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Abortion in Colorado

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Abortion in Colorado is legal at all stages of pregnancy. It is one of seven states without any term restrictions as to when a pregnancy can be terminated.[1]

Outpatient abortion is available at all stages of the pregnancy. In addition, medically indicated termination of pregnancy up to term is also an option for conditions such as fetal anomalies, genetic disorder, fetal demise and/or severe medical problems.[2]

59% of adults said in a 2014 Pew Research Center poll that abortion should be legal in all or most cases and 36% said it should be illegal in all or most cases.[3] The 2023 American Values Atlas reported that, in their most recent survey, 65% of Coloradans said that abortion should be legal in all or most cases.[4] In 1962, the American Law Institute published their model penal code as it applied to abortions with three circumstances where they believed a physician could justifiably perform an abortion. A version of this was enacted into law in 1967.[5] Colorado became the first state to decriminalize abortion in cases of rape, incest, or in which pregnancy would lead to permanent physical disability of the woman.

In state politics, the Colorado Democratic Party largely support access to abortion while the Colorado Republican Party have embraced hardline anti-abortion stances which have included proposing laws to restrict or even ban abortion in the state.[6][7]

2024 Colorado Amendment 79 appeared on the ballot in November 2024. The amendment was approved; explicitly conferring the right to abortion in the Colorado state constitution.[8][9]

History

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Early history

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Colorado became a territory in 1861,[10] and its General Laws included a ban on abortion:[11]

"[E]very person who shall administer substance or liquid, or who shall use or cause to be used any instrument, of whatsoever kind, with the intention to procure the miscarriage of any woman then being with child, and shall thereof be duly convicted, shall be imprisoned for a term not exceeding three years, and fined in a sum not exceeding one thousand dollars; and if any woman, by reason of such treatment, shall die, the person or persons administering, or causing to be administered, such poison, substance or liquid, or using or causing to be used, any instrument, as aforesaid, shall be deemed guilty of manslaughter, and if convicted, be punished accordingly."

The first documented time "abortion" was mentioned in Colorado newspapers was in the Rocky Mountain News on September 30, 1867. Back then, midwives used herbs to try to end pregnancies, but this could be very dangerous. The first documented arrest for abortion is J. H. Murphy in Denver in 1868, and Dr. Mary Solander from Boulder was the first person sentenced to prison for abortion in 1873.[12]

Legislative history

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In 1891, Colorado adopted Senate Bill 310, which further criminalized procuring an abortion.[13] In the early 1900s, newspapers reported more cases of doctors being charged.[12] In 1909, osteopaths were prohibited from performing abortions.[13]

In 1929, the Colorado Assembly tried to make it legal for doctors to talk to married couples about birth control. But this law was killed in the Colorado Senate after heated debate. The proposed law was a partial repeal of the 1873 Comstock Act that made it illegal to distribute birth control materials.[12]

In 1962, the American Law Institute published their model penal code, as it applied to abortions, with three circumstances where they believed a physician could justifiably perform an abortion: "If ... there is substantial risk that the continuance of the pregnancy would gravely impair the physical or mental health of the mother, or that the child would be born with grave physical or mental defect, or that the pregnancy resulted from rape, incest, or other felonious intercourse." In 1967, Colorado became the first state to apply this into law,[14] followed by Arkansas, California, Georgia, Maryland, New Mexico, North Carolina, and Oregon.[15] Specifically, the new law permitted an abortion in cases of rape, incest, fetal abnormality, and to protect the life of the mother.[16][17] However, it was only up to 16 weeks of pregnancy and required the husband's permission and approval from three doctors.[18][13] Over 33 months, 1,500 Colorado women obtained legal abortions, while around 20,000 sought illegal abortions because of the costs and red tape.[18]

In 1969, lawmakers failed to pass a bill that would have removed liability for a doctor or hospital refusing to perform an abortion.[13]

In 1978, Colorado set up Medicaid funding to help poor women get abortions.[14] In 1979, a bill to ban public funding of abortions failed. In 1984, voters approved a similar constitutional amendment.[13]

In 1993, Colorado enacted speech restrictions within 100 feet of abortion clinics, a policy the U.S. Supreme Court affirmed in Hill v. Colorado in 2000.[13]

