Jump to content

Abortion in Missouri

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Abortion in Missouri is legal up to the point of fetal viability as a result of 2024 Missouri Amendment 3.

Abortion in Missouri was legalized after the Roe v. Wade decision in 1973. Peaking at 29 abortion clinics in 1982, the number began to decline, going from twelve in 1992 to one in 2014, down to zero for a time in 2016, but back to one from 2017 to May 2019 when the last remaining clinic announced it would likely lose its license. However, the clinic remained open as of 2020. According to the Guttmacher Institute, in 2017, there were 4,710 abortions in Missouri. There was an eight percent decline in the abortion rate in Missouri between 2014 and 2017, from 4.4 to 4.0 abortions per 1,000 women of reproductive age. Abortions in Missouri represent 0.5 percent of all abortions in the United States.[citation needed] In 2017, about 33 percent of abortions were medication abortions.[citation needed]

From 2022 to 2024, abortions were only legal in cases of medical emergency, with several additional laws designed to make accessing abortion services difficult.[1][2] In 2014, a poll by the Pew Research Center found that 45% of Missouri adults said that abortion should be legal vs. 50% that believe it should be illegal in all or most cases and 5% that do not know.[3] The 2023 American Values Atlas reported that, in their most recent survey, 55% of Missourians said that abortion should be legal in all or most cases.[4] According to a 2014 Public Religion Research Institute (PRRI) study, 51% of white women in the state believed that abortion is legal in all or most cases.[5]

The state saw anti-abortion rights violence in 2000 in Marion County.[citation needed][6]

On June 24, 2022, following the United States Supreme Court's ruling in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, Missouri Attorney General Eric Schmitt signed a legal opinion bringing into effect the state's "trigger law", HB126, banning all non-medically necessary abortions.[7] Schmitt signed the opinion within minutes of the Dobbs decision being announced, and the Missouri Attorney General's Office thereafter declared that "Missouri has become the first in the country to effectively end abortion."[8] However, Amendment 3, an initiative approved for the Missouri ballot in November 2024, passed. The initiative legalized abortion in the state up to the point of fetal viability by amending the state's constitution.[9][10][11][12]

Context

[edit]
See also: Abortion in the United States

According to a 2017 report from the Center for Reproductive Rights and Ibis Reproductive Health, states that tried to pass additional constraints on a women's ability to access legal abortions had fewer policies supporting women's health, maternal health and, children's health.  These states also tended to resist expanding Medicaid, family leave, medical leave, and sex education in public schools.[13] In 2017, Georgia, Ohio, Missouri, Louisiana, Alabama and Mississippi have among the highest rates of infant mortality in the United States.[13] In 2017, Missouri had an infant mortality rate of 6.2 infant deaths per 1,000 live births.[13] Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act was rejected by Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi and Missouri. Consequently, poor women in the typical age range to become mothers had a gap in coverage for prenatal care. According to Georgetown University Center for Children and Families research professor Adam Searing, "The uninsured rate for women of childbearing age is nearly twice as high in states that have not expanded Medicaid. That means many more women don't have health coverage before getting pregnant or after having their children. If states expanded Medicaid coverage, they would improve the health of mothers and babies and save lives."[13] According to the 2018 America's Health Rankings, Missouri ranked 42nd among US states for maternal mortality.[13]

Following the overturning of Roe v. Wade in 2022, the United States maternal and infant mortality rate rose for the first time in 20 years. More than 30 states saw at least slight rises in infant mortality rates in 2022, but four had statistically significant increases - Georgia, Iowa, Missouri and Texas.[14]

History

[edit]

Legislative history

[edit]

By the end of the 1800s, all states in the Union except Louisiana had therapeutic exceptions in their legislative bans on abortions.[15] In the 19th century, bans by state legislatures on abortion were about protecting the life of the mother given the number of deaths caused by abortions; state governments saw themselves as looking out for the lives of their citizens.[15]

