald (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21–196. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.

[7] Multitree qgz

[8] van den Heuvel, W. & Fedden, S. (2014). Greater Awyu and Greater Ok: Inheritance or Contact? Oceanic Linguistics 53(1), 1-36. University of Hawai'i Press.

[ngw-9] New Guinea World

[10] Healey, A. 1970. Proto-Awyu-Dumut Phonology. In Wurm, S.A. and Laycock, D. C. (eds). Pacific Linguistic Studies in honour of Arthur Capell. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.

[11] Voorhoeve, C. L. 2000. Proto Awyu-Dumut phonology II. In A. Pawley, M. Ross, & D. Tryon (Eds.), The Boy from Bundaberg: studies in Melanesian linguistics in honour of Tom Dutton (pp. 361–381). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.

[12] Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]