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Abortion in Kentucky

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Abortion is illegal in Kentucky.[1][2][3] There were laws in Kentucky about abortion by 1900, including ones with therapeutic exceptions. In 1998, the state passed legislation that required clinics to have an abortion clinic license if they wanted to operate. By the early 2010s, members of the Kentucky Legislature attempted to ban abortion in almost all cases and had also introduced the early abortion bans. Prior to 2019, Kentucky law prohibited abortions after week 22. This changed when the state legislature passed a law that moved the prohibition to week 6 in the early part of the year. A bill passed and made effective in April 2022 lowered the threshold to 15 weeks, the second most restrictive limit in effect in the United States behind Texas, and introduced regulations that made abortion illegal until it was blocked in federal court.

Effective upon Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization overruling of Roe v. Wade, Kentucky's trigger law, HB 148,[2] went into effect, prohibiting abortion except as necessary to prevent possible death or risk of permanent injury to the pregnant woman. On June 30, 2022, Jefferson County Circuit Judge Mitch Perry issued a temporary restraining order blocking enforcement of the state's abortion ban pending further hearings to determine if the ban violates the Kentucky Constitution. This order temporarily allowed both of Kentucky's elective abortion providers, which are both located in Louisville, to temporarily resume elective abortions.[4] Kentucky's trigger law banning abortions was reinstated on August 1, 2022.[5][6]

The number of abortion clinics has declined over time, with eleven abortion clinics in 1982, nine in 1992, two in 2002, and one in 2017. There were 4,923 legal abortions in 2014, and 4,585 in 2015.

History

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Legislative history

[edit]
Status of the "heartbeat bills", i.e. abortion bans at around 6 weeks, by state (exceptions not marked):
  Heartbeat bills supplemented or rendered moot by abortion bans at all stages
  Abortion bans at all stages, but heartbeat bills blocked
  Other states with abortion bans at all stages, or states without abortion providers
  Heartbeat bill in force, without total abortion bans
  Heartbeat law partially passed by state legislature
  Law passed but blocked or struck down by court order

By the end of the 1800s, all states in the Union except Louisiana had therapeutic exceptions in their legislative bans on abortions.[7] In the 19th century, bans by state legislatures on abortion were about protecting the life of the mother given the number of deaths caused by abortions; state governments saw themselves as looking out for the lives of their citizens.[7]

In 1974, Kentucky adopted a law preventing public hospitals from performing abortion procedures except to protect the life of the mother.[8] The law was later ruled unconstitutional by the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, but the state legislature passed a new version of the law in 1980.[8] That law was challenged by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) in 1987 after Kentucky Right to Life alleged that Owensboro-Daviess County Hospital had performed an abortion on the previous year in violation of the law.[8] The office of state Attorney General David L. Armstrong issued a non-binding opinion that the law was unconstitutional.[8] The ACLU dropped the case in 1989 after the U.S. Supreme Court upheld a similar law in Missouri in the case of Webster v. Reproductive Health Services.[9]

The 1981 unlawful abortion conviction of a Wayne County, Kentucky man put the issue of abortion before the Kentucky Supreme Court.[10] In 1983, the court ruled that the seven-month-old fetus killed by the man during an attack on his wife could not be defined as a person under the Model Penal Code.[10] In response to the court's ruling, Democratic State Representative Carl Nett introduced a fetal homicide bill in the 1986 General Assembly; the bill passed the House but was not considered in the Senate.[10]

During the 1982 Kentucky General Assembly, Democrat William I. Donnermeyer Sr. introduced a bill placing several restrictions and conditions on abortion; to wit: parental consent was required before an abortion could be performed on a minor, husbands must be informed if their wives underwent an abortion, a woman seeking an abortion must wait 24 hours before having the procedure and must be provided with information on fetal development and abortion alternatives, and doctors must document the reasons giving for a woman seeking an abortion.[11] Despite an opinion issued by then-Attorney General Steve Beshear holding that the law was not constitutional, it was enacted by the legislature.[11] The ACLU filed suit against the law in June 1982, preventing it from becoming effective on July 15 of that year.[11] In September 1984, U.S. District Judge Charles M. Allen struck down most of the law's provisions.[11] The 1986 General Assembly passed legislation again requiring parental consent for minors seeking abortions.[12] The law required the consent of only the custodial parent if the parents did not live together, and also allowed the minor to petition a district or circuit court for permission.[13] Judge Allen upheld this law in a 1988 ruling.[13]