Missouri passed a parental consent law in the early 1990s. This law impacted when minors sought abortions, resulting in an increase of 19% to 22% for abortions sought after 12 weeks.[16][17] The state was one of 10 states in 2007 to have a customary informed consent provision for abortions.[18]

In 2015, the state was one of five where the legislature introduced a bill that would have banned abortion in almost all cases. It did not pass. They tried and failed again in 2017 and 2018.[19] The 2018 bill was introduced in the legislature to ban abortion after 15 weeks.[20] Around 2016, the state legislature passed a law that said facilities providing abortions needed to be licensed ambulatory surgical centers and to have hospital admitting privileges.[21] The state legislature was one of eight states nationwide that tried and failed to pass a fetal heartbeat bill in 2017. They tried and failed again in 2018.[19]

Nationally, 2019 was one of the most active years for state legislatures to try to pass abortion rights restrictions. These state governments generally saw this as a positive sign that new moves to restrict abortion rights, would less likely face resistance by the courts.[19] In mid-2019, the state legislature passed a law that would make abortion illegal in almost all cases after eight weeks. The state was one of several states that passed such laws in May 2019 - others were Georgia, Louisiana, and Alabama. The law was a "fetal heartbeat" bill.[22][23][19]

Dates of when heartbeat laws come into effect (as of May 25, 2019)

Two fetal heartbeat bills were filed in Missouri on January 9, 2019.[1][24] SB 139 was filed in the Missouri Senate by Sen. Andrew Koenig; the bill died in committee. HB 126 was filed in the Missouri House of Representatives by Rep. Nick Schroer.[25] On January 30, 2019, HB 126 was referred to the Children and Families Committee, and on February 12, 2019, a public hearing on the bill was completed.[26] On February 21, 2018, HB 126 was voted out of committee to the full House with the recommendation that it "do pass".[27][28] On February 27, 2019, HB 126 was passed out of the Missouri House and was sent to the state Senate.[29] Missouri's House Speaker Elijah Haahr has said he supports the "heartbeat bill" calling it a top priority for the 2019 session.[30][31] When asked if he would sign a fetal heartbeat bill, Governor Mike Parson said, "I've been pro-life my entire career, and I support that all the time."[32] At the time the bill passed, only 25% of the state legislators were female.[33]

In March 2019, Missouri Family Health Council was the state's only Title X administrator.  The Council distributed approximately 34% of its funding to Planned Parenthood clinics.[34] In 2019, women in Missouri were eligible for pregnancy accommodation and pregnancy-related disability as a result of legal abortion or miscarriage, and women who claimed such disability could not be treated differently than any other employee claiming disability.[35][36]

On June 24, 2022, following the United States Supreme Court's ruling in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, Missouri Attorney General Eric Schmitt signed a proclamation bringing into effect the state's "trigger law", banning all non-medically necessary abortions.[7]

In December 2023, a bill proposing homicide charges for pregnant individuals who obtain abortions was proposed. The bill was withdrawn a few days later, following bipartisan backlash.[37]

Judicial history

[edit]

The US Supreme Court's decision in 1973's Roe v. Wade ruling meant the state could no longer regulate abortion in the first trimester.[15] In 1979, a court found that the part of Missouri law dealing with women having abortions after the first trimester needing to have it performed in a hospital was unconstitutional.[38] Webster v. Reproductive Health Services was before the US Supreme Court in 1989. The Court ruled in a case over a Missouri law that banned abortions from being performed in public buildings unless there was a need to save the life of the mother. It required physicians to determine if a fetus was past 20 weeks and was viable in addition to other restrictions on a woman's ability to get an abortion.  The US Supreme Court essentially ruled in favor of the law, but made clear that this was not an overruling of Roe v. Wade.[39] However, the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, No. 19-1392, 597 U.S. ___ (2022) later in 2022.[40][41]

In 2019, a judge blocked a state law that would have banned abortion after eight weeks.[42]

