93rd United States Congress
(Redirected from 93rd Congress)
| 93rd United States Congress | |
|---|---|
92nd ← → 94th | |
 United States Capitol (c. 1970) | |
January 3, 1973 – January 3, 1975 | |
| Members | 100 senators 435 representatives |
| Senate majority | Democratic |
| Senate President | Spiro Agnew (R)[a] (until October 10, 1973) Vacant[b] (Oct 10–Dec 6, 1973) Gerald Ford (R)[c] (Dec 6, 1973 – Aug 9, 1974) Vacant[b] (Aug 9–Dec 19, 1974) Nelson Rockefeller (R) (from December 19, 1974) |
| House majority | Democratic |
| House Speaker | Carl Albert (D) |
| Sessions | |
| 1st: January 3, 1973 – December 22, 1973 2nd: January 21, 1974 – December 20, 1974 | |
The 93rd United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C., from January 3, 1973, to January 3, 1975, during the last 18 months of Richard Nixon's presidency, and the first 6 months of Gerald Ford's. This Congress was the first (and, to date, only) Congress with more than two Senate presidents (in this case, three). After the resignation of Spiro Agnew, Gerald Ford was appointed under the authority of the newly ratified Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Ford became president the next year and Nelson Rockefeller was appointed in his place. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1970 United States census. Both chambers had a Democratic majority.
Major events
[edit]- January 20, 1973: President Richard Nixon began his second term.
- January 22, 1973: Supreme Court issued abortion decision, Roe v. Wade
- January 27, 1973: Paris Peace Accords signed
- October 10, 1973: Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned
- October 20, 1973: Saturday Night Massacre
- October 30, 1973: Impeachment proceedings against President Nixon initiated
- December 6, 1973: Vice President Gerald Ford confirmed and inaugurated
- August 9, 1974: President Richard Nixon resigned, Vice President Gerald Ford became president
- November 5, 1974: United States midterm elections: Democrats increased their majorities in both houses
- December 19, 1974: Vice President Nelson Rockefeller confirmed and inaugurated
- First television broadcast from the Senate chamber, as Nelson Rockefeller was sworn into office
Major legislation
[edit]- July 1, 1973: Case–Church Amendment, Pub. L. 93–52, title I, 87 Stat. 130
- August 13, 1973: Federal Aid Highway Act of 1973, Pub. L. 93–87, title I, 87 Stat. 250
- September 26, 1973: Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Pub. L. 93–112, 87 Stat. 355
- October 1, 1973: Domestic Volunteer Services Act of 1973 (VISTA), Pub. L. 93–113, 87 Stat. 394
- October 4, 1973: Oil Pollution Act of 1973, Pub. L. 93–119, 87 Stat. 424-2
- November 3, 1973: Amtrak Improvement Act, Pub. L. 93–146, 87 Stat. 548
- November 7, 1973: War Powers Resolution, Pub. L. 93–148, 87 Stat. 555
- December 28, 1973: Comprehensive Employment and Training Act, Pub. L. 93–203
- December 28, 1973: Endangered Species Act, Pub. L. 93–205, 87 Stat. 884
- December 29, 1973: Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973, Pub. L. 93–222
- March 7, 1974: Water Resources Development Act of 1974, Pub. L. 93–251, 88 Stat. 34
- May 22, 1974: Disaster Relief Act of 1974, Pub. L. 93–288, 88 Stat. 143
- July 12, 1974: Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974, Pub. L. 93–344, 88 Stat. 297
- July 25, 1974: Legal Services Corporation Act, Pub. L. 93–355, 88 Stat. 378
- August 21, 1974: Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, Pub. L. 93–380, title V, §513, 88 Stat. 571
- September 2, 1974: Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA), Pub. L. 93–406, 88 Stat. 829
- September 7, 1974: Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974, Pub. L. 93–415, 88 Stat. 1109
- October 15, 1974: Federal Election Campaign Act, Pub. L. 93–443, 88 Stat. 1263
- October 28, 1974: Equal Credit Opportunity Act, Pub. L. 93–495, 88 Stat. 1521
- October 29, 1974: Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1974, Pub. L. 93–498, 88 Stat. 1535
- November 26, 1974: National Mass Transportation Assistance Act, Pub. L. 93–503, 88 Stat. 1565
- December 3, 1974: Vietnam Era Veterans' Readjustment Assistance Act, Pub. L. 93–508, 88 Stat. 1578
- December 16, 1974: Safe Drinking Water Act, Pub. L. 93–523, 88 Stat. 1660
- December 31, 1974: Privacy Act of 1974, Pub. L. 93–579, 88 Stat. 1896
- January 2, 1975: An Act to Establish Rules of Evidence for Certain Courts and Proceedings, Pub. L. 93–595, 88 Stat. 1926
- January 3, 1975: Trade Act of 1974, Pub. L. 93–618, 88 Stat. 1978
- January 3, 1975: Hazardous Materials Transportation Act, Pub. L. 93–633, title I, 88 Stat. 2156
- January 4, 1975: Magnuson–Moss Warranty Act, Pub. L. 93–637, 88 Stat. 2183
- January 4, 1975: Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975, Pub. L. 93–638, 88 Stat. 2203
- January 4, 1975: National Health Planning and Resources Development Act, Pub. L. 93–641, 88 Stat. 2225
Hearings
[edit]- May 17, 1973: Watergate hearings began (Senate Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities)
- May 9, 1974: Hearings on the impeachment of President Nixon began (House Judiciary Committee)
Party summary
[edit]
Senate
[edit]| Party (shading indicates majority caucus)
|
Total | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Republican | Conservative | Independent | Vacant | ||