In 1998, the General Assembly passed legislation that required clinics to have an Abortion Clinic License if they wanted to operate. Part of this was a requirement for a transfer agreement between the clinic and a hospital and ambulance.[14] Kentucky was one of 23 states in 2007 to have a detailed abortion-specific informed consent requirement.[15]

The Kentucky General Assembly was one of four states that tried and failed, to pass an early abortion ban bill in 2012 and again in 2014 when they were one of five states making the attempt.[16] In 2013, state Targeted Regulation of Abortion Providers (TRAP) law applied to medication-induced abortions in addition to abortion clinics.[17] Republican State Representative Joseph Fischer introduced the same bill with the same bill number (H.B. 132) on January 11, 2013. The bill was referred to the House Health and Welfare Committee on February 20, 2013; it did not advance out of the committee.[18][19] They tried to ban abortion that year, one of five states to do so. Only North Dakota successfully passed such a law but it was later struck down by the courts.[16] Previous early abortion ban bills filed in Kentucky have failed to pass. An early abortion ban bill, HB 132, was introduced on January 7, 2014, by Representative Fischer. The bill was referred to the House Health and Welfare Committee on March 19, 2014; it did not advance out of the committee.[20][21] The Lexington Herald-Leader described the situation in 2014: "Every year, anti-abortion bills sail out of the Republican-led Senate with huge majorities, only to get stuck in the House Health and Welfare Committee alongside anti-abortion bills filed in the House. Chairman Tom Burch, D-Louisville, is in favor of abortion rights, as is more than half of his committee. Burch keeps anti-abortion bills off the House floor, shielding the Democratic majority from votes that many prefer to avoid."[22]

They were one of six states to try again to ban abortion in 2017 and were one of eleven states again in 2018.[16]

Prior to 2019, Kentucky law prohibited abortions after week 22. This changed when the state legislature passed a law that moved the prohibition to week 6 in the early part of the year.[16] Two bills which seek to prohibit abortions after fetal cardiac activity is detected were filed in the Kentucky General Assembly in 2019.[23] State Senator Matt Castlen introduced SB 9 on January 8, 2019.[24] On February 14, 2019, SB 9 passed out of the Kentucky Senate by a 31–6 vote.[25] The bill was received in the House on February 15, 2019.[26] Damon Thayer, the Senate Republican floor leader said SB 9 "absolutely" was a priority for the chamber. He said he would be delighted if it became law and ended up before the U.S. Supreme Court as a means to overturn to Roe v. Wade. "It would be the pinnacle of my career," he said.[27] On March 14, 2019, the Kentucky House passed SB 9 by a vote of 71–19.[28] The next day the state's chapter of the ACLU filed a petition for a temporary restraining order preventing implementation of the ban. In EMW Women's Surgical Center v. Meier, the 6-week ban was stayed by the US District Judge David Hale.[29]

A similar bill by State Representative Robert Goforth was introduced in the Kentucky House of Representatives. The bill, HB 100, which was pre-filed on December 13, 2018, was referred to the Health and Family Services Committee on January 10, 2019.[30] When asked about the bill, Goforth, who announced his candidacy for Governor of Kentucky on January 8, 2019, the same day the bill was introduced, said he would be pleased if Kentucky or one of the other states considering similar measures enacted such a law and, in the event of the court challenge, took the case to the U.S. Supreme Court in an effort to overturn Roe v. Wade.[27]

