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Chronology of the Crusades, 1187–1291

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Main article: Chronologies of the Crusades

This chronology presents the timeline of the Crusades from the beginning of the Third Crusade, first called for, in 1187 to the fall of Acre in 1291. This is keyed towards the major events of the Crusades to the Holy Land, but also includes those of the Reconquista, the Popular Crusades and the Northern Crusades.[1]

The Christians of the Holy City Defiling before Saladin, illustration by François Guizot, 1883

Background

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After the loss of Jerusalem in 1187, Saladin was in a position to drive the Franks out of the Holy Land. The pope responded by calling for a new crusade and Western Europe responded.[2]

1187

Third Crusade

[edit]

The Third Crusade was led by Frederick Barbarossa and Richard the Lionheart, and was followed shortly by the Crusade of 1197.[2]

Richard Coeur De Lion On His Way To Jerusalem, by James William Glass, ca. 1850.

1188

The Near East, c. 1190, at the inception of the Third Crusade.

1189


1190

The Battle between Richard Coeur de Lion and Saladin at the Siege of Acre, by Philip James de Loutherbourg, ca. 1807.

1191

1192

Richard Coeur De Lion at the Battle of Jaffa, by John Cassell, ca. 1865.

1193

1194

1195

1196

1197

Fourth Crusade

[edit]

The Fourth Crusade was launched to again go the Holy Land, but instead resulted in the Sack of Constantinople and the collapse of the Byzantine Empire. Shortly thereafter, the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathar heretics and the Children's Crusade began.[85]

1198

1199

1200

1201

The Crusaders conquering the City of Zara (Zadar) in 1202, painted by Andrea Vicentino

1202

1203

The siege of Constantinople in 1204, by Palma il Giovane

1204

Partition of the Byzantine Empire into The Latin Empire and its Crusader vassals, Empire of Nicaea, Empire of Trebizond, and Despotate of Epirus after 1204.

1205

1206

1207

1208

1209

Depiction of the death of Simon de Montfort during the Albigensian Crusade, by Alphonse-Marie-Adolphe de Neuville, dated 1883.

1210

The Children's Crusade, by Gustave Doré, 1877.

1211

1212

Fifth Crusade

[edit]

The Fifth Crusade attacked Egypt with disastrous results.[144]

1213

The Siege of Damietta during the Fifth Crusade in a painting by Cornelis Claesz van Wieringen.

1214

1215

1216

  • 18 July. Honorius III becomes pope, continuing the support of the new crusade.[156]
  • (Date unknown). French knight Robert de Clari writes La Conquête de Constantinople, covering the period 1202–1205.[157]

1217

1218

Saint Francis of Assisi and Illuminato da Rieti before the Sultan al-Kamil, in a 15th century fresco by Benozzo Gozzoli.

1219

1220

1221

1222

Sixth Crusade

[edit]

Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, undertook the Sixth Crusade and made significant gains with no military actions.[183]

1223

1224

1225

1226

Frederick II meets al-Kamil. anonymous painting, 1341.

1227

1228

1229

1230

The Kingdom of Jerusalem after the Sixth Crusade.

1231

1232

1233

Barons' Crusade

[edit]

After the truce that ended the Sixth Crusade, a further military action known as the Barons' Crusade was launched by Theobald I of Navarre and Richard of Cornwall, returning the Kingdom of Jerusalem to its largest extent since 1187.[221]

1234

1235

1236

1237

1238

1239

Map depicting gains made by the Barons' Crusade
Red: Crusader states in 1239; Pink: territory acquired in 1239–1241

1240

1241

1242

1243

1244

Seventh Crusade

[edit]

Louis IX of France launched the Seventh Crusade against Egypt, again resulting in disaster.[246]

1245

1246

Map of the route of the Seventh Crusade.

1247

1248

1249

1250

Louis IX being taken prisoner at the Battle of Fariskur, in an 1850 painting by Gustave Doré.

1251

1252

1253

1254

1256

1257

  • (Date unknown). Arab historian Ibn al-Jawzi writes his Al-Muntadham fi tarikh al-muluk wa-'l-umam (History of the caliph and the nation).[274]
Depiction of the army of Hulagu Khan during the Siege of Baghdad in 1258. Painting by an unknown artist, c. 1430.

1258

1259

1260

Political map of the Balkans and Asia Minor in circa 1265
Map of the restored Byzantine Empire of Michael VIII Palaiologos and the surrounding states in 1265

1261

1263

1265

Eighth Crusade

[edit]

Louis IX of France again takes the cross, launching Eighth Crusade against Tunis. His death marked the end of the crusade.[246]

1266

1267

Death of Louis IX in Tunis

1268

1269

1270

Lord Edward's Crusade

[edit]

English forces en route to the Eighth Crusade arrived too late and launched Lord Edward's Crusade in the Holy Land, the last major Western offensive there.[312]

Operations during Lord Edward's Crusade
  Mamluks   Crusaders   Mongols

1270

1271

Edward I kills his attempted assassin. Engraving by Gustave Doré

1272

Decline and Fall of the Crusader States

[edit]

The Mamluks under Baibars, later Qalawun, continued their onslaught on the Franks in the Levant, leading to the Fall of Tripoli in 1289 and, two years later, their successful Siege of Acre.[309] The West would never recover Jerusalem even though the Crusades continued for many centuries.[322]

1273

1274

Marco Polo meeting Kublai Khan.

1275

1276

1277

1278

1279

1280

1281

War of the Sicilian Vespers, by Francesco Hayez.

1282

1283

The Battle of Meloria.

1284

1285

1286

1287

1288

The Siege of Tripoli by the Mamluks of Qalawun in 1289.

1289

1290

1291

Matthieu de Clermont défend Ptolémaïs en 1291, by Dominique Papety (1815–49) at Salles des Croisades in Versailles

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Urban III allegedly collapsed when hear the news of the loss of Jerusalem, but William of Newburgh believed that the pope died before he heard the news.[4]
  2. ^ Richard the Lionheart famously refused to show deference to Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor and declared to him, "I am born of a rank which recognises no superior but God".[62]
  3. ^ The leaders of the Fourth Crusade were Boniface of Montferrat, Enrico Dandolo, Theobald III of Champagne, Baldwin of Flanders, Louis of Blois, Hugh IV of Saint-Pol, Conrad of Halberstadt, Martin of Pairis andConon de Béthune
  4. ^ The Cathars were also known as the Albigensians. Saint Dominic would later form the Dominicans.
  5. ^ Arnaud Amalric reportingly said of the residents when asked how to distinguish Cathars from Catholics: "Kill them. The Lord knows those that are his own."

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Bibliography

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