| End of the previous Congress | 54 | 44 | 1 | 1 | 100 | 0 |
| Begin | 56 | 42 | 1 | 1 | 100 | 0 |
| End | 56 | 40 | 98 | 2 | ||
| Final voting share | 57.6% | 40.4% | 1.0% | 1.0% | ||
| Beginning of the next Congress | 60 | 37 | 1 | 1 | 99 | 1 |
House of Representatives
[edit]
| House seats by party holding plurality in state | |
|---|---|
over 80% Democratic | over 80% Republican |
60+% to 80% Democratic | 60+% to 80% Republican |
up to 60% Democratic | up to 60% Republican |
| Party (shading indicates majority caucus)
|
Total | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Republican | Vacant | ||
| End of previous Congress | 252 | 178 | 430 | 5 |
| Begin | 241 | 192 | 433 | 2 |
| End | 232 | 174 | 406 | 29 |
| Final voting share | 57.1% | 42.9% | ||
| Beginning of next Congress | 291 | 144 | 435 | 0 |
Leadership
[edit]Senate President
Spiro Agnew (R)
(until October 10, 1973)
(until October 10, 1973)
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Gerald Ford (R)
(December 6, 1973 – August 9, 1974)
(December 6, 1973 – August 9, 1974)
Nelson Rockefeller (R)
(from December 19, 1974)
(from December 19, 1974)
Senate
[edit]- President: Spiro Agnew (R) until October 10, 1973
- Gerald Ford (R) December 6, 1973 – August 9, 1974
- Nelson Rockefeller (R) from December 19, 1974
- Gerald Ford (R) December 6, 1973 – August 9, 1974
- President pro tempore: James Eastland (D)
- Permanent acting president pro tempore: Lee Metcalf (D)
Majority (Democratic) leadership
[edit]Minority (Republican) leadership
[edit]- Minority Leader: Hugh Scott
- Minority Whip: Robert P. Griffin
- Republican Conference Chairman: Norris Cotton
- Republican Conference Secretary: Wallace F. Bennett
- National Senatorial Committee Chair: Bill Brock
- Policy Committee Chairman: John Tower
House of Representatives
[edit]- Speaker: Carl Albert (D)
Majority (Democratic) leadership
[edit]- Majority Leader: Tip O'Neill
- Majority Whip: John J. McFall
- Democratic Caucus Chairman: Olin E. Teague
- Democratic Caucus Secretary: Leonor Sullivan
- Democratic Campaign Committee Chairman: Wayne Hays
Minority (Republican) leadership
[edit]- Minority Leader: Gerald Ford until December 6, 1973
- John Jacob Rhodes from December 7, 1973
- Minority Whip: Leslie C. Arends
- Republican Conference Chairman: John B. Anderson
- Republican Conference Vice-chairman: Samuel L. Devine
- Republican Conference Secretary: Jack Edwards
- Policy Committee Chairman: Barber Conable
- Republican Campaign Committee Chairman: Robert H. Michel
Caucuses
[edit]Members
[edit]This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class, and representatives are listed by district.
Senate
[edit]Senators are popularly elected statewide every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 means their term began in the last Congress, facing re-election in 1976; Class 2 means their term began with this Congress, facing re-election in 1978; and Class 3 means their term ended with this Congress, facing re-election in 1974.
House of Representatives
[edit]The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers.
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Changes in membership
[edit]Senate
[edit]| State (class) |
Vacated by | Reason for change | Successor | Date of successor's formal installation[e] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ohio (3) |
William B. Saxbe (R) | Resigned January 3, 1974, to become Attorney General. Successor appointed January 4, 1974 to finish the term. |
Howard Metzenbaum (D) | January 4, 1974 |
| Nevada (3) |
Alan Bible (D) | Resigned December 17, 1974, to give successor preferential seniority. Successor appointed December 18, 1974, having already been elected to the next term. |
Paul Laxalt (R) | December 18, 1974 |
| Utah (3) |
Wallace F. Bennett (R) | Resigned December 20, 1974, to give successor preferential seniority. Successor appointed December 21, 1974, having already been elected to the next term. |
Jake Garn (R) | December 21, 1974 |
| Ohio (3) |
Howard Metzenbaum (D) | Resigned December 23, 1974, to give successor preferential seniority. Successor appointed December 24, 1974, having already been elected to the next term. |
John Glenn (D) | December 24, 1974 |
| Kentucky (3) |
Marlow Cook (R) | Resigned December 27, 1974, to give successor preferential seniority. Successor appointed December 28, 1974, having already been elected to the next term. |
Wendell Ford (D) | December 28, 1974 |
| New Hampshire (3) |
Norris Cotton (R) | Resigned December 31, 1974, to give successor preferential seniority. Successor appointed December 31, 1974, having already been elected to the next term. |
Louis C. Wyman (R) | December 31, 1974 |
| Florida (3) |
Edward Gurney (R) | Resigned December 31, 1974, in an influence peddling scandal. Successor appointed January 1, 1975, having already been elected to the next term. |
Richard Stone (D) | January 1, 1975 |
| Arkansas (3) |
J. William Fulbright (D) | Resigned December 31, 1974. Successor began next term. |
Vacant | Not filled this Congress |
| North Carolina (3) |
Sam Ervin (D) | Resigned December 31, 1974. Successor began next term. |
Vacant | Not filled this Congress |
House of Representatives
[edit]There were three deaths before this Congress began.