On April 14, 2022, House Bill 3[1] was passed by the predominately Republican legislature, overturning a veto by Democratic Governor Andy Beshear, and made effective immediately under an emergency clause.[31] Modeled after a similar ban in Mississippi, the bill banned all abortions in the state after 15 weeks post-conception and introduced a number of regulations and restrictions, including a prohibition on mailing abortion pills, new systems to certify, monitor and publicly name physicians who conduct abortion procedures, "dignified care for the terminated remains of pregnancy loss," and mandatory disclosure of patient information.[32] As the infrastructure was not in place for these new requirements, the two abortion clinics operating in Kentucky had to shut down, making abortion de facto illegal in the state. In response, abortion-rights activists sued the state to challenge the law, with Planned Parenthood and the ACLU stating that the law unconstitutionally bans abortion by introducing requirements that can't be followed or are too arduous to comply with and that it violates patient privacy protections; this led to the law being blocked in federal court later in 2022.[33][34]

On June 24, 2022, the 2019 trigger law took effect after the ruling for Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization was delivered, which overturned Roe v. Wade. It made all abortions illegal except when medically mandatory to prevent the patient from dying or getting a "life-sustaining organ" permanently impaired. Both clinics in the state temporarily stopped providing abortions.[35][36] On June 30, 2022, Jefferson County Circuit Judge Mitch Perry issued a temporary restraining order blocking enforcement of Kentucky's trigger law pending further hearings to determine if the ban violates the Kentucky Constitution. This order temporarily allowed both of Kentucky's elective abortion providers, which are both located in Louisville, to temporarily resume elective abortions.[4]

In November 2022, voters defeated a ballot question that would have amended the state constitution to clarify that the constitution does not protect abortion rights.[37]

Judicial history

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The U.S. Supreme Court's decision in 1973's Roe v. Wade ruling meant the state could no longer regulate abortion in the first trimester.[7] EMW Women's Surgical Center took the state of Kentucky to court in 1998 over the need to have a license to run an abortion clinic. They lost their case in court.[14] In 2019, the courts issued an injunction to stop the recently passed 6-week abortion ban from coming into effect.[16] Similarly, a federal court temporary blocked House Bill 3 a week after it was passed following suits from pro-abortion advocates.[38][39] The Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, No. 19-1392, 597 U.S. ___ (2022) later in 2022.[40][41] On June 30, 2022, Jefferson County Circuit Judge Mitch Perry issued a temporary restraining order blocking enforcement of the state's abortion ban pending further hearings to determine if the ban violates the Kentucky Constitution. This order temporarily allowed both of Kentucky's elective abortion providers, which are both located in Louisville, to temporarily resume elective abortions.[4] Both the Kentucky Court of Appeals and the Kentucky Supreme Court refused a request to dissolve the restraining order until August 1, 2022.[5][6]

On February 16, 2023, the Kentucky Supreme Court ruled that abortion providers lacked standing to challenge the state's abortion ban, but did not elaborate on whether or not the Kentucky Constitution secured abortion rights.[42]

In December 2023, the ACLU filed a class action lawsuit challenging the state's near total abortion ban on behalf of a Kentucky woman. The suit stated that Kentucky's near-total abortion ban violated the plaintiff's right to privacy and self-determination under the state constitution.[43]

Clinic history

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Number of abortion clinics in Kentucky by year
See also: Abortion clinic

There were three or four abortion service providers in Louisville in 1981. That year, EMW Women's Surgical Center opened in the city.[14] In 1989, EMW Women's Surgical Center opened a satellite clinic in Lexington. Both clinics were run by Dr. Sam Eubanks and Dr. Ernest Marshall. Eubanks died in 2013.[14] Between 1982 and 1992, the number of abortion clinics in the state decreased by two, going from eleven in 1982 to nine in 1992.[44]

Since around 2002, the two EMW Women's Surgical Centers were the only abortion providers in the state. Other ones that had existed in the state had voluntarily closed.[14] In 2014, there were two abortion clinics in the state.[45] In 2014, 98% of the 120 counties in the state did not have an abortion clinic. That year, 74% of women in the state aged 15–44 lived in a county without an abortion clinic.[46]

