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List of Mamluk sultans

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Sultans of the Mamluk Sultanate
The Cairo Citadel, the seat of power of the Mamluk sultans
Details
Last monarchTuman bay II
Formation1250
Abolition1517
ResidenceCairo

The following is a list of Mamluk sultans. The Mamluk Sultanate was founded in 1250 by mamluks of the Ayyubid sultan as-Salih Ayyub and it succeeded the Ayyubid state. It was based in Cairo and for much of its history, the territory of the sultanate spanned Egypt, Syria and parts of Anatolia, Upper Mesopotamia and the Hejaz. The sultanate ended with the advent of the Ottoman Empire in 1517.

The Mamluk period is generally divided into two periods, the Bahri and Burji periods. The Bahri sultans were predominantly of Turkic origins, while the Burji sultans were predominantly ethnic Circassians. While the first three Mamluk sultans, Aybak, his son al-Mansur Ali, and Qutuz, are generally considered part of the Bahri dynasty, they were not part of the Bahriyya mamluk regiment and opposed the political interests of the Bahriyya.[1] The first sultan to come from the Bahriyya's ranks was Baybars.[1] The Burji mamluks usurped the throne in 1382 with the accession of Sultan Barquq. The 34th sultan, al-Musta'in Billah, was also the Mamluk Abbasid caliph and was installed in power by the Burji emirs as a figurehead.[2]

List of sultans

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  Salihi Mamluks   Bahri dynasty   Burji dynasty