| District | Vacated by | Reason for change | Successor | Date of successor's formal installation[e] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Illinois 7th | Vacant | Rep. George W. Collins (D) died during previous congress. | Cardiss Collins (D) | June 5, 1973 |
| Alaska at-large | Vacant | Nick Begich (D) and Hale Boggs (D) were lost in a plane crash, and the estate of Rep. Begich was issued a presumptive death certificate from the State of Alaska during previous congress. Both were also declared dead pursuant to H. R. Res. 1 issued January 3, 1973. | Don Young (R) | March 6, 1973 |
| Louisiana 2nd | Hale Boggs (D) | Nick Begich (D) and Hale Boggs (D) were lost in a plane crash during previous congress. Both were declared dead pursuant to H. R. Res. 1 issued January 3, 1973. | Lindy Boggs (D) | March 20, 1973 |
| Michigan 7th | Donald Riegle (R) | Switched party affiliation. | Donald Riegle (D) | February 27, 1973 |
| Maryland 1st | William Oswald Mills (R) | Committed suicide May 24, 1973. | Robert Bauman (R) | August 21, 1973 |
| Pennsylvania 12th | John P. Saylor (R) | Died October 28, 1973. | John Murtha (D) | February 5, 1974 |
| Michigan 5th | Gerald Ford (R) | Resigned December 6, 1973, to become vice president. | Richard Vander Veen (D) | February 18, 1974 |
| California 13th | Charles M. Teague (R) | Died January 1, 1974. | Robert J. Lagomarsino (R) | March 5, 1974 |
| Ohio 1st | William J. Keating (R) | Resigned January 3, 1974. | Tom Luken (D) | March 5, 1974 |
| Michigan 8th | R. James Harvey (R) | Resigned January 31, 1974, after being appointed as a judge of the US District Court of the Eastern District of Michigan. | J. Bob Traxler (D) | April 23, 1974 |
| California 6th | William S. Mailliard (R) | Resigned March 5, 1974. | John Burton (D) | June 4, 1974 |
| California 10th | Charles Gubser (R) | Resigned December 31, 1974. | Remained vacant until next Congress | |
| California 19th | Chester E. Holifield (D) | Resigned December 31, 1974. | ||
| California 32nd | Craig Hosmer (R) | Resigned December 31, 1974. | ||
| California 34th | Richard T. Hanna (D) | Resigned December 31, 1974. | ||
| Illinois 15th | Leslie C. Arends (R) | Resigned December 31, 1974. | ||
| Illinois 24th | Kenneth J. Gray (D) | Resigned December 31, 1974. | ||
| Kentucky 1st | Frank Stubblefield (D) | Resigned December 31, 1974. | ||
| Massachusetts 3rd | Harold Donohue (D) | Resigned December 31, 1974. | ||
| Michigan 6th | Charles E. Chamberlain (R) | Resigned December 31, 1974. | ||
| Michigan 17th | Martha Griffiths (D) | Resigned December 31, 1974. | ||
| Minnesota 2nd | Ancher Nelsen (R) | Resigned December 31, 1974. | ||
| Minnesota 8th | John Blatnik (DFL) | Resigned December 31, 1974. | ||
| Nebraska 3rd | David Martin (R) | Resigned December 31, 1974. | ||
| New Hampshire 1st | Louis C. Wyman (R) | Resigned December 31, 1974, after being appointed to the U.S. Senate. | ||
| New Jersey 7th | William B. Widnall (R) | Resigned December 31, 1974. | ||
| New York 14th | John J. Rooney (D) | Resigned December 31, 1974. | ||
| New York 15th | Hugh Carey (D) | Resigned December 31, 1974. | ||
| New York 29th | Carleton J. King (R) | Resigned December 31, 1974. | ||
| New York 37th | Thaddeus J. Dulski (D) | Resigned December 31, 1974. | ||
| Ohio 23rd | William Edwin Minshall Jr. (R) | Resigned December 31, 1974. | ||
| Oregon 3rd | Edith Green (D) | Resigned December 31, 1974. | ||
| Pennsylvania 25th | Frank M. Clark (D) | Resigned December 31, 1974. | ||
| South Carolina 3rd | William Jennings Bryan Dorn (D) | Resigned December 31, 1974. | ||
| South Carolina 5th | Thomas S. Gettys (D) | Resigned December 31, 1974. | ||
| Texas 21st | O. C. Fisher (D) | Resigned December 31, 1974. | ||
| Virginia 10th | Joel Broyhill (R) | Resigned December 31, 1974, after being defeated for re-election. | ||
| Washington 3rd | Julia Butler Hansen (D) | Resigned December 31, 1974. | ||
| Wisconsin 3rd | Vernon Wallace Thomson (R) | Resigned December 31, 1974. | ||
| Wisconsin 9th | Glenn Robert Davis (R) | Resigned December 31, 1974 . | ||
Committees
[edit]Lists of committees and their party leaders for members of the House and Senate committees can be found through the Official Congressional Directory at the bottom of this article. The directory after the pages of terms of service lists committees of the Senate, House (Standing with Subcommittees, Select and Special) and Joint and, after that, House/Senate committee assignments. On the committees section of the House and Senate in the Official Congressional Directory, the committee's members on the first row on the left side shows the chairman of the committee and on the right side shows the ranking member of the committee.
Senate
[edit]- Aging (Special) (Chair: Frank Church)
- Aeronautical and Space Sciences (Chair: Frank Moss; Ranking Member: Barry Goldwater)
- Agriculture and Forestry (Chair: Herman Talmadge; Ranking Member: Carl T. Curtis)
- Environment, Soil Conservation and Forestry (Chair: James Eastland; Ranking Member: Jesse Helms)
- Agriculture Credit and Rural Electrification (Chair: George McGovern; Ranking Member: George D. Aiken)
- Agricultural Production, Marketing and Stabilization of Prices (Chair: Walter "Dee" Huddleston; Ranking Member: Milton R. Young)
- Agricultural Research and General Legislation (Chair: James Allen; Ranking Member: Bob Dole)
- Rural Development (Chair: Dick Clark; Ranking Member: Carl T. Curtis)
- Foreign Agricultural Policy (Chair: Hubert Humphrey; Ranking Member: Henry Bellmon)
- Appropriations (Chair: John L. McClellan; Ranking Member: Milton Young)
- Agriculture, Environmental and Consumer Protection (Chair: Gale W. McGee; Ranking Member: Hiram L. Fong)
- Defense (Chair: John L. McClellan; Ranking Member: Milton R. Young)
- Intelligence Operations (Chair: John L. McClellan; Ranking Member: Milton R. Young)
- District of Columbia (Chair: Birch Bayh; Ranking Member: Charles Mathias)
