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2023 Polish parliamentary election

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2023 Polish parliamentary election
← 2019 15 October 2023 Next →
Registered29,532,595
Turnout21,966,891 (74.4%)
Increase 12.6pp
Sejm
All 460 seats in the Sejm
231 seats needed for a majority
Opinion polls
  Majority party Minority party Third party
 
Mateusz Morawiecki Prezes Rady Ministrów (cropped).jpg
Donald Tusk KPRM HQ 2023.jpg
Szymon Hołownia 2022.jpg
Władysław Kosiniak-Kamysz, Poseł na Sejm RP, Prezes Polskiego Stronnictwa Ludowego.jpg
Leader Mateusz Morawiecki[a] Donald Tusk Szymon Hołownia
Władysław Kosiniak-Kamysz
Party PiS PO PL2050 / PSL
Alliance United Right Civic Coalition Third Way
Last election 235 seats, 43.6% 134 seats, 27.4% 30 seats, 8.6%
Seats won 194 157 65
Seat change Decrease 41 Increase 23 Increase 35
Popular vote 7,640,854 6,629,402 3,110,670
Percentage 35.4% 30.7% 14.4%
Swing Decrease 8.2pp Increase 3.3pp Increase 5.8pp
  Fourth party Fifth party
 
Włodzimierz Czarzasty (cropped).jpg
JKRUK 20190219 ROBERT BIEDROŃ KIELCE DSCN2269 (cropped).jpg
Konfederacja co-leaders collage photo (2023).png
Leader Włodzimierz Czarzasty
Robert Biedroń 		Sławomir Mentzen
Krzysztof Bosak
Party NL NN / RN
Alliance The Left Confederation
Last election 49 seats, 12.6% 11 seats, 6.8%
Seats won 26 18
Seat change Decrease 23 Increase 7
Popular vote 1,859,018 1,547,364
Percentage 8.6% 7.2%
Swing Decrease 4.0pp Increase 0.4pp
Government before election

Second Morawiecki cabinet
PiS (ZP)

Government after election

Third Tusk cabinet[b]
KO—PSL—PL2050—NL

Senate
All 100 seats in the Senate
51 seats needed for a majority
Party Vote % Seats +/–
KO

28.91 41 −2
ZP

34.81 34 −14
TD

11.50 11 +8
Lewica

5.29 9 +7
Independent

5.66 5 +1
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.

Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 15 October 2023, per the Polish Constitution. Seats in both the lower house, the Sejm, and the Senate were contested. At the polls, a referendum - containing four questions concerning economic and immigration policy of the government - was also voted on.

In the previous 2019 Polish parliamentary election, the ruling right-wing Law and Justice Party (PiS) had held onto its majority in the Sejm with Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki forming a second government. The PiS sought to win a third term which would be unprecedented in Polish history. The opposition, including the Civic Platform Party and others, secured a Senate majority. In the lead-up to the 2023 elections, opposition leader and former prime minister, Donald Tusk, led the Civic Coalition political alliance in opposition to the PiS.

The United Right alliance placed first for the third straight election and won a plurality of seats but fell short of a Sejm majority. The opposition, consisting of the Civic Coalition, Third Way, and The Left, achieved a combined total vote of 54%, managing to form a majority coalition government.[1][2] In the Senate, the opposition electoral alliance Senate Pact 2023 won a plurality of the vote and a majority of seats. Voter turnout was 74.4%, the highest in contested elections and the highest since the fall of the communist Polish People's Republic, beating previous records set in 1989 and 2019.

Background

[edit]
See also: 2020–2021 women's strike protests in Poland and Polish cash-for-visa scandal

2019 Polish parliamentary election

[edit]
Further information: 2019 Polish parliamentary election and Second Cabinet of Mateusz Morawiecki

The 2019 parliamentary election saw a record high turnout, with over 60% of registered electors participating. It also saw the centre-left, in the form of Lewica, entering the Sejm after four years on the outside looking in. Conversely, the far right united under the Konfederacja (Kon) banner to enter one of the two chambers of parliament for the first time since the 2005 elections.[3]

Right-wing parties, coalesced around the ruling national-conservative Law and Justice (PiS) within the United Right (ZP) alliance, won the highest percentage of votes ever received since the complete return to democracy in 1991, maintaining their majority in the Sejm, but losing it in the Senate. The PiS party president, Jarosław Kaczyński, thus saw his position as the country's strongman strengthened, despite occupying no governmental position. This result saw the second reelection of a majority government since the fall of the Eastern Bloc. Despite not defeating PiS, the main opposition party, the liberal Civic Platform (PO), itself within the Civic Coalition (KO) alliance, progressed in the senate, though without winning a majority of seats on its own. The opposition altogether did win a majority of seats in the senate, thanks to Lewica, the Polish Coalition (PSL) and independent candidates' gains.[3][4]