In 2023, some religious leaders initiated a lawsuit against the abortion ban, arguing that the underlying law had unconstitutionally imposed certain religious beliefs.[43] The abortion law includes the following quote: "In recognition that Almighty God is the author of life, that all men and women are ‘endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among those are Life."[44] In June 2024, Judge Jason Sengheiser rejected this lawsuit, stating: "While the determination that life begins at conception may run counter to some religious beliefs, it is not itself necessarily a religious belief".[44]

Clinic history

[edit]
Number of abortion clinics in Missouri by year
See also: Abortion clinic

Following the Roe v. Wade ruling, several abortion clinics were quickly set up in the state. These included private suppliers, many of which remained in the state during the 1980s.[21] Reproductive Health Services was a non-profit that provided abortion services in the state operating during that time.[21] Between 1982 and 1992, the number of abortion clinics in the state decreased by 17, going from 29 in 1982 to 12 in 1992.[45]

Planned Parenthood in St. Louis took over operations of Reproductive Health Services on May 1, 1996. Before this, while Planned Parenthood had operated in the state, they had not provided abortion services.[21] In 1998, they moved three blocks to a new building.[21] After TRAP laws came into effect in Missouri and Texas, women had to travel even greater distances to be able to visit an abortion clinic.[46]

In 2014, there was only one abortion clinic in the state.[47] In 2014, 99% of the counties in the state did not have an abortion clinic. That year, 94% of women in the state aged 15–44 lived in a county without an abortion clinic.[46] In March 2016, there were 13 Planned Parenthood clinics in the state.[48] In 2016, Planned Parenthood's clinic that provided abortions in Colombia had to stop doing so while they faced a court injunction they were challenging over the legal need to be a licensed ambulatory surgical center and to have hospital admitting privileges.[21]

In 2017, there were 12 Planned Parenthood clinics, of which 1 offered abortion services, in a state with a population of 1,365,575 women aged 15–49.[49][21] Reproductive Health Services of Planned Parenthood St. Louis Region was the only licensed abortion service provider in the state in 2017, providing reproductive services primarily to women from Missouri and Illinois but also ten other states. Only about 10% of their operations were related to abortion services.[21] In May 2019, the state was one of six states in the nation with only one abortion clinic.[50] On May 28, 2019, the sole remaining abortion clinic in Missouri announced it would likely be shutting down by the end of the week as the state pulled its operating license.[51] They were seeking an injunction to prevent that from happening.[52] They succeeded when Missouri Circuit Court Judge Michael Stelzer granted a temporary request, saying in giving the order that the clinic "demonstrated that immediate and irreparable injury will result" and also saying that doing so "is necessary to preserve the status quo and prevent irreparable injury."[53] He then set a hearing date for June 4, 2019.[53]

Statistics

[edit]

In the period between 1972 and 1974, there was zero recorded illegal abortion death in the state.[54] In 1990, 597,000 women in the state faced the risk of an unintended pregnancy.[45] In 2010, the state had zero publicly funded abortions.[55] In 2013, among white women aged 15–19, there were 670 abortions, 440 abortions for black women aged 15–19, 80 abortions for Hispanic women aged 15–19, and 80 abortions for women of all other races.[56] In 2014, 50% of adults said in a poll by the Pew Research Center that abortion should be illegal in all or most cases, while 45% believe it should be legal. In 2017, about 33% of abortions were performed using drug-induced abortions. The percentage had been increasing every year for several years.[21]

Number of reported abortions, abortion rate and percentage change in rate by geographic region and state in 1992, 1995 and 1996[57]
Census division and state Number Rate % change 1992–1996
1992 1995 1996 1992 1995 1996
West North Central 57,340 48,530 48,660 14.3 11.9 11.9 –16
Iowa 6,970 6,040 5,780 11.4 9.8 9.4 –17
Kansas 12,570 10,310 10,630 22.4 18.3 18.9 –16
Minnesota 16,180 14,910 14,660 15.6 14.2 13.9 –11
Missouri 13,510 10,540 10,810 11.6 8.9 9.1 –21
Nebraska 5,580 4,360 4,460 15.7 12.1 12.3 –22
North Dakota 1,490 1,330 1,290 10.7 9.6 9.4 –13
South Dakota 1,040 1,040 1,030 6.8 6.6 6.5 –4
Number, rate, and ratio of reported abortions, by reporting area of residence and occurrence and by percentage of abortions obtained by out-of-state residents, US CDC estimates
Location Residence Occurrence % obtained by