- Foreign Operations (Chair: Daniel Inouye; Ranking Member: Edward W. Brooke)
- Housing and Urban Development, Space, Science and Veterans (Chair: William Proxmire; Ranking Member: Charles Mathias)
- Interior (Chair: Alan Bible; Ranking Member: Ted Stevens)
- Labor, Health, Education and Welfare (Chair: Warren Magnuson; Ranking Member: Norris Cotton)
- Legislative (Chair: Fritz Hollings; Ranking Member: Norris Cotton)
- Military Construction (Chair: Mike Mansfield; Ranking Member: Richard S. Schweiker)
- Public Works, AEC (Chair: John C. Stennis; Ranking Member: Mark O. Hatfield)
- State, Justice, Commerce and the Judiciary (Chair: John Pastore; Ranking Member: Roman L. Hruska)
- Transportation (Chair: Robert Byrd; Ranking Member: Clifford P. Case)
- Treasury, U.S. Postal Service and General Government (Chair: Joseph Montoya; Ranking Member: Henry Bellmon)
- Armed Services (Chair: John C. Stennis; Ranking Member: Strom Thurmond)
- Central Intelligence (Chair: John C. Stennis; Ranking Member: Peter H. Dominick)
- Preparedness Investigating (Chair: John C. Stennis; Ranking Member: Strom Thurmond)
- National Stockfile and Naval Petroleum Reserves (Chair: Howard Cannon; Ranking Member: William L. Scott)
- Status of Forces (Chair: Sam Ervin; Ranking Member: William L. Scott)
- Military Construction Authorization (Chair: Stuart Symington; Ranking Member: John Tower)
- Arms Control (Chair: Henry M. Jackson; Ranking Member: Barry Goldwater)
- Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Safeguards (Chair: Henry M. Jackson; Ranking Member: William B. Saxbe)
- Tactical Air Power (Chair: Howard Cannon; Ranking Member: Barry Goldwater)
- Research and Development (Chair: Thomas J. McIntyre; Ranking Member: Peter H. Dominick)
- General Legislation (Chair: Harry F. Byrd Jr.; Ranking Member: William B. Saxbe)
- Reprograming of Funds (Chair: John C. Stennis; Ranking Member: John G. Tower)
- Drug Abuse in the Military (Chair: Harold Hughes; Ranking Member: Peter H. Dominick)
- Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs (Chair: John Sparkman; Ranking Member: John G. Tower)
- Consumer Credit (Chair: William Proxmire; Ranking Member: Bill Brock)
- Financial Institutions (Chair: John C. Stennis; Ranking Member: Wallace F. Bennett)
- Housing (Chair: John J. Sparkman; Ranking Member: John G. Tower)
- International Finance (Chair: Adlai Stevenson III; Ranking Member: Bob Packwood)
- Production and Stabilization (Chair: J. Bennett Johnston; Ranking Member: Robert Taft Jr.)
- Securities (Chair: Harrison A. Williams; Ranking Member: Edward W. Brooke)
- Small Business (Chair: Alan Cranston; Ranking Member: Lowell P. Weicker)
- Commerce (Chair: Warren Magnuson; Ranking Member: Norris Cotton)
- Aviation (Chair: Howard Cannon; Ranking Member: Norris Cotton)
- Communications (Chair: Frank Moss; Ranking Member: Howard H. Baker Jr.)
- Consumer (Chair: Frank Moss; Ranking Member: Marlow W. Cook)
- Environment (Chair: Philip Hart; Ranking Member: Marlow W. Cook)
- Foreign Commerce and Tourism (Chair: Daniel Inouye; Ranking Member: Robert P. Griffin)
- Merchant Marine (Chair: Russell B. Long; Ranking Member: J. Glenn Beall Jr.)
- Oceans and Atmosphere (Chair: Fritz Hollings; Ranking Member: Ted Stevens)
- Surface and Transportation (Chair: Vance Hartke; Ranking Member: James B. Pearson)
- District of Columbia (Chair: Thomas Eagleton; Ranking Member: Charles Mathias)
- Business, Commerce and Judiciary (Chair: Adlai Stevenson III; Ranking Member: Pete V. Domenici)
- Fiscal Affairs (Chair: Thomas Eagleton; Ranking Member: Dewey F. Bartlett)
- Public Health, Education, Welfare and Safety (Chair: John V. Tunney; Ranking Member: Charles Mathias)
- Finance (Chair: Abraham Ribicoff; Ranking Member: Wallace F. Bennett)
- International Trade (Chair: Abraham Ribicoff; Ranking Member: Paul Fannin)
- Health (Chair: Herman Talmadge; Ranking Member: Clifford P. Hansen)
- Private Pension Plans (Chair: Gaylord Nelson; Ranking Member: Carl T. Curtis)
- State Taxation of Interstate Commerce (Chair: Walter Mondale; Ranking Member: Clifford P. Hansen)
- Foundations (Chair: Vance Hartke; Ranking Member: Carl T. Curtis)
- International Finance and Resource (Chair: Harry F. Byrd Jr.; Ranking Member: Bob Dole)
- Foreign Relations (Chair: J. William Fulbright; Ranking Member: George D. Aiken)
- Near Eastern Affairs (Chair: J. William Fulbright; Ranking Member: George D. Aiken)
- European Affairs (Chair: John Sparkman; Ranking Member: Clifford P. Case)
- Far Eastern Affairs (Chair: Mike Mansfield; Ranking Member: George D. Aiken)
- Oceans and International Environment (Chair: Claiborne Pell; Ranking Member: Clifford P. Case)
- Western Hemisphere Affairs (Chair: Gale W. McGee; Ranking Member: George D. Aiken)
- Arms Control, International Law and Organization (Chair: Edmund Muskie; Ranking Member: Clifford P. Case)
- South Asian Affairs (Chair: George McGovern; Ranking Member: Charles H. Percy)
- African Affairs (Chair: Hubert Humphrey; Ranking Member: James B. Pearson)
- U.S. Security Agreements and Commitments Aboard (Chair: Stuart Symington; Ranking Member: George D. Aiken)
- Multinational Corporations (Chair: Frank Church; Ranking Member: Frank Church)
- Government Operations (Chair: Sam Ervin; Ranking Member: Charles H. Percy)
- Permanent Investigations (Chair: Henry M. Jackson; Ranking Member: Charles H. Percy)
- Intergovernmental Relations (Chair: Edmund Muskie; Ranking Member: Edward J. Gurney)
- Reorganization, Research and International Organizations (Chair: Abraham Ribicoff; Ranking Member: Jacob K. Javits)
- Budgeting, Management and Expenditures (Chair: Lee Metcalf; Ranking Member: William B. Saxbe)
- Surplus Property (Ad Hoc) (Chair: James Allen; Ranking Member: Edward J. Gurney)
- Inpoundment of Funds (Ad Hoc) (Chair: Lawton Chiles; Ranking Member: Charles H. Percy)
- Procurement (Ad Hoc) (Chair: Lawton Chiles; Ranking Member: William V. Roth Jr.)