In 1998, Becky Bell's parents worked against proposed parental notification laws in Colorado.[19]

In 2006, pharmacists in Colorado were allowed to provide emergency contraception.[13] In 2019, women in Colorado were eligible for temporary disability as a result of abortion or miscarriage.[20][21]

Colorado Republicans introduced numerous bills to ban or restrict abortion in almost all cases, beginning in 1997 and continuing through 2022. These bills did not pass.[13][22][6]

On April 4, 2022, Governor Jared Polis signed the Reproductive Health Equity Act, which guarantees access to reproductive care and affirms the rights of pregnant women to continue or terminate a pregnancy. The act prohibits public entities from restricting or denying those rights.[23][24]

Judicial history

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The US Supreme Court's decision in 1973's Roe v. Wade ruling meant the state could no longer regulate abortion in the first trimester.[15] However, the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, No. 19-1392, 597 U.S. ___ (2022) later in 2022.[25][26]

Ballot box history

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In 2008, Kristine Burton and Michael Burton of Colorado for Equal Rights jointly proposed the Colorado Amendment 48 initiative.[27][28] Colorado Right to Life supported the amendment.[29] There was bipartisan opposition.[30] The text would have amended the definition of a person to "any human being from the moment of fertilization".[31] This definition would have applied to all sections of Colorado law, thus giving a fetus the equal rights of life, liberty, and property as a fully developed, born person would.[32] On November 4, 2008, the initiative was turned down by 73.2 percent of the voters.[33]

Amendment 48[34]
Choice Votes %
Referendum failed No 1,691,165 73.21
Yes 618,761 26.79
Total votes 2,309,926 100.00

Colorado Proposition 115 was a 2020 ballot initiative preventing abortion after 22 weeks unless the pregnancy endangered the mother's life. Performing an abortion after 22 weeks would have become a Class 1 misdemeanor. On November 3, 2020, Colorado voters rejected Proposition 115, with 59% of voters opposed to the initiative.[35]

Proposition 115[36]
Choice Votes %
Referendum failed No 1,859,479 58.99
Yes 1,292,787 41.01
Total votes 3,152,266 100.00

On April 18, 2024, Coloradans For Protecting Reproductive Freedom submitted nearly double the signatures required to put abortion rights on the ballot in Colorado in the November 2024 elections. 2024 Colorado Amendment 79 would enshrine the right to abortion in the Colorado state constitution.[37]

Clinic history

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Number of abortion clinics in Colorado by year
See also: Abortion clinic

Between 1982 and 1992, the number of abortion clinics in the state decreased by fourteen, going from 73 in 1982 to 59 in 1992.[38] In 2014, there were 21 abortion clinics in the state.[39] In 2014, 78% of the counties in the state did not have an abortion clinic. That year, 27% of women in the state aged 15 – 44 lived in a county without an abortion clinic.[40]

In March 2016, there were 21 Planned Parenthood clinics in the state.[41] After Planned Parenthood of the Rocky Mountains switched from directly billing women to directly billing Medicaid in 2016, they ran into funding bills as Medicaid has low reimbursement rates. Consequently, they were forced to close two clinics in Colorado and one in Wyoming in July 2017.[42] In 2017, there were nineteen Planned Parenthood clinics, of which eleven offered abortion services, in a state with a population of 1,278,937 women aged 15–49.[42]

Statistics

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In 1990, 426,000 women in the state faced the risk of an unintended pregnancy.[38] Since the start of the 2008 Colorado Family Planning Initiative, the number of abortions performed in the state fell by nearly half for women between the ages of 15–19. For women aged 20–24, the rate of abortions declined by 18%. For teens aged 15–19, the birth and abortion rate in Colorado between 2009 and 2014 declined around 50%. For women aged 20–24, the abortion rate declined by 20%.[43] In 2010, the state had no publicly funded abortions.[44] In 2013, there were 700 abortions for white women aged 15–19, 110 abortions for black women aged 15–19, 470 abortions for Hispanic women aged 15–19, and 90 abortions for women of all other races.[45]