out-of-state residents

Year Ref
No. Rate^ Ratio^^ No. Rate^ Ratio^^
Missouri 13,510 11.6 1992 [57]
Missouri 10,540 8.9 1995 [57]
Missouri 10,810 9.1 1996 [57]
Missouri 8,935 7.6 119 5,060 4.3 67 8.8 2014 [58]
Missouri 8,636 7.3 115 4,765 4 63 9.5 2015 [59]
Missouri 9,036 7.7 121 4,562 3.9 61 9.0 2016 [60]
^number of abortions per 1,000 women aged 15–44; ^^number of abortions per 1,000 live births

Abortion rights views and activities

[edit]
Women's March on St. Louis, January 21, 2017
Women's March on St. Louis, January 21, 2017

Pro-abortion rights views

[edit]

In talking about the granting of a temporary restraining order allowing the state's last remaining abortion clinic to remain open, President and CEO of Planned Parenthood Leana Wen said, "This is a victory for women across Missouri, but this fight is far from over. We have seen just how vulnerable access to abortion care is in Missouri—and the rest of the country."

Protests

[edit]

Women from the state participated in marches supporting abortion rights as part of a #StoptheBans movement in May 2019.[61]

Following the overturn of Roe v. Wade on June 24, 2022, an abortion rights protest was held at the Mill Creek Park in Kansas City, where KSHB counted hundreds of protestors.[62] Another abortion rights protest occurred a week later, with over 1,000 abortion rights protesters gathering and marching in Kansas City.[63] On July 10, a group of abortion rights protestors marched onto Interstate 64 in downtown St. Louis.[64] On July 27, a group of abortion rights protesters infiltrated an anti-abortion fundraiser at Lambert Airport in St. Louis.[65]

In St. Louis, Missouri, on January 19, 2023, a group of religious leaders who support abortion rights held a march downtown and filed a lawsuit challenging Missouri's abortion ban, saying lawmakers openly invoked their religious beliefs while drafting the measure and thereby imposed those beliefs on others who don't share them, in violation of the Missouri state constitution.[66]

On May 3, 2024, Missourians For Constitutional Freedom submitted a petition to put on the November 2024 ballot a measure that would legalize abortion up to the point of fetal viability. The petition contained more than 380,000 signatures from each of Missouri's 114 counties and 8 congressional districts, over twice the amount of signatures needed to qualify for the statewide ballot.[67]

Anti-abortion views and activities

[edit]

Views

[edit]

In talking about the granting of a temporary restraining order allowing the state's last remaining abortion clinic to remain open, Students for Life of America President Kristan Hawkins said, "Planned Parenthood caused this artificial crisis when they ignored the law and refused to comply with the state of Missouri's very reasonable requests."[53]

Violence

[edit]

On December 28, 1991, two people were wounded by gunshot at the Central Health Center in Springfield, Missouri. The assailant was never caught.[68]

On October 3–4, 2013, 32-year-old Jebediah Stout attempted to set a Planned Parenthood clinic in Joplin, Missouri on fire two days in a row. Stout previously set a fire at a Joplin mosque. He was sentenced to 63 months in prison.[69]