Number Royal title Name Reign start Reign end Ethnicity Background notes Coinage
1st Al-Malik al-Mu'izz Izz ad-Din Aybak 31 July 1250[3] 10 April 1257[4] Turkmen Middle-ranking mamluk of Ayyubid sultan as-Salih Ayyub. Married the latter's widow, Shajar ad-Durr, who became sultan on 2 May 1250 until she abdicated in favor of Aybak.[3]
2nd Al-Malik al-Mansur Nur ad-Din Ali 15 April 1257[5] November 1259[5] Turkmen Son of Aybak.
3rd Al-Malik al-Muzaffar Sayf ad-Din Qutuz November 1259[5] 24 October 1260[5] Khwarazmian Turk[6] A mamluk of Aybak and head of Aybak's mamluk faction, the Mu'izziya,[7] Aybak's chief deputy, and strongman of Ali's sultanate.[8]
4th Al-Malik az-Zahir Rukn ad-Din Baybars 24 October 1260[5] 1 July 1277[5] Kipchak Turk Bahri mamluk and founder of the Bahri dynasty.[7]
5th Al-Malik as-Sa'id Nasir ad-Din Barakah 3 July 1277[5] August 1279[5] Kipchak Turk Son of Baybars and his wife, who was the daughter of Husam ad-Din Baraka Khan, a Khwarazmian warrior chief, after whom Barakah was named.[9][6][10]
6th Al-Malik al-Adil Badr ad-Din Salamish August 1279[5] November 1279[5] Kipchak Turk Son of Baybars.
7th Al-Malik al-Mansur Sayf ad-Din Qalawun November 1279[5] 10 November 1290[5] Kipchak Turk[11] Bahri mamluk and Baybars' chief deputy
8th Al-Malik al-Ashraf Salah ad-Din Khalil 12 November 1290[5] 12 December 1293[5] Kipchak Turk Son of Qalawun.
9th Al-Malik an-Nasir Nasir ad-Din Muhammad 14 December 1293[5] December 1294[5] Kipchak Turk Son of Qalawun. First reign.
10th Al-Malik al-Adil Zayn ad-Din Kitbugha December 1294[5] 7 December 1296[5] Mongol[12] A mamluk of Qalawun.[12]
11th Al-Malik al-Mansur Husam ad-Din Lajin 7 December 1296[5] 16 January 1299[5] Circassian[13] A mamluk of Qalawun.[12] Relative to Rukn ad-Din Baybars al-Jashnakir[13]
12th Al-Malik an-Nasir Nasir ad-Din Muhammad 16 January 1299[5] March 1309[5] Kipchak Turk Second reign.
13th Al-Malik al-Muzaffar Rukn ad-Din Baybars al-Jashnakir April 1309[5] 5 March 1310[5] Circassian[13] A mamluk of Qalawun.[14] Relative to Husam ad-Din Lajin[13]
14th Al-Malik an-Nasir Nasir ad-Din Muhammad 5 March 1310[5] 6 June 1341[5] Kipchak Turk Third reign.
15th Al-Malik al-Mansur Sayf ad-Din Abu Bakr 8 June 1341[5] August 1341[15] Kipchak Turk Son of an-Nasir Muhammad and his concubine Narjis.[16] Real power in Abu Bakr's sultanate was held by Qawsun, a mamluk and senior emir of an-Nasir Muhammad.[15]
16th Al-Malik al-Ashraf Ala'a ad-Din Kujuk August 1341[17] 21 January 1342[18] Kipchak Turk and Tatar Son of an-Nasir Muhammad and his Tatar concubine Ardu.[16] Was a child when he was made sultan by strongman Qawsun.[15]
17th Al-Malik an-Nasir Shihab ad-Din Ahmad 21 January 1342[18] 27 June 1342[19] Kipchak Turk Son of an-Nasir Muhammad and his concubine Bayad, a freed slave girl.[16]
18th Al-Malik as-Salih Imad ad-Din Abu'l Fida Isma'il 27 June 1342[18] 3 August 1345[2] Kipchak Turk Son of an-Nasir Muhammad and one of his concubines, unnamed by the sources.[16]
19th Al-Malik al-Kamil Sayf ad-Din Sha'ban 3 August 1345[2] 18 September 1346[2] Kipchak Turk Son of an-Nasir Muhammad and one of his concubines, unnamed by the sources (same mother of as-Salih Isma'il).[16]
20th Al-Malik al-Muzaffar Sayf ad-Din Hajji 18 September 1346[2] 10 December 1347[2] Kipchak Turk Son of an-Nasir Muhammad and one of his other unnamed concubines.[16]
21st Al-Malik an-Nasir Badr ad-Din Hasan December 1347 21 August 1351[2] Kipchak Turk Son of an-Nasir Muhammad and his concubine Kuda, who died in Hasan's infancy. First reign. Hasan acceded to the sultanate as a young child and real power was shared by four senior emirs, Shaykhu an-Nasiri, Taz an-Nasiri, Manjak al-Yusufi and Baybugha al-Qasimi. Hasan was toppled when he challenged their power.
22nd Al-Malik as-Salih Salah ad-Din Salih 21 August 1351[2] 20 October 1354[2] Kipchak Turk Son of an-Nasir Muhammad and his wife Qutlumalik, daughter of Emir Tankiz al-Husami.[16]
23rd Al-Malik an-Nasir Badr ad-Din Hasan 20 October 1354[2] 16 March 1361[2] Kipchak Turk Second reign. He was killed by Emir Yalbugha al-Umari.[2]
24th Al-Malik al-Mansur Salah ad-Din Muhammad 17 March 1361[2] 29 May 1363[2] Kipchak Turk Son of Hajji. Real power was held by Emir Yalbugha al-Umari, who toppled him.[2]
25th Al-Malik al-Ashraf Zayn ad-Din Sha'ban (Sha'ban II) 29 May 1363[2] 15 March 1377[2] Kipchak Turk Son of al-Amjad Husayn (d. 21 January 1363), the last surviving son of an-Nasir Muhammad who never reigned,[20] and Khawand Baraka.[21]