In 2017, there were two Planned Parenthood clinics, neither of which offered abortion services, in a state with a population of 996,488 women aged 15–49.[47] North Dakota, Wyoming, Mississippi, Louisiana, Kentucky, and West Virginia were the only six states as of July 21, 2017, not to have a Planned Parenthood clinic that offered abortion services.[47] In early 2017, EMW Women's Surgical Center in Louisville was the only facility in the state of Kentucky that provided women with abortion services. Another clinic in Lexington run by the same organization had closed in January that year because it could not meet new licensing requirements. Kentucky's Republican Governor, Matt Bevin, worked to try to close EMW Women's Surgical Center in Louisville down.[14] In May 2019, the state was one of six states in the nation with only one abortion clinic.[48] Planned Parenthood Louisville started providing abortion services in 2020,[49] leading to the state having two providers, both in Louisville, that performed abortions until the near-total ban in 2022.[33]

Statistics

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In the period between 1972 and 1974, the state had an illegal abortion mortality rate per million women aged 15–44 of between 0.1 and 0.9.[50] In 1990, 401,000 women in the state faced the risk of unintended pregnancy.[44] In 2010, the state had zero publicly funded abortions.[51] In 2013, among white women aged 15–19, there were 450 abortions, 170 abortions for black women aged 15–19, 30 abortions for Hispanic women aged 15–19, and 20 abortions for women of all other races.[52] In 2014, 36% of adults said in a poll by the Pew Research Center that abortion should be legal in all or most cases.[53] 57% of people in Kentucky said abortion should be "illegal in all or most cases".[54] According to a 2014 Public Religion Research Institute (PRRI) study, 60% of white women in the state believed that abortion be illegal in all or most cases.[55] In 2017, the state had an infant mortality rate of 6.5 deaths per 1,000 live births.[56]

Number of reported abortions, abortion rate, and percentage change in rate by geographic region and state in 1992, 1995, and 1996[57]
Census division and state Number Rate % change 1992–1996
1992 1995 1996 1992 1995 1996
Total 1,528,930 1,363,690 1,365,730 25.9 22.9 22.9 –12
East South Central 54,060 44,010 46,100 14.9 12 12.5 –17
Alabama 17,450 14,580 15,150 18.2 15 15.6 –15
Kentucky 10,000 7,770 8,470 11.4 8.8 9.6 –16
Mississippi 7,550 3,420 4,490 12.4 5.5 7.2 –42
Tennessee 19,060 18,240 17,990 16.2 15.2 14.8 –8
Number, rate, and ratio of reported abortions, by reporting area of residence and occurrence and by percentage of abortions obtained by out-of-state residents, US CDC estimates
Location Residence Occurrence % obtained by
out-of-state residents 		Year Ref
No. Rate^ Ratio^^ No. Rate^ Ratio^^
Kentucky 10,000 11.4 1992 [57]
Kentucky 7,770 8.8 1995 [57]
Kentucky 8,470 9.6 1996 [57]
Kentucky 4,923 5.8 88 3,442 4.0 61 11.3 2014 [58]
Kentucky 4,585 5.4 82 3,188 3.7 57 12.8 2015 [59]
Kentucky 4,586 5.4 83 3,312 3.9 60 14.0 2016 [60]
^number of abortions per 1,000 women aged 15–44; ^^number of abortions per 1,000 live births

Anti-abortion activism

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Since 2005, an annual event called Cross the Bridge For Life has occurred in support of the pro-life movement in Newport, Kentucky. The event entails crossing the Purple People Bridge between Newport, Kentucky, and Cincinnati, Ohio, by thousands of attendees.[61]

Abortion rights activism

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Protests

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Women from the state participated in marches supporting abortion rights as part of a #StoptheBans movement in May 2019.[62]

Following the overturn of Roe v. Wade on June 24, 2022, abortion rights protests were held in Louisville,[63] Lexington,[64] Frankfort,[65] Bowling Green[66] and Covington.[67]