On February 10, 2019, Wesley Brian Kaster, 43, threw a Molotov cocktail at a Planned Parenthood clinic in Columbia, Missouri. Kaster admitted to setting the fire because Planned Parenthood provided abortions, although Planned Parenthood stated that the clinic was not providing abortions at the time due to a state law. Kaster was sentenced to five years in prison.[70]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "MO HB126 - 2019 - Regular Session". LegiScan.
  2. ^ Vagianos, Alanna (June 24, 2022). "Abortion Is Now Illegal In These States". Yahoo! News. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
  3. ^ https://www.pewresearch.org/religious-landscape-study/database/state/missouri/views-about-abortion#views-about-abortion
  4. ^ "Abortion Views in All 50 States: Findings from PRRI's 2023 American Values Atlas | PRRI". PRRI | At the intersection of religion, values, and public life. May 2, 2024. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
  5. ^ Brownstein, Ronald (May 23, 2019). "White Women Are Helping States Pass Abortion Restrictions". The Atlantic. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
  6. ^ Jacobsen, Mirielle; Royer, Heather (December 2010). "Aftershocks: The Impact of Clinic Violence on Abortion Services". National Bureau of Economic Research. Working Paper Series. doi:10.3386/w16603. S2CID 11034855.
  7. ^ a b "Abortion ends in Missouri following SCOTUS ruling". June 24, 2022.
  8. ^ Shorman (July 6, 2022). "Abortion banned in Missouri as trigger law takes effect, following Supreme Court ruling". www.kansascity.com. Retrieved August 22, 2024.
  9. ^ Betts, Anna (July 20, 2023). "Missouri Supreme Court Allows Abortion Ballot Initiative to Move Ahead". The New York Times. Retrieved November 8, 2023.
  10. ^ "Arizona and Missouri to vote on abortion rights in November". BBC News. August 13, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2024.
  11. ^ "Missouri HB126 | 2019 | Regular Session". LegiScan. Retrieved August 27, 2024.,
  12. ^ "Missouri voters enshrine abortion rights in a state that has a near-total ban". AP News. November 5, 2024. Retrieved November 6, 2024.
  13. ^ a b c d e "States pushing abortion bans have highest infant mortality rates". NBC News. May 24, 2019. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  14. ^ "U.S. infant mortality rate rises for first time in 20 years; "definitely concerning," one researcher says". CBS News. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
  15. ^ a b c Buell, Samuel (January 1, 1991). "Criminal Abortion Revisited". New York University Law Review. 66 (6): 1774–1831. PMID 11652642.
  16. ^ Adolescence, Committee On (February 1, 2017). "The Adolescent's Right to Confidential Care When Considering Abortion". Pediatrics. 139 (2): e20163861. doi:10.1542/peds.2016-3861. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 28115537.
  17. ^ Pierson, Vicky Howell; Features Submission, Haworth Continuing (April 4, 1995). "Missouri's Parental Consent Law and Teen Pregnancy Outcomes". Women & Health. 22 (3): 47–58. doi:10.1300/j013v22n03_04. ISSN 0363-0242. PMID 7638977.
  18. ^ "State Policy On Informed Consent for Abortion" (PDF). Guttmacher Policy Review. Fall 2007. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
  19. ^ a b c d Tavernise, Sabrina (May 15, 2019). "'The Time Is Now': States Are Rushing to Restrict Abortion, or to Protect It". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
  20. ^ "State legislatures see flurry of activity on abortion bills". PBS NewsHour. February 3, 2018. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i McCann, Allison (May 23, 2017). "Seven states have only one remaining abortion clinic. We talked to the people keeping them open". Vice News. Retrieved May 23, 2019.
  22. ^ Lartey, Jamiles (May 22, 2019). "Louisiana senate passes anti-abortion bill in latest attack on women's rights". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
  23. ^ "National Debate Over Abortion Laws Comes To Rhode Island". www.wbur.org. Retrieved May 23, 2019.
  24. ^ "MO SB139 - 2019 - Regular Session". LegiScan.