- Interior and Insular Affairs (Chair: Henry M. Jackson; Ranking Member: Paul J. Fannin)
- Indian Affairs (Chair: James Abourezk; Ranking Member: Dewey F. Bartlett)
- Minerals, Materials and Fuels (Chair: Lee Metcalf; Ranking Member: James L. Buckley)
- Parks and Recreation (Chair: Alan Bible; Ranking Member: Clifford P. Hansen)
- Public Lands (Chair: Floyd Haskell; Ranking Member: James A. McClure)
- Territories and Insular Affairs (Chair: J. Bennett Johnston; Ranking Member: Paul J. Fannin)
- Water and Power Resources (Chair: Frank Church; Ranking Member: Mark O. Hatfield)
- Judiciary (Chair: James Eastland; Ranking Member: Roman L. Hruska)
- Administrative Practice and Procedure (Chair: Ted Kennedy; Ranking Member: Strom Thurmond)
- Antitrust Monopoly (Chair: Philip Hart; Ranking Member: Roman L. Hruska)
- Constitutional Amendments (Chair: Birch Bayh; Ranking Member: Marlow W. Cook)
- Constitutional Rights (Chair: Sam Ervin; Ranking Member: Edward J. Gurney)
- Criminal Laws and Procedures (Chair: John L. McClellan; Ranking Member: Roman L. Hruska)
- FBI Oversight (Chair: James O. Eastland; Ranking Member: Roman L. Hruska)
- Federal Charters, Holidays and Celebrations (Chair: James Eastland; Ranking Member: John L. McClellan)
- Immigration and Naturalization (Chair: James Eastland; Ranking Member: Hiram L. Fong)
- Improvements in Judicial Machinery (Chair: Quentin Burdick; Ranking Member: Roman Hruska)
- Internal Security (Chair: James Eastland; Ranking Member: Hugh Scott)
- Juvenile Delinquency (Chair: Birch Bayh; Ranking Member: Marlow Cook)
- Patents, Trademarks and Copyrights (Chair: John L. McClellan; Ranking Member: Hugh Scott)
- Penitentiaries (Chair: Quentin Burdick; Ranking Member: Marlow W. Cook)
- Rufugees and Escapees (Chair: Ted Kennedy; Ranking Member: Hiram L. Fong)
- Revision and Codification (Chair: Sam Ervin; Ranking Member: Hugh Scott)
- Separation of Powers (Chair: Sam Ervin; Ranking Member: Charles Mathias)
- Labor and Public Welfare (Chair: Harrison A. Williams; Ranking Member: Jacob K. Javits)
- Labor (Chair: Harrison A. Williams; Ranking Member: Jacob K. Javits)
- Handicapped Workers (Chair: Jennings Randolph; Ranking Member: Robert T. Stafford)
- Education (Chair: Claiborne Pell; Ranking Member: Peter H. Dominick)
- Health (Chair: Ted Kennedy; Ranking Member: Richard S. Schweiker)
- Employment, Poverty and Migratory Labor (Chair: Gaylord Nelson; Ranking Member: Robert Taft Jr.)
- Children and Youth (Chair: Walter Mondale; Ranking Member: Robert Taft Jr.)
- Aging (Chair: Thomas Eagleton; Ranking Member: J. Glenn Beall Jr.)
- Railroad Retirement (Chair: William Hathaway; Ranking Member: Richard S. Schweiker)
- Alcoholism and Narcotics (Chair: Harold Hughes; Ranking Member: Richard S. Schweiker)
- Arts and Humanities (Chair: Claiborne Pell; Ranking Member: Jacob K. Javits)
- National Science Foundation (Chair: Ted Kennedy; Ranking Member: Peter H. Dominick)
- Human Resources (Chair: Alan Cranston; Ranking Member: J. Glenn Beall Jr.)
- Nutrition and Human Needs (Select) (Chair: George McGovern)
- Post Office and Civil Service (Chair: Gale W. McGee; Ranking Member: Hiram L. Fong)
- Civil Service Policies and Practices (Chair: Jennings Randolph; Ranking Member: Henry Bellmon)
- Compensation and Employment Benefits (Chair: Quentin Burdick; Ranking Member: Ted Stevens)
- Postal Operations (Chair: Fritz Hollings; Ranking Member: William B. Saxbe)
- Presidential Campaign Activities (Select) (Chair: Sam J. Ervin Jr.)
- Public Works (Chair: Jennings Randolph; Ranking Member: Howard H. Baker Jr.)