In 2014, 59% of adults said in a poll by the Pew Research Center that abortion should be legal and 36% saying it should be illegal in all or most cases.[46] In 2017, the state had an infant mortality rate of 4.5 deaths per 1,000 live births.[47] From 2009 to 2017, the rate of teenage abortions in the state fell by 64%.[48]

Number of reported abortions, abortion rate and percentage change in rate by geographic region and state in 1992, 1995 and 1996[49]
Census division and state Number Rate % change 1992–1996
1992 1995 1996 1992 1995 1996
US Total 1,528,930 1,363,690 1,365,730 25.9 22.9 22.9 –12
Mountain 69,600 63,390 67,020 21 17.9 18.6 –12
Arizona 20,600 18,120 19,310 24.1 19.1 19.8 –18
Colorado 19,880 15,690 18,310 23.6 18 20.9 –12
Idaho 1,710 1,500 1,600 7.2 5.8 6.1 –15
Montana 3,300 3,010 2,900 18.2 16.2 15.6 –14
Nevada 13,300 15,600 15,450 44.2 46.7 44.6 1
New Mexico 6,410 5,450 5,470 17.7 14.4 14.4 –19
Utah 3,940 3,740 3,700 9.3 8.1 7.8 –16
Wyoming 460 280 280 4.3 2.7 2.7 –37
Number, rate, and ratio of reported abortions, by reporting area of residence and occurrence and by percentage of abortions obtained by out-of-state residents, US CDC estimates
Location Residence Occurrence % obtained by
out-of-state residents 		Year Ref
No. Rate^ Ratio^^ No. Rate^ Ratio^^
Colorado 19,880 23.6 [49]
Colorado 15,690 18 [49]
Colorado 18,310 20.9 [49]
Colorado 9,453 8.7 144 10,648 9.8 162 11.3 2014 [50]
Colorado 8,975 8.1 135 10,114 9.1 152 11.3 2015 [51]
Colorado 7,363 6.6 111 8,333 7.4 125 11.4 2016 [52]
^number of abortions per 1,000 women aged 15–44; ^^number of abortions per 1,000 live births

Contraceptive history

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In 2008, Colorado's Department of Public Health and Environment was provided with private funds to provide poor women in the state with long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) at little or no cost to them.[43] From 2009 to 2017, free, low-cost IUDs resulted in a 54% decline in the rate of teenage pregnancy in the state.[48]

Deaths and injuries from unsafe or illegal abortions

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In the period between 1972 and 1974, there were zero recorded illegal abortion deaths in the state.[53] During the winter of 1978, three women in less than a month required hospitalization in Denver after consuming pennyroyal oil for the purpose of trying to induce an abortion. One of these women died.[14]

Abortion rights views and activities

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Women's March In Denver in 2017
Women's March In Denver in 2017

Protests

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Women from the state participated in marches supporting abortion rights as part of a #StoptheBans movement in May 2019.[54]

Following the Roe v. Wade overturn draft leak on May 2, 2022, there were abortion rights demonstrations in Aspen,[55] Colorado Springs,[56] Denver,[57] Fort Collins,[58] and Grand Junction.[59]

Following the overturn of Roe v. Wade on June 24, 2022, an abortion rights protest was held outside the Colorado State Capitol in Denver.[60]

Anti-abortion views and activities

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Abortion protest sign on North Table Mountain outside Denver, during the 2008 Democratic National Convention. The sign reads "Destroys uNborn Children", and is made of sheets sewn together. It was a new Guinness World Record for largest protest sign. The sign was constructed by American Right To Life Action.

Protests

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Several hundred anti-abortion activists participate in the Rocky Mountain March for Life in Colorado each year to support ending abortion.[61]

Respect Life Denver also organizes an annual rally and march in the state capitol each year to support legislation against abortion.[62]

Anti-abortion city ordinances

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In late 2022, four out of seven council members of the city of Pueblo voted to consider a measure that would ban abortion within the city. The proposed ordinance was the work of a Texas-based anti-abortion group which was introduced by council member Regina Maestri.[63] The proposed measure would break state laws surrounding abortion protections while observers said the measure might inspire other cities or towns throughout Colorado to attempt to ban or restrict abortions.[64] The measure was narrowly rejected by the council.[65]