  25. ^ "100th General Assembly, 1st Regular Session - HB126". Missouri House of Representatives. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  26. ^ "MO HB126 - 2019 - Regular Session". LegiScan.com. History. Retrieved February 16, 2019. 2019-01-30 House Referred: Children and Families; 2019-02-12 House Public Hearing Completed
  27. ^ "House and Senate Joint Bill Tracking - 2019 Regular Session - HB126". house.mo.gov. Missouri House of Representatives. Retrieved February 26, 2019. Date/Last Action: 2/21/2019 - Reported Do Pass (H)
  28. ^ Cole, Ashley (February 21, 2019). "Bill to ban fetal heartbeat abortion in Missouri goes to House next". KSDK-TV. NBC 5. Retrieved February 26, 2019. The bill to ban fetal heartbeat abortion will go to the Missouri House next. The rules committee met Thursday morning.
  29. ^ "MO House passes fetal heartbeat bill; legislation moves to the Senate". ABC 7 - KHQA. Associated Press. February 28, 2019. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
  30. ^ Ballentine, Summer (February 14, 2019). "Abortion bill could cost Missouri $7B in Medicaid funding". Associated Press. apnews.com. Retrieved February 16, 2019. Republican House Speaker Elijah Haahr on Thursday called a bill to ban most abortions after a fetal heartbeat is detected a priority
  31. ^ McKinley, Edward; Woodall, Hunter (February 12, 2019). "With eye on Supreme Court, Missouri Republicans file flurry of anti-abortion bills". The Kansas City Star. Retrieved February 16, 2019. Haahr said he supports the "heartbeat bill" and that some form of anti-abortion legislation will definitely pass the House this year.
  32. ^ McKinley, Edward; Woodall, Hunter (February 12, 2019). "With eye on Supreme Court, Missouri Republicans file flurry of anti-abortion bills". The Kansas City Star. Retrieved February 16, 2019. Gov. Mike Parson, asked if he would sign such legislation, said: "I've been pro-life my entire career, and I support that all the time... I'm going to support pro-life."
  33. ^ "Yes, you can blame the patriarchy for these horrible abortion laws. We did the math". Mother Jones. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
  34. ^ Mir, Alice; Ollstein, A.; Roubein, Rachel (March 29, 2019). "States struggle to replace Planned Parenthood as Trump rules loom". POLITICO. Retrieved May 23, 2019.
  35. ^ "U.S. Department of Labor - Employment Protection For Workers Who Are Pregnant Or Nursing". www.dol.gov. Retrieved May 29, 2019.
  36. ^ "Employment Protections For Workers Who Are Pregnant or Nursing". www.dol.gov. Retrieved May 29, 2019.
  37. ^ "Sponsor withdraws Missouri 'Abortion Homicide' bill following bipartisan backlash". December 13, 2023.
  38. ^ Tribune, Chicago (March 29, 2001). "Timeline of abortion laws and events". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved May 23, 2019.
  39. ^ "Timeline of Important Reproductive Freedom Cases Decided by the Supreme Court". American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  40. ^ de Vogue, Ariane (June 24, 2022). "Supreme Court overturns Roe v. Wade". CNN. Archived from the original on June 24, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
  41. ^ Howe, Amy (June 24, 2022). "Supreme Court overturns constitutional right to abortion". SCOTUSblog. Archived from the original on June 24, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
  42. ^ Kelly, Caroline; Kupperman, Tammy (August 27, 2019). "Judge blocks Missouri 8-week abortion ban". CNN. Retrieved August 27, 2019.
  43. ^ Salter, Jim (January 21, 2023). "Religious leaders sue to block Missouri's abortion ban". Associated Press. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
  44. ^ a b Hollingsworth, Heather (June 16, 2024). "Missouri abortion ban wasn't about lawmakers imposing religious beliefs, judge says". Associated Press. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
  45. ^ a b Arndorfer, Elizabeth; Michael, Jodi; Moskowitz, Laura; Grant, Juli A.; Siebel, Liza (December 1998). A State-By-State Review of Abortion and Reproductive Rights. Diane Publishing. ISBN 9780788174810.
  46. ^ a b Panetta, Grace; lee, Samantha (August 4, 2018). "This is what could happen if Roe v. Wade fell". Business Insider (in Spanish). Archived from the original on May 24, 2019. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