- Air and Water Pollution (Chair: Edmund Muskie; Ranking Member: James L. Buckley)
- Economic Development (Chair: Joseph Montoya; Ranking Member: James A. McClure)
- Water Resources (Chair: Mike Gravel; Ranking Member: William L. Scott)
- Roads (Chair: Lloyd Bentsen; Ranking Member: Robert T. Stafford)
- Disaster Relief (Chair: Quentin Burdick; Ranking Member: Pete Domenici)
- Buildings and Grounds (Chair: Dick Clark; Ranking Member: William L. Scott)
- Rules and Administration (Chair: Howard Cannon; Ranking Member: Marlow W. Cook)
- Standing Rules of the Senate (Chair: Robert Byrd; Ranking Member: Robert P. Griffin)
- Privileges and Elections (Chair: Claiborne Pell; Ranking Member: Mark O. Hatfield)
- Printing (Chair: Howard Cannon; Ranking Member: Hugh Scott)
- Library (Chair: Howard Cannon; Ranking Member: Mark O. Hatfield)
- Smithsonian Institution (Chair: James Allen; Ranking Member: Marlow W. Cook)
- Restaurant (Chair: James Allen; Ranking Member: Marlow W. Cook)
- Computer Services (Chair: Howard Cannon; Ranking Member: Mark O. Hatfield)
- Secret and Confidential Government Documents (Special) (Chair: [data missing])
- Small Business (Select) (Chair: Alan Bible)
- Standards and Conduct (Select) (Chair: Frank Church)
- Termination of the National Emergency (Special) (Chair: Frank Church)
- Veterans' Affairs (Chair: Vance Hartke; Ranking Member: Clifford P. Hansen)
- Housing and Insurance (Chair: Harold Hughes; Ranking Member: James A. McClure)
- Readjustment, Education and Employment (Chair: Vance Hartke; Ranking Member: Robert T. Stafford)
- Health and Hospitals (Chair: Alan Cranston; Ranking Member: Strom Thurmond)
- Compensation and Pensions (Chair: Herman Talmadge; Ranking Member: Clifford P. Hansen)
- Whole
House of Representatives
[edit]- Agriculture (Chair: William R. Poage; Ranking Member: Charles M. Teague)
- Cotton (Chair: B. F. Sisk; Ranking Member: Robert B. Mathias)
- Dairy and Poultry (Chair: Ed Jones; Ranking Member: William C. Wampler)
- Forests (Chair: John Rarick; Ranking Member: George A. Goodling)
- Livestock and Grains (Chair: Tom Foley; Ranking Member: Wiley Mayne)
- Oilseeds and Rice (Chair: Walter B. Jones Sr.; Ranking Member: William C. Wampler)
- Tobacco (Chair: Frank Stubblefield; Ranking Member: Wilmer Mizell)
- Conservation and Credit (Chair: William R. Poage; Ranking Member: John M. Zwach)
- Domestic Marketing and Consumer Relations (Chair: Joseph P. Vigorito; Ranking Member: George A. Goodling)
- Department Operations (Chair: Kika de la Garza; Ranking Member: Bob Price)
- Family Farms and Rural Development (Chair: William Vollie Alexander Jr.; Ranking Member: Keith G. Sebelius)
- Appropriations (Chair: George H. Mahon; Ranking Member: Elford A. Cederberg)
- Agriculture, Environmental and Consumer Protection (Chair: Jamie Whitten; Ranking Member: Mark Andrews)
- Defense (Chair: George H. Mahon; Ranking Member: William E. Minshall)
- District of Columbia (Chair: William Natcher; Ranking Member: John T. Myers)
- Foreign Operations (Chair: Otto Passman; Ranking Member: Garner E. Shriver)
- Housing and Urban Development/Space, Science and Veterans (Chair: Edward Boland; Ranking Member: Burt L. Talcott)
- Interior (Chair: Julia Butler Hansen; Ranking Member: Joseph M. McDade)
- Labor, Health, Education and Welfare (Chair: Dan Flood; Ranking Member: Robert H. Michel)
- Legislative (Chair: Robert R. Casey; Ranking Member: Louis C. Wyman)
- Military Construction (Chair: Bob Sikes; Ranking Member: Robert C. McEwen)
- Public Works (Chair: Joe L. Evins; Ranking Member: Glenn Robert Davis)
- State, Justice, Commerce and Judiciary (Chair: John J. Rooney; Ranking Member: Elford A. Cederberg)
- Transportation (Chair: John J. Rooney; Ranking Member: Silvio O. Conte)
- Treasury, Postal Service and General Government (Chair: Tom Steed; Ranking Member: Howard W. Robison)
- Armed Services (Chair: F. Edward Hébert; Ranking Member: William G. Bray)
- Subcommittee No.#1 (Chair: Melvin Price; Ranking Member: Charles S. Gubser)
- Subcommittee No.#2 (Chair: O. C. Fisher; Ranking Member: William L. Dickinson)
- Subcommittee No.#3 (Chair: Charles E. Bennett; Ranking Member: Bob Wilson)
- Subcommittee No.#4 (Chair: Samuel S. Stratton; Ranking Member: John E. Hunt)
- Subcommittee No.#5 (Chair: Otis G. Pike; Ranking Member: Carleton J. King)
- Intelligence (Chair: Lucien Nedzi; Ranking Member: William G. Bray)
- Human Relations (Chair: Floyd Hicks; Ranking Member: John E. Hunt)
- Armed Services Investigation (Chair: F. Edward Hébert; Ranking Member: Leslie C. Arends)
- Banking and Currency (Chair: Wright Patman; Ranking Member: William B. Widnall)
- Domestic Finance (Chair: Wright Patman; Ranking Member: Phil Crane)
- Housing (Chair: William A. Barrett; Ranking Member: William B. Widnall)
- Consumer Affairs (Chair: Leonor Sullivan; Ranking Member: Chalmers P. Wylie)
- International Trade (Chair: Thomas L. Ashley; Ranking Member: Benjamin B. Blackburn)
- Small Business (Chair: Robert Grier Stephens Jr.; Ranking Member: J. William Stanton)
- Bank Supervision and Insurance (Chair: Fernand St. Germain; Ranking Member: John H. Rousselot)
- International Finance (Chair: Henry B. González; Ranking Member: Albert W. Johnson)
- Urban Mass Transit (Chair: Joseph Minish; Ranking Member: Garry E. Brown)
- Crime (Select) (Chair: [data missing]; Ranking Member: [data missing])
- District of Columbia (Chair: Charles Diggs; Ranking Member: Ancher Nelsen)
- Business, Commerce and Taxation (Chair: W. S. Stuckey Jr.; Ranking Member: Bill Harsha)
- Education (Chair: Ron Dellums; Ranking Member: Stewart B. McKinney)
- Government Operations (Chair: Brock Adams; Ranking Member: Earl F. Landgrebe)
- Judiciary (Chair: Walter Fauntroy; Ranking Member: Henry P. Smith III)
- Labor, Social Services and the International Community (Chair: Romano Mazzoli; Ranking Member: Gilbert Gude)
- Revenue and Financial Services (Chair: Thomas M. Rees; Ranking Member: Joel T. Broyhill)
- Education and Labor (Chair: Carl D. Perkins; Ranking Member: Al Quie)
- Education (Chair: Carl D. Perkins; Ranking Member: Alphonso Bell)
- Labor (Chair: Frank Thompson; Ranking Member: John M. Ashbrook)
- Foreign Affairs (Chair: Thomas E. Morgan; Ranking Member: John N. Erlenborn)
- National Security Policy and Scientific Developments (Chair: Clement J. Zablocki; Ranking Member: Marvin L. Esch)
- State Department Organization and Foreign Operations (Chair: Wayne Hays; Ranking Member: Edwin D. Eshleman)
- Inter-American Affairs (Chair: Dante Fascell; Ranking Member: Vernon W. Thomson)
- Africa (Chair: Charles Diggs; Ranking Member: Edward J. Derwinski)
- Asian and Pacific Affairs (Chair: Robert N. C. Nix Sr.; Ranking Member: William S. Broomfield)
- International Organizations and Movements (Chair: Donald M. Fraser; Ranking Member: H. R. Gross)
- Europe (Chair: Benjamin Stanley Rosenthal; Ranking Member: Peter Frelinghuysen)
- Foreign Economic Policy (Chair: John Culver; Ranking Member: J. Herbert Burke)
- Near East and South Asia (Chair: Lee H. Hamilton; Ranking Member: John H. Buchanan Jr.)