In October 2024, there was another attempt to ban abortion in Pueblo by conservative council members. The measure was again narrowly defeated.[66]

Violence

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An incident of anti-abortion violence occurred at an abortion clinic in Denver, Colorado on August 26, 2003.[67]

Between 1993 and 2015, 11 people were killed at American abortion clinics.[68] On November 29, 2015, a shooting at a Planned Parenthood clinic in Colorado Springs, Colorado, left three dead and several injured, and a suspect, Robert L. Dear, was apprehended.[69][70][71][72] Police officer and pastor Garrett Swasey, US Iraq War veteran Ke'Arre M. Stewart, and Hawaiian Jennifer Markovsky, who was accompanying a friend at the clinic, were killed.[68] The suspect had previously acted against other clinics, and referred to himself as a "warrior for the babies" at his hearing.[73][74] Neighbors and former neighbors described the suspect as "reclusive",[69] and police from several states where the suspect resided described a history of run-ins dating from at least 1997.[70] On May 11, 2016, the court declared the suspect incompetent to stand trial after a mental evaluation was completed.[75]

Footnotes

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References

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  1. ^ Gal, Grace Panetta, Shayanne. "The latest point in pregnancy you can get an abortion in all 50 states". Business Insider. Archived from the original on July 27, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ "Reproductive Rights in Colorado". NARAL Pro-Choice Colorado. Archived from the original on May 4, 2022. Retrieved May 18, 2023.
  3. ^ "Religious Landscape Study". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 2014. Retrieved May 19, 2023.
  4. ^ "Abortion Views in All 50 States: Findings from PRRI's 2023 American Values Atlas | PRRI". PRRI | At the intersection of religion, values, and public life. May 2, 2024. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
  5. ^ Staff, TIME (April 25, 2017). "It's Been 50 Years Since Colorado Passed This Groundbreaking Abortion Law". TIME. Retrieved October 10, 2024.
  6. ^ a b Coltrain, Nick (February 25, 2022). "Colorado Democrats stop GOP's anti-abortion measures and brace for threat to Roe v. Wade". The Denver Post. Retrieved March 19, 2022.
  7. ^ Paul, Jesse (February 2, 2022). "Efforts to affirm abortion access in Colorado won't stop some lawmakers from trying to reverse course". Colorado Sun. Retrieved March 19, 2022 – via The Durango Herald.
  8. ^ Grimes, Thelma (September 13, 2024). "Amendment 79 seeks to enshrine abortion rights in Colorado's Constitution". Colorado Politics. Retrieved September 21, 2024.
  9. ^ Brown, Jennifer (November 6, 2024). "Amendment 79 passes: Colorado will protect abortion in state constitution, allow public spending on procedure". The Colorado Sun. Retrieved November 6, 2024.
  10. ^ 12 Stat. 172)
  11. ^ Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, 597 U.S. 215, slip opinion p. 103 (June 24, 2022).
  12. ^ a b c "Abortion in Colorado Part One". Special Collections and Archives. Denver Public Library. Retrieved September 15, 2024.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h Goodland, Marianne (May 4, 2022). "A short history of Colorado's abortion activism from 1891 to present". Colorado Politics.
  14. ^ a b c Tyler, C. W. (1983). "The public health implications of abortion". Annual Review of Public Health. 4: 223–258. doi:10.1146/annurev.pu.04.050183.001255. ISSN 0163-7525. PMID 6860439.
  15. ^ a b Buell, Samuel (January 1, 1991). "Criminal Abortion Revisited". New York University Law Review. 66 (6): 1774–1831. PMID 11652642.
  16. ^ "Medicine: Abortion on Request". Time. March 9, 1970. Archived from the original on December 1, 2010. Retrieved October 15, 2012. (subscription required)
  17. ^ Larson, Jordan. "Timeline: The 200-Year Fight for Abortion Access". The Cut. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  18. ^ a b "Abortion in Colorado Part Two". Special Collections and Archives. Denver Public Library. Retrieved September 15, 2024.
  19. ^ Abbot, Karen (October 29, 1998). "Foes of Notification Enlist Grim, Dirty Images". Rocky Mountain News. Denver. p. 11A.
  20. ^ "Employment Protection For Workers Who Are Pregnant Or Nursing". U.S. Department of Labor. Retrieved May 29, 2019.