Footnotes

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "22RS HB 3". apps.legislature.ky.gov. Archived from the original on May 13, 2024. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
  2. ^ a b Kentucky General Assembly. "19RS HB 148". apps.legislature.ky.gov. Archived from the original on April 26, 2024. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
  3. ^ Kentucky high court upholds state abortion bans while case continues
  4. ^ a b c Judge temporarily blocks KY's trigger law banning abortions. Procedure can continue for now MSN.com
  5. ^ a b Appeals court rules against AG Daniel Cameron's efforts to halt abortions in Kentucky
  6. ^ a b Kentucky Supreme Court denies state AG's request to have abortion ban reinstated
  7. ^ a b c Buell, Samuel (January 1, 1991). "Criminal Abortion Revisited". New York University Law Review. 66 (6): 1774–1831. PMID 11652642. Archived from the original on June 21, 2018. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
  8. ^ a b c d Chellgren, Mark (January 27, 1987). "Law limiting abortions out of line, opinion says". Lexington Herald-Leader. Vol. 5, no. 25. Associated Press. p. B1 – via Newspapers.com.
  9. ^ Lawrence, Keith (July 4, 1989). "ACLU chief says ruling to end suit against ODCH". Owensboro Messenger-Inquirer. Vol. 115, no. 186. p. 8A – via Newspapers.com.
  10. ^ a b c Duke, Jacqueline (August 27, 1987). "Killer May Be Charged in Death of Fetus". Lexington Herald-Leader. p. B1.
  11. ^ a b c d Davis, Merlene (September 14, 1984). "Group Says It May Appeal Abortion Ruling Right to Life Association Disappointed That Judge Struck Down 1982 State Law". Lexington Herald-Leader. p. B1.
  12. ^ Duke, Jacqueline (April 8, 1986). "New Legislation Varies in Effect On Typical Kentuckian". Lexington Herald-Leader. p. B1.
  13. ^ a b Rutherford, Glen (August 26, 1988). "Court Upholds Consent Law for Abortions Civil Liberties Union Expected to Challenge Ruling". Lexington Herald-Leader. p. C1.
  14. ^ a b c d e f McCann, Allison (May 23, 2017). "Seven states have only one remaining abortion clinic. We talked to the people keeping them open". Vice News. Archived from the original on June 9, 2019. Retrieved May 23, 2019.
  15. ^ "State Policy On Informed Consent for Abortion" (PDF). Guttmacher Policy Review. Fall 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
  16. ^ a b c d e Lai, K. K. Rebecca (May 15, 2019). "Abortion Bans: 8 States Have Passed Bills to Limit the Procedure This Year". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
  17. ^ "TRAP Laws Gain Political Traction While Abortion Clinics—and the Women They Serve—Pay the Price". Guttmacher Institute. June 27, 2013. Archived from the original on May 27, 2019. Retrieved May 27, 2019.
  18. ^ "2013 Regular Session - House Bill 132". Kentucky General Assembly. Kentucky Legislative Research Commission. Archived from the original on February 9, 2019. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  19. ^ "KY HB132 - 2013 - Regular Session". LegiScan. Archived from the original on May 24, 2019. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
  20. ^ "2014 Regular Session - House Bill 132". Kentucky General Assembly. Kentucky Legislative Research Commission. Archived from the original on February 9, 2019. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  21. ^ "KY HB132 - 2014 - Regular Session". LegiScan. Archived from the original on May 24, 2019. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
  22. ^ Cheves, John (January 19, 2014). "Abortion laws in the balance if GOP gains control of house, changes could come swiftly". Lexington Herald-Leader. p. 1A.
  23. ^ "New abortion-related fight in Kentucky heats up over fetal heartbeats". NBC News. Associated Press. January 9, 2019. Archived from the original on January 25, 2019. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  24. ^ "2019 Regular Session - Senate Bill 9". Kentucky General Assembly. Kentucky Legislative Research Commission. Archived from the original on February 9, 2019. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  25. ^ "The Latest: Kentucky Senate passes fetal heartbeat bill". The Washington Post. February 14, 2019. Archived from the original on February 15, 2019. Retrieved February 14, 2019. The Kentucky Senate has overwhelmingly passed a bill that would ban most abortions in the state once a fetal heartbeat is detected. The Republican-led chamber's 31-6 vote on Thursday came a few hours after the measure cleared a committee. The bill now goes to the state House, which is also run by Republicans.