  47. ^ Gould, Rebecca Harrington, Skye. "The number of abortion clinics in the US has plunged in the last decade — here's how many are in each state". Business Insider. Retrieved May 23, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  48. ^ Bohatch, Emily. "27 states with the most Planned Parenthood clinics". thestate. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
  49. ^ "Here's Where Women Have Less Access to Planned Parenthood". Retrieved May 23, 2019.
  50. ^ Holly Yan (May 29, 2019). "These 6 states have only 1 abortion clinic left. Missouri could become the first with zero". CNN. Retrieved June 2, 2019.
  51. ^ @PPFA (May 28, 2019). "Missouri could become the first state with no health center to provide safe, legal abortion. So, we're suing.…" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  52. ^ "Missouri's last abortion clinic says it may lose its license this week". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved May 28, 2019.
  53. ^ a b c "Text-Only NPR.org: Missouri's Last Abortion Provider Wins Reprieve, As Judge Rules Against State". text.npr.org. Retrieved June 2, 2019.
  54. ^ Cates, Willard; Rochat, Roger (March 1976). "Illegal Abortions in the United States: 1972–1974". Family Planning Perspectives. 8 (2): 86–92. doi:10.2307/2133995. JSTOR 2133995. PMID 1269687.
  55. ^ "Guttmacher Data Center". data.guttmacher.org. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
  56. ^ "No. of abortions among women aged 15–19, by state of residence, 2013 by racial group". Guttmacher Data Center. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
  57. ^ a b c d Henshaw, Stanley K. (June 15, 2005). "Abortion Incidence and Services in the United States, 1995-1996". Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 30: 263–270. Retrieved June 2, 2019.
  58. ^ Jatlaoui, Tara C. (2017). "Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2014". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 66 (24): 1–48. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6624a1. ISSN 1546-0738. PMC 6289084. PMID 29166366.
  59. ^ Jatlaoui, Tara C. (2018). "Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2015". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 67 (13): 1–45. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6713a1. ISSN 1546-0738. PMC 6289084. PMID 30462632.
  60. ^ Jatlaoui, Tara C. (2019). "Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2016". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 68 (11): 1–41. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6811a1. ISSN 1546-0738. PMC 6289084. PMID 31774741.
  61. ^ Bacon, John. "Abortion rights supporters' voices thunder at #StopTheBans rallies across the nation". USA Today. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  62. ^ Hartle, Sam (June 24, 2022). "Kansas Citians rally at Mill Creek Park following abortion ruling". KSHB. Retrieved March 30, 2024.
  63. ^ Headlee, Payton (July 2, 2022). "More than a thousand walk in 'March for Reproductive Rights' in downtown Kansas City". KMBC. Retrieved July 3, 2022.
  64. ^ Clancy, Sam (July 10, 2022). "Abortion rights protesters march onto Interstate 64 near downtown St. Louis Sunday". Retrieved July 14, 2022.
  65. ^ Hill, Daniel (August 4, 2022). "Resist STL Infiltrates Anti-Abortion Fundraiser, Crashes Stage in Booty Shorts". Retrieved August 5, 2022.
  66. ^ Salter, Jim (January 19, 2023). "Religious leaders sue to block Missouri's abortion ban". Retrieved January 19, 2023.
  67. ^ Spoerre, Anna (May 3, 2024). "More than 380,000 Missourians sign initiative petition to put abortion on the ballot". Retrieved May 4, 2024.
  68. ^ "Anti-choice Terrorism: Murders and Attempted Murders" (PDF). Abortion Rights Coalition of Canada. Retrieved September 28, 2024.
  69. ^ "Missouri Man Who Set Fire to Mosque and Who Attempted Arson at Planned Parenthood Sentenced to 63 Months in Prison". Department of Justice. October 18, 2016. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
  70. ^ Helsel, Phil (September 2, 2020). "Missouri man sentenced to 5 years for arson at Planned Parenthood clinic". NBC News.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Missouri&oldid=1258102182"