  21. ^ "Employment Protections For Workers Who Are Pregnant or Nursing". U.S. Department of Labor. Retrieved May 29, 2019.
  22. ^ Tavernise, Sabrina (May 15, 2019). "'The Time Is Now': States Are Rushing to Restrict Abortion, or to Protect It". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
  23. ^ Hernandez, Joe (April 5, 2022). "The right to abortion in Colorado is now guaranteed under state law". NPR. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
  24. ^ "Colorado governor signs bill codifying the right to abortion in state law". CBS News. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
  25. ^ de Vogue, Ariane (June 24, 2022). "Supreme Court overturns Roe v. Wade". CNN. Archived from the original on June 24, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
  26. ^ Howe, Amy (June 24, 2022). "Supreme Court overturns constitutional right to abortion". SCOTUSblog. Archived from the original on June 24, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
  27. ^ Statement of Sufficiency Archived 2008-11-28 at the Wayback Machine (pdf). Secretary of State. State of Colorado. May 29, 2008.
  28. ^ Personhood Initiative '08. Colorado for Equal Rights.
  29. ^ Vote Yes on 48 Archived 2017-04-03 at the Wayback Machine. Colorado Right to Life.
  30. ^ Jorgensen, Leslie. Amendment 48: Opposition galvanizes Democrats, Republicans Archived 2008-12-08 at the Wayback Machine. Colorado Statesman. October 10, 2008.
  31. ^ Amendment 48: Definition of Person (pdf). Colorado General Assembly.
  32. ^ Brown, Jennifer. "Personhood" Amendment Fails. Denver Post. November 4, 2008.
  33. ^ "Election result 2008". Archived from the original on January 22, 2013. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
  34. ^ "Canvass Results - General Election 2008". Secretary of State of Colorado. Archived from the original on April 30, 2009. Retrieved June 24, 2009.
  35. ^ "Colorado Proposition 115, 22-Week Abortion Ban Initiative (2020)". Ballotpedia.
  36. ^ "Election Night Reporting". results.enr.clarityelections.com.
  37. ^ "Advocates for legal abortion take critical step to put constitutional amendment on the ballot". CPR News. Retrieved April 18, 2024.
  38. ^ a b Arndorfer, Elizabeth; Michael, Jodi; Moskowitz, Laura; Grant, Juli A.; Siebel, Liza (December 1998). A State-By-State Review of Abortion and Reproductive Rights. DIANE Publishing. ISBN 9780788174810.
  39. ^ Rebecca Harrington; Gould, Skye (February 10, 2017). "The number of abortion clinics in the US has plunged in the last decade — here's how many are in each state". Business Insider. Retrieved May 23, 2019.
  40. ^ "This is what could happen if Roe v. Wade fell". Business Insider (in Spanish). August 4, 2018. Archived from the original on May 24, 2019. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
  41. ^ Bohatch, Emily. "27 states with the most Planned Parenthood clinics". The State. Columbia, South Carolina. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
  42. ^ a b "Here's Where Women Have Less Access to Planned Parenthood". Retrieved May 23, 2019.
  43. ^ a b "Abortion is at the top of the political agenda. Here are a few facts". NBC News. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
  44. ^ "Guttmacher Data Center". Guttmacher Institute. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
  45. ^ "No. of abortions among women aged 15–19, by state of residence, 2013 by racial group". Guttmacher Institute. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
  46. ^ "Views about abortion by state - Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics". Pew Research Center. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
  47. ^ "States pushing abortion bans have highest infant mortality rates". NBC News. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  48. ^ a b "IUD program leads to big decline in teen pregnancies, abortions in Colorado". The Denver Post. December 1, 2017. Retrieved May 28, 2019.
  49. ^ a b c d Henshaw, Stanley K. (June 15, 2005). "Abortion Incidence and Services in the United States, 1995-1996". Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 30. Guttmacher Institute: 263–270. Retrieved June 2, 2019.
  50. ^ Jatlaoui, Tara C. (2017). "Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2014". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 66 (24): 1–48. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6624a1. ISSN 1546-0738. PMC 6289084. PMID 29166366.