  26. ^ "KY SB9 - 2019 - Regular Session". LegiScan. Archived from the original on May 24, 2019. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
  27. ^ a b Yetter, Deborah (January 10, 2019). "After striking out twice, GOP tries again to 'effectively' ban abortion". Louisville Courier Journal. Retrieved February 9, 2019. And he said he would be pleased if Kentucky or one of the other states considering similar measures enacted such a law and, in the event of a court challenge, took the case to the U.S. Supreme Court in an effort to overturn Roe v. Wade
  28. ^ Heller, Marsha (March 15, 2019). "KY House passes fetal heartbeat bill". KFVS 12 (CBS). Archived from the original on May 24, 2019. Retrieved March 20, 2019. Senate Bill 9, known as the "fetal heartbeat bill", was passed by the Kentucky House on Thursday, March 14, by a vote of 71-19.
  29. ^ "EMW Women's Surgical Center v. Meier: Six-Week Ban and Reason Ban". Archived from the original on November 25, 2019. Retrieved December 9, 2019.
  30. ^ "2019 Regular Session - House Bill 100". Kentucky General Assembly. Kentucky Legislative Research Commission. Archived from the original on February 9, 2019. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  31. ^ Rickert, Aprile (April 13, 2022). "UPDATED: Ky. legislature overrides veto on 15-week abortion ban, lawsuits announced". 89.3 WFPL News Louisville. Archived from the original on April 15, 2022. Retrieved April 15, 2022.
  32. ^ Acquisto, Alex (April 14, 2022). "KY Republicans override Beshear's veto of the sweeping abortion bill. It takes effect immediately". Lexington Herald-Leader. Archived from the original on April 16, 2022. Retrieved April 15, 2022.
  33. ^ a b Schreiner, Bruce; Blackburn, Piper Hudspeth (April 14, 2022). "Abortions stop in Kentucky as groups seek to block new law". ABC News. AP. Archived from the original on April 15, 2022. Retrieved April 15, 2022.
  34. ^ "Planned Parenthood, ACLU sue to block restrictive Kentucky abortion bill. Here's why". Archived from the original on May 6, 2022. Retrieved April 18, 2022.
  35. ^ Yetter, Deborah. "Abortion ends in Kentucky as Supreme Court strikes down Roe v. Wade due to trigger law". The Courier-Journal. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
  36. ^ Rickert, Aprile (June 24, 2022). "After Dobbs decision, nearly all abortions now illegal in Kentucky". 89.3 WFPL News Louisville. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
  37. ^ Kitchener, Caroline; Bellware, Kim; Roubein, Rachel (November 9, 2022). "Abortion rights advocates score major midterm victories across the country". Washington Post.
  38. ^ "Kentucky abortion law blocked in win for clinics". AP NEWS. April 21, 2022. Archived from the original on April 21, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
  39. ^ "A federal judge temporarily blocks Kentucky's new abortion law". NPR. The Associated Press. April 21, 2022. Archived from the original on April 21, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
  40. ^ de Vogue, Ariane (June 24, 2022). "Supreme Court overturns Roe v. Wade". CNN. Archived from the original on June 24, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
  41. ^ Howe, Amy (June 24, 2022). "Supreme Court overturns constitutional right to abortion". SCOTUSblog. Archived from the original on June 24, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
  42. ^ Gonzalez, Oriana (February 16, 2023). "Kentucky Supreme Court refuses to block state abortion bans". Axios.
  43. ^ Kruesi, Kimberlee; Schreiner, Bruce (December 8, 2023). "Pregnant woman in Kentucky sues for the right to get an abortion". PBS News Hour.
  44. ^ a b Arndorfer, Elizabeth; Michael, Jodi; Moskowitz, Laura; Grant, Juli A.; Siebel, Liza (December 1998). A State-By-State Review of Abortion and Reproductive Rights. DIANE Publishing. ISBN 9780788174810. Archived from the original on May 5, 2022. Retrieved August 20, 2019.
  45. ^ Gould, Rebecca Harrington, Skye. "The number of abortion clinics in the US has plunged in the last decade — here's how many are in each state". Business Insider. Archived from the original on May 23, 2019. Retrieved May 23, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  46. ^ "This is what could happen if Roe v. Wade fell". Business Insider (in Spanish). August 4, 2018. Archived from the original on May 24, 2019. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