- Foreign Aid Programs (Chair: Thomas E. Morgan; Ranking Member: William S. Mailliard)
- Government Operations (Chair: Chester E. Holifield; Ranking Member: Frank Horton)
- Conservation and Natural Resources (Chair: Henry S. Reuss; Ranking Member: Guy Vander Jagt)
- Foreign Operations and Government Information (Chair: William S. Moorhead; Ranking Member: John N. Erlenborn)
- Government Activities (Chair: Jack Brooks; Ranking Member: John H. Buchanan Jr.)
- Intergovernmental Relations (Chair: Lawrence H. Fountain; Ranking Member: Clarence J. Brown)
- Legal and Monetary Affairs (Chair: William J. Randall; Ranking Member: Sam Steiger)
- Legislation and Military Operations (Chair: Chester E. Holifield; Ranking Member: Frank Horton)
- Special Studies (Chair: Floyd Hicks; Ranking Member: John W. Wydler)
- House Administration (Chair: Wayne Hays; Ranking Member: William L. Dickinson)
- Accounts (Chair: Frank Thompson; Ranking Member: Samuel L. Devine)
- Elections (Chair: John Herman Dent; Ranking Member: R. James Harvey)
- Library and Memorials (Chair: Lucien Nedzi; Ranking Member: James C. Cleveland)
- Printing (Chair: John Brademas; Ranking Member: James C. Cleveland)
- Electrical and Mechanical Office Equipment (Chair: Augustus Hawkins; Ranking Member: R. James Harvey)
- Contracts (Chair: Thomas S. Gettys; Ranking Member: James C. Cleveland)
- Police (Chair: Kenneth J. Gray; Ranking Member: Samuel L. Devine)
- Personnel (Chair: Frank Annunzio; Ranking Member: Phil Crane)
- House Beauty Shop (Select) (Chair: Martha W. Griffiths)
- House Restaurant (Select) (Chair: John C. Kluczynski)
- Interior and Insular Affairs (Chair: James A. Haley; Ranking Member: Craig Hosmer)
- Environment (Chair: Mo Udall; Ranking Member: Philip E. Ruppe)
- National Parks and Recreation (Chair: Roy A. Taylor; Ranking Member: Joe Skubitz)
- Water and Power Resources (Chair: Harold T. Johnson; Ranking Member: Craig Hosmer)
- Territorial and Insular Affairs (Chair: Phillip Burton; Ranking Member: Don H. Clausen)
- Indian Affairs (Chair: Lloyd Meeds; Ranking Member: Manuel Lujan Jr.)
- Mines and Mining (Chair: Patsy Mink; Ranking Member: John Newbold Camp)
- Public Lands (Chair: John Melcher; Ranking Member: Sam Steiger)
- Internal Security (Chair: Richard Howard Ichord Jr.; Ranking Member: John M. Ashbrook)
- Interstate and Foreign Commerce (Chair: Harley Orrin Staggers; Ranking Member: Samuel L. Devine)
- Commerce and Finance (Chair: John E. Moss; Ranking Member: Jim Broyhill)
- Communications and Power (Chair: Torbert Macdonald; Ranking Member: Clarence J. Brown)
- Public Health and Environment (Chair: Paul Rogers; Ranking Member: Ancher Nelsen)
- Transportation and Aeronautics (Chair: John Jarman; Ranking Member: R. James Harvey)
- Investigations (Chair: Harley Orrin Staggers; Ranking Member: Samuel L. Devine)
- Judiciary (Chair: Peter W. Rodino; Ranking Member: Edward Hutchinson)
- Civil Rights and Constitutional Rights (Chair: Don Edwards; Ranking Member: Charles E. Wiggins)
- Claims and Governmental Relations (Chair: Harold Donohue; Ranking Member: M. Caldwell Butler)
- Courts, Civil Liberties and the Administration of Justice (Chair: Robert W. Kastenmeier; Ranking Member: M. Caldwell Butler)
- Crime (Chair: John Conyers Jr.)
- Criminal Justice (Chair: William L. Hungate; Ranking Member: Henry P. Smith III)
- Immigration, Citizenship and International Law (Chair: Joshua Eilberg; Ranking Member: Hamilton Fish IV)
- Monopolies and Commercial Law (Chair: Peter W. Rodino Jr.; Ranking Member: Edward Hutchinson)
- Merchant Marine and Fisheries (Chair: Leonor Sullivan; Ranking Member: James R. Grover Jr.)
- Merchant Marine (Chair: Frank M. Clark; Ranking Member: William S. Mailliard)
- Fisheries, Wildlife Conservation and the Environment (Chair: John Dingell; Ranking Member: George A. Goodling)
- Coast Guard and Navigation (Chair: John M. Murphy; Ranking Member: Philip E. Ruppe)
- Oceangraphy (Chair: Thomas N. Downing; Ranking Member: Charles A. Mosher)
- Panama Canal (Chair: Robert L. Leggett; Ranking Member: Gene Snyder)
- Post Office and Civil Service (Chair: Thaddeus J. Dulski; Ranking Member: H.R. Gross)
- Investigations (Chair: Thaddeus J. Dulski; Ranking Member: Walter E. Powell)
- Postal Service (Chair: James M. Hanley; Ranking Member: Albert W. Johnson)
- Retirement and Employee Benefits (Chair: Jerome Waldie; Ranking Member: Lawrence J. Hogan)
- Manpower and Civil Service (Chair: David N. Henderson; Ranking Member: Edward J. Derwinski)
- Postal Facilities, Mail and Labor Management (Chair: Charlie Wilson; Ranking Member: Elwood Hillis)
- Census and Statistics (Chair: Richard Crawford White; Ranking Member: John H. Rousselot)
- Public Works (Chair: John Blatnik; Ranking Member: John H. Rousselot)
- Water Resources (Chair: Ray Roberts; Ranking Member: Bill Harsha)
- Transportation (Chair: John C. Kluczynski; Ranking Member: Don H. Clausen)
- Public Buildings and Grounds (Chair: Kenneth J. Gray; Ranking Member: James R. Grover Jr.)