26th Al-Malik al-Mansur Ala'a ad-Din Ali 15 March 1377[2] 19 May 1381[2] Kipchak Turk Son of Sha'ban II. Was a child during his accession, and real power was initially held by emirs Ibek and Qartay until the latter was ousted by the former. Ibek was later killed and power passed to Barquq, a former mamluk of Yalbugha an-Nasiri.
27th Al-Malik as-Salih Salah ad-Din Hajji 19 May 1381[2] 26 November 1382[2] Kipchak Turk Son of al-Ashraf Sha'ban. Was a child during his succession and real power was held by Barquq.
28th Al-Malik az-Zahir Sayf ad-Din Barquq 26 November 1382[2] 1 June 1389[2] Circassian A mamluk of Yalbugha al-Umari. Son of Anas, who was brought to Egypt by Barquq in 1381 and converted to Islam. First reign. Established the Burji dynasty.
29th Al-Malik as-Salih Salah ad-Din Hajji 1 June 1389[2] January 1390[2] Kipchak Turk Second reign. Installed during a rebellion against Barquq in which the latter was toppled.[2] When Barquq was restored, Hajji was allowed to continue residing in the Cairo Citadel.
30th Al-Malik az-Zahir Sayf ad-Din Barquq 21 January 1390[2] 20 June 1399[2] Circassian Second reign.
31st Al-Malik an-Nasir Nasir ad-Din Faraj 20 June 1399[2] 20 September 1405[2] Circassian Son of Barquq.[2]
32nd Al-Malik al-Mansur Izz ad-Din Abd al-Aziz 20 September 1405[2] November 1405[2] Circassian Son of Barquq.[2]
33rd Al-Malik an-Nasir Nasir ad-Din Faraj November 1405[2] 23 May 1412[2] Circassian Second reign.
34th Al-Malik al-Adil Al-Musta'in Billah 23 May 1412[2] 6 November 1412[2] Arab The Abbasid caliph in Cairo. He was appointed by the Burji emir Shaykh Mahmudi as a figurehead, but then compelled him to abdicate.[2]
35th Al-Malik al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh al-Mahmudi 6 November 1412[2] 13 January 1421[2] Circassian A mamluk of Barquq.
36th Al-Malik al-Muzaffar Ahmad 13 January 1421[2] 29 August 1421[2] Circassian Son of Shaykh. Was a child during accession.
37th Al-Malik az-Zahir Sayf ad-Din Tatar 29 August 1421[2] 30 November 1421[2] Circassian A mamluk of Barquq[22]
38th Al-Malik as-Salih An-Nasir ad-Din Muhammad 30 November 1421[2] 1 April 1422[2] Circassian Son of Tatar. Was a child during accession.[2]
39th Al-Malik al-Ashraf Sayf ad-Din Barsbay 1 April 1422[2] 7 June 1438[2] Circassian A mamluk of Barquq.[22] He was a tutor of Muhammad before he toppled him.[2]
40th Al-Malik al-Aziz Jamal ad-Din Abu al-Mahasin Yusuf 7 June 1438[2] 9 September 1438[2] Circassian Son of Barsbay. Was a child during accession.
41st Al-Malik az-Zahir Sayf ad-Din Jaqmaq 9 September 1438[2] 1 February 1453[2] Circassian A mamluk of Barquq.[22]
42nd Al-Malik al-Mansur Fakhr ad-Din Uthman 1 February 1453[2] 15 March 1453[2] Circassian Son of Jaqmaq.[2]
43rd Al-Malik al-Ashraf Sayf ad-Din Inal 15 March 1453[2] 26 February 1461[2] Circassian A mamluk of Barquq.[22]
44th Al-Malik al-Mu'ayyad Shihab ad-Din Ahmad 26 February 1461[2] 28 June 1461[2] Circassian Son of Inal.[2]
45th Al-Malik az-Zahir Sayf ad-Din Khushqadam 28 June 1461[2] 9 October 1467[2] Greek[2] or Turkish[23] A mamluk of Shaykh.[22]
45th Al-Malik az-Zahir Sayf ad-Din Bilbay 9 October 1467[2] 4 December 1467[2] Circassian A mamluk of Shaykh.[24]
46th Al-Malik az-Zahir Timurbugha 4 December 1467[2] 31 January 1468[2] Greek[25] A mamluk of Jaqmaq.[22]
47th Al-Malik al-Ashraf Sayf ad-Din Qa'itbay 31 January 1468[2] 7 August 1496[2] Circassian A mamluk of Barsbay.[26]
48th Al-Malik an-Nasir Muhammad 7 August 1496[2] 31 October 1498[2] Circassian Son of Qa'itbay[2]
49th Al-Malik az-Zahir Abu Sa'id Qansuh 31 October 1498[2] 30 June 1500[2] Circassian A mamluk of Qa'itbay.[27]
50th Al-Malik al-Ashraf Abu al-Nasir Janbalat 30 June 1500[2] 25 January 1501[2] Circassian Originally a mamluk of Emir Yashbak min Mahdi, who gave Janbalat to Qa'itbay, who then freed him.[28]
51st Al-Malik al-Adil Sayf ad-Din Tumanbay 25 January 1501[2] 20 April 1501[2] Circassian A mamluk of Qa'itbay.[29]
52nd Al-Malik al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri 20 April 1501[2] 24 August 1516[2] Circassian His mamluk origins are unclear, but he was trained in the Ghawr Barracks of Cairo, hence his name "al-Ghawri".[30] Prior to his accession to the sultanate, he was an emir of ten and a provincial governor.[30]
53rd Al-Malik al-Ashraf Tumanbay II 17 October 1516[2] 15 April 1517[2] Circassian Last Mamluk sultan.