  47. ^ a b "Here's Where Women Have Less Access to Planned Parenthood". Archived from the original on May 23, 2019. Retrieved May 23, 2019.
  48. ^ Holly Yan (May 29, 2019). "These 6 states have only 1 abortion clinic left. Missouri could become the first with zero". CNN. Archived from the original on May 29, 2019. Retrieved June 2, 2019.
  49. ^ "Planned Parenthood to Expand Abortion Access in Kentucky". www.plannedparenthood.org. Archived from the original on February 1, 2022. Retrieved April 15, 2022.
  50. ^ Cates, Willard; Rochat, Roger (March 1976). "Illegal Abortions in the United States: 1972–1974". Family Planning Perspectives. 8 (2): 86–92. doi:10.2307/2133995. JSTOR 2133995. PMID 1269687.
  51. ^ "Guttmacher Data Center". data.guttmacher.org. Archived from the original on November 3, 2019. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
  52. ^ "No. of abortions among women aged 15–19, by state of residence, 2013 by racial group". Guttmacher Data Center. Archived from the original on April 17, 2021. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
  53. ^ "Views about abortion by state - Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics". Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on January 3, 2020. Retrieved May 23, 2019.
  54. ^ Bacon, Perry Jr. (May 16, 2019). "Three Reasons There's A New Push To Limit Abortion In State Legislatures". FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on May 26, 2019. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
  55. ^ Brownstein, Ronald (May 23, 2019). "White Women Are Helping States Pass Abortion Restrictions". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on May 26, 2019. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
  56. ^ "States pushing abortion bans have highest infant mortality rates". NBC News. May 24, 2019. Archived from the original on May 25, 2019. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  57. ^ a b c d Henshaw, Stanley K. (June 15, 2005). "Abortion Incidence and Services in the United States, 1995-1996". Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 30: 263–270. Archived from the original on June 2, 2019. Retrieved June 2, 2019.
  58. ^ Jatlaoui, Tara C. (2017). "Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2014". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 66 (24): 1–48. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6624a1. ISSN 1546-0738. PMC 6289084. PMID 29166366.
  59. ^ Jatlaoui, Tara C. (2018). "Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2015". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 67 (13): 1–45. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6713a1. ISSN 1546-0738. PMC 6289084. PMID 30462632.
  60. ^ Jatlaoui, Tara C. (2019). "Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2016". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 68 (11): 1–41. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6811a1. ISSN 1546-0738. PMC 6289084. PMID 31774741. Archived from the original on November 29, 2019. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
  61. ^ "Cross the Bridge For Life". www.crossthebridgeforlife.com. Archived from the original on September 8, 2019. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
  62. ^ Bacon, John. "Abortion rights supporters' voices thunder at #StopTheBans rallies across the nation". USA Today. Archived from the original on May 22, 2019. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  63. ^ Rickert, Aprile (June 24, 2022). "'A post-Roe world': Hundreds gather in Louisville to protest SCOTUS ruling". WFPL. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
  64. ^ Hermens, Ryan (June 24, 2022). "People gather in Lexington to protest the fall of Roe v. Wade". Lexington Herald Leader. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
  65. ^ Johnson, Rae (June 27, 2022). "Capitol reactions: Hundreds of people flock to Frankfort to protest overturn of Roe v Wade". Louisville Courier Journal. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
  66. ^ Schimmel, Becca (June 25, 2022). "Bowling Green joins list of cities across the state and nation where abortion rights supporters protest Supreme Court ruling". WKU. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
  67. ^ Fening, Madeline (October 10, 2022). "Northern Kentucky Pro-Choice Demonstrators Ask Voters to Reject Amendment 2". CityBeat. Retrieved October 17, 2022.
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