  51. ^ Jatlaoui, Tara C. (2018). "Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2015". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 67 (13): 1–45. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6713a1. ISSN 1546-0738. PMC 6289084. PMID 30462632.
  52. ^ Jatlaoui, Tara C. (2019). "Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2016". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 68 (11): 1–41. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6811a1. ISSN 1546-0738. PMC 6289084. PMID 31774741.
  53. ^ Cates, Willard; Rochat, Roger (March 1976). "Illegal Abortions in the United States: 1972–1974". Family Planning Perspectives. 8 (2): 86–92. doi:10.2307/2133995. JSTOR 2133995. PMID 1269687.
  54. ^ Bacon, John. "Abortion rights supporters' voices thunder at #StopTheBans rallies across the nation". USA Today. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  55. ^ Reynolds, Jacqueline. "On moment's notice, Aspen joins abortion-rights protest movement". Aspen Daily News. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
  56. ^ Soicher, Spencer. "Pro-choice advocates march through Colorado Springs as abortion debate continues". KRDO. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
  57. ^ Yuen, Courtney. "People who support abortion rights rally outside Colorado Capitol". 9 News. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
  58. ^ Ferrier, Pat. "Hundreds rally in Fort Collins for abortion rights after draft opinion on Roe vs. Wade". Coloradoan. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
  59. ^ Sinton, Kacie. "Grand Junction locals attend rally in support of Roe v. Wade". KKCO 11 News. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
  60. ^ Campbell-Hicks, Jennifer. "Crowd marches in Denver, rallies at Capitol to protest Roe v. Wade reversal". 9 News. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
  61. ^ Boyce, Dan. "Hundreds Join Local March For Life In Colorado Springs As State Gov't Moves Left". Colorado Public Radio. Retrieved July 27, 2021.
  62. ^ "Celebrate Life March Jan. 13". Respect Life Denver | Archdiocese of Denver. Retrieved July 27, 2021.
  63. ^ Wenzler, Elliott (December 10, 2022). "Pueblo sees first attempt by Texas-based anti-abortion activist to challenge Colorado law". The Colorado Sun. Retrieved August 9, 2023.
  64. ^ Frank, John (December 12, 2022). "Pueblo's abortion battle reverberates across Colorado and the nation". Axios Denver. Retrieved August 8, 2023.
  65. ^ Wilson, Sara (December 13, 2022). "Pueblo City Council rejects anti-abortion ordinance". Colorado Newsline. Retrieved August 9, 2023.
  66. ^ Birkeland, Bente (October 15, 2024). "Pueblo city council narrowly votes down anti-abortion proposal". Colorado Public Radio. Retrieved October 20, 2024.
  67. ^ Jacobson, Mireille; Royer, Heather (December 2010). "Aftershocks: The Impact of Clinic Violence on Abortion Services". American Economic Journal: Applied Economics. 3: 189–223. doi:10.1257/app.3.1.189.
  68. ^ a b Stack, Liam (November 29, 2015). "A Brief History of Deadly Attacks on Abortion Providers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 23, 2019.
  69. ^ a b "'No more baby parts': Reclusive suspect's words draw focus". Hartford Courant. Hartford, Conn. November 29, 2015. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
  70. ^ a b "What's known about suspect in Planned Parenthood shooting". Hartford Courant. Hartford, Conn. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
  71. ^ Fausset, Richard (December 1, 2015). "For Robert Dear, Religion and Rage Before Planned Parenthood Attack". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
  72. ^ Larson, Jordan. "Timeline: The 200-Year Fight for Abortion Access". The Cut. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  73. ^ Gurman, Sadie (December 9, 2015). "Planned Parenthood suspect: 'I am a warrior for the babies'". Yahoo News. Associated Press. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
  74. ^ Kevin Conlon; Greg Botelho; Pamela Brown (November 28, 2015). "Source: Colorado shooting suspect spoke of 'baby parts'". CNN. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
  75. ^ Hughes, Trevor (May 11, 2016). "Planned Parenthood shooting suspect found incompetent to stand trial". USA Today. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
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