- Economic Development (Chair: Robert E. Jones Jr.; Ranking Member: John Paul Hammerschmidt)
- Investigations and Review (Chair: Jim Wright; Ranking Member: James C. Cleveland)
- Energy (Chair: James J. Howard; Ranking Member: Gene Snyder)
- Regulate Parking (Select) (Chair: B. F. Sisk)
- Rules (Chair: Ray Madden; Ranking Member: David T. Martin)
- Science and Astronautics (Chair: Olin E. Teague; Ranking Member: Charles A. Mosher)
- Aeronautics and Space Technology (Chair: Ray Madden; Ranking Member: John W. Wydler)
- Science, Research and Development (Chair: John William Davis; Ranking Member: Alphonso Bell)
- Manned Space Flight (Chair: Don Fuqua; Ranking Member: Larry Winn Jr.)
- Space Science and Applications (Chair: James W. Symington; Ranking Member: Marvin L. Esch)
- International Cooperation in Science and Space (Chair: Richard T. Hanna; Ranking Member: Louis Frey)
- Energy (Chair: Mike McCormack; Ranking Member: Barry M. Goldwater)
- Standards of Official Conduct (Chair: Melvin Price; Ranking Member: Jimmy Quillen)
- Small Business (Select) (Chair: Joe L. Evins)
- Veterans' Affairs (Chair: William Jennings Bryan Dorn; Ranking Member: John Paul Hammerschmidt)
- Compensation and Pension (Chair: Olin E. Teague; Ranking Member: John Paul Hammerschmidt)
- Education and Training (Chair: Henry Helstoski; Ranking Member: Margaret M. Heckler)
- Hospitals (Chair: David E. Satterfield III)
- Housing (Chair: Charles J. Carney; Ranking Member: Elwood Hillis)
- Insurance (Chair: Sonny Montgomery; Ranking Member: John M. Zwach)
- Ways and Means (Chair: Wilbur Mills; Ranking Member: Herman T. Schneebeli)
- Whole
Joint committees
[edit]- Atomic Energy (Chair: Rep. Charles Melvin Price; Vice Chair: Sen. John O. Pastore)
- Congressional Operations (Chair: Sen. Lee Metcalf; Vice Chair: Rep. Jack Brooks)
- Defense Productions (Chair: Sen. John J. Sparkman; Vice Chair: Rep. Wright Patman)
- Economic (Chair: Rep. Wright Patman; Vice Chair: Sen. William Proxmire)
- Internal Revenue Taxation (Chair: Sen. Russell B. Long; Ranking Member: Rep. Wilbur D. Mills)
- The Library (Chair: Sen. Howard Cannon; Vice Chair: Rep. Lucien N. Nedzi)
- Printing (Chair: Rep. Wayne L. Hays; Vice Chair: Sen. Howard Cannon)
- Reduction of Federal Expenditures (Chair: Rep. George H. Mahon)
- Budget Control (Chair: Rep. Al Ullman)
Employees
[edit]Legislative branch agency directors
[edit]- Architect of the Capitol: George M. White
- Attending Physician of the United States Congress: Rufus Pearson, until 1974
- Freeman H. Cary, starting 1974
- Comptroller General of the United States: Elmer B. Staats
- Librarian of Congress: Lawrence Quincy Mumford, until 1974
- Public Printer of the United States: Thomas F. McCormick, starting 1973
Senate
[edit]- Secretary: Francis R. Valeo
- Librarian: Roger K. Haley
- Parliamentarian: Floyd Riddick, until 1974
- Murray Zweben, starting 1974
- Sergeant at Arms: William H. Wannall
- Chaplain: Edward L.R. Elson (Presbyterian)
- Curator: James R. Ketchum
- Democratic Party Secretary: J. Stanley Kimmitt
- Republican Party Secretary: J. Mark Trice, until 1974
- William Hildenbrand, starting 1974
House of Representatives
[edit]- Chaplain: Edward G. Latch (Methodist)
- Clerk: W. Pat Jennings
- Doorkeeper: William M. Miller, until December 31, 1974
- James T. Molloy, interim
- Parliamentarian: Lewis Deschler, until June 27, 1974
- William Holmes Brown, appointed June 27, 1974
- Postmaster: Robert V. Rota
- Reading Clerk:
- Bob Berry (R)
- Charles W. Hackney Jr. (D)
- Sergeant at Arms: Kenneth R. Harding
See also
[edit]- 1972 United States elections (elections leading to this Congress)
- 1974 United States elections (elections during this Congress, leading to the next Congress)
Notes
[edit]- ^ U.S. Vice President Spiro Agnew's term as President of the Senate resigned on October 10, 1973.
- ^ a b President pro tempore James Eastland acted his duties as the President of the Senate during the period.
- ^ U.S. Vice President Gerald Ford's term as President of the Senate ended at noon on August 9, 1974 when he ascended to the presidency.
- ^ a b c The Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL) and the North Dakota Democratic-Nonpartisan League Party (D-NPL) are the Minnesota and North Dakota affiliates of the U.S. Democratic Party and are counted as Democrats.
- ^ a b When seated or oath administered, not necessarily when service began.
Footnotes
[edit]- ^ Joe Moakley (D–MA) was elected as "Independent Conservative", based on official report of Congress by Benjamin Guthrie. "Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 7, 1972." But he was sworn in as a Democrat at the beginning of the Congress, January 3, 1973. [1]
- Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
- Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
References
[edit]- Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
- U.S. House of Representatives: Congressional History
- U.S. Senate: Statistics and Lists
- House of Representatives Session Calendar for the 93rd Congress (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 20, 2018. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
- Congressional Pictorial Directory for the 93rd Congress.
- Official Congressional Directory for the 93rd Congress, 1st Session.
- Official Congressional Directory for the 93rd Congress, 2nd Session.