References

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  1. ^ a b Northrup 1998, pp. 69–70.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg Griffith, Francis Llewellyn; and several more (1911). "Egypt/3 History" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 09 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 80–130, see pages 100 to 103. Kalā'ūn....Malik al-Nāṣir....Mongol Wars....Decline of the Bahri power....Timur in Syria....Wars with European Powers....Early relations with Turkey....The Turkish conquest
  3. ^ a b Northrup 1998, p. 69.
  4. ^ Northrup 1998, p. 70.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Stewart, John (2006). African States and Rulers. McFarland & Company. p. 86. ISBN 9780786425624.
  6. ^ a b Hathaway, Jane (2003). Tale of Two Factions, A: Myth, Memory, and Identity in Ottoman Egypt and Yemen. State University of New York Press. pp. 50–52. ISBN 9780791486108.
  7. ^ a b Northrup, ed. Petry 1998, p. 250.
  8. ^ Northrup 1998, p. 71.
  9. ^ Thorau, Peter (1992). The Lion of Egypt: Sultan Baybars I and the Near East in the Thirteenth Century. Longman. p. 261. ISBN 9780582068230.
  10. ^ Holt 2004, p. 99.
  11. ^ Yosef 2012b, p. 394.
  12. ^ a b c Northrup, ed. Petry 1998, p. 252.
  13. ^ a b c d Yosef 2012b, p. 396.
  14. ^ Tarikh, Volumes 5-6: Peoples and Kingdoms of West Africa in the Pre-Colonial Period. Longman. 1974. p. 9. ISBN 9780582608733.
  15. ^ a b c Drory 2006, p. 20.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g Bauden 2009, p. 63.
  17. ^ Levanoni 1995, p. 102.
  18. ^ a b c Drory 2006, p. 24.
  19. ^ Drory 2006, p. 28.
  20. ^ Holt, eds. Vermeulen and De Smet, p. 319.
  21. ^ Al-Harithy, Howayda (2005). "Female Patronage of Mamluk Architecture in Cairo". In Sonbol, Amira El Azhary (ed.). Beyond The Exotic: Women's Histories In Islamic Societies. Syracuse University Press. p. 332. ISBN 9780815630555.
  22. ^ a b c d e f Garcin, ed. Petry 1998, p. 293.
  23. ^ Natho, Kadir I. (2010). Circassian History. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 978-1441523884
  24. ^ Levanoni, eds. Winter and Levanoni 2004, p. 82.
  25. ^ Ali, Abdul (1996). Islamic Dynasties of the Arab East: State and Civilization During the Later Medieval Times. M.D. Publications Private Limited. p. 64. ISBN 9788175330085.
  26. ^ Garcin, ed. Petry 1998, p. 295.
  27. ^ Dobrowolski, Jarosław (2001). The Living Stones of Cairo. American University in Cairo Press. p. 60. ISBN 9789774246326.
  28. ^ Mayer, L. A. (1933). Saracenic Heraldry: A Survey. Clarendon Press. p. 127.
  29. ^ Garcin, ed. Petry 1998, p. 297.
  30. ^ a b Petry 1994, p. 20.

Bibliography

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