One month after the vote, the incumbent Prime Minister, Mateusz Morawiecki, formed his second government. Its composition showed the so-called "moderate" right strengthened, which Morawiecki was part of, alongside a weakening of the "radical" right, led by the Justice minister Zbigniew Ziobro. This strategy was mainly to appeal to the more moderate electorate for the 2020 Polish presidential election.[5] Morawiecki's government received the Sejm's confidence on 19 November with 237 votes for, 214 against and three abstentions.[6][7]

2020 presidential election

[edit]
Further information: 2020 Polish presidential election

The 2020 presidential election saw the reelection of incumbent president Andrzej Duda, a former member of Law and Justice.[8] Originally planned in May, the elections were very affected by the then ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The government's proposal to maintain the election in May but only through postal votes launched a strong polemic, with the opposition denouncing the unequal campaigning capacities of the incumbent president compared to other candidates within the context of the lockdown and quarantine measures. The election was then postponed to late June following a compromise within the ruling coalition and the opposition's approval, partly thanks to the latter's control of the Senate.[9]

Despite the pandemic, both rounds of voting saw higher turnouts, with Duda facing the Mayor of Warsaw, Rafał Trzaskowski, a member of Civic Platform. Duda beat Trzaskowski, gathering 51% of the votes against the latter's 49%. These results were the most closely fought presidential elections since the return of democracy.[10]

Duda's victory allows PiS take advantage from his presidential veto in case of an opposition victory in the legislative elections, with the opposition needing a three-fifths majority, which currently amounts to 276 seats, to override one.[11]

2023 Polish protests

[edit]
Main article: 2023 Polish protests

In May 2023, a law previously passed by the Sejm with the votes of the governing parties came into force, which provides for the establishment of a commission that can, without a court order, exclude politicians from public office for a period of ten years if, in their opinion, the politician was influenced by Russian interests. According to the law, the commission must examine whether this applies to Polish government politicians from 2007 (after PiS' defeat in the 2007 election). According to critics, the law could have been used as an instrument to prohibit selected opposition politicians from taking part in the parliamentary elections.[12] Polish media therefore spoke of a "Lex Tusk" – a law aimed at the opposition leader and former prime minister Donald Tusk (2007–2014), who could have been excluded from the parliamentary elections in October 2023 as the potentially most promising opposition candidate.[13] PiS party circles repeatedly accused Tusk of making Poland dependent on energy imports from Russia during his term as head of government. The law drew strong criticism from the United States and the European Union, which expressed concern that the law jeopardized freedom and fairness in elections in Poland. President Duda then softened the law by introducing an amendment to the Sejm on 2 June 2023, which deprived the proposed commission of the previously planned right to impose a ban on political activity.[14]

On 4 June 2023 (the anniversary of the first partially free elections in Poland in 1989) according to organizers, citing the city administration, half a million people took part in a "Great March for Democracy" organized by Tusk's Civic Platform in Warsaw to protest against the law.[15] There were also protests with tens of thousands of participants in other cities, including Krakow, Szczecin and Częstochowa. The demonstration in Warsaw was joined by numerous civil rights movements, the Civic Platform spoke of the largest demonstration in Poland's history since the fall of communism in 1989. The protest march through the center of Warsaw was also led by the former Polish President Lech Wałęsa.[16][17]

Electoral system

[edit]
Further information: Elections in Poland

The President of Poland set the election day to be Sunday, 15 October 2023.[18] This date was consistent with requirements posed in Article 98 Section 2 of the Polish Constitution, whereby the election is to take place within the final 30 days of the current term of Parliament (ending 11 November 2023). The vote ought to be held on a non-working day – a Sunday or a public holiday. Other possible dates included 22 October 29 October, 1 November, 5 November and 11 November.[19]

The process of election for the Sejm is through party-list proportional representation via the D'Hondt method in multi-seat constituencies,[20] with a 5% threshold for single party (KW) and citizen committees (KWW) and an 8% threshold for coalitions (KKW). National minority committees, such as the German minority, can apply to be exempt from the nation-wide threshold, and in such case participate in the d'Hondt seat distribution within their constituency, in this specific case Opole, regardless of the national share of votes.[21] Contrary to popular belief, minority committees are not guaranteed seats in the parliament.[22]

The 100 Senate constituencies

Senators are elected by first-past-the-post method in 100 constituencies. Most of the opposition (Civic Coalition, New Left and Third Way) signed a so-called senate pact, under which the parties agreed to enter one commonly accepted candidate in each district.[23] This strategy has previously granted them 51 seats despite losing the Sejm.[24]

Lists

[edit]

Electoral committees registered in all constituencies

[edit]
List Ideology Political position Leader(s) Parliamentary leader(s) 2019 result Seats before the election Candidates
Votes (%) Seats in Sejm Sejm (list) Senate (list) Sejm Senate
1 BS Nonpartisan Local Government Activists
Bezpartyjni Samorządowcy 		Regionalism
Localism 		Centre-left Robert Raczyński [pl] N/A 0.8%
0 / 460
0 / 460
0 / 100
 902 40
2 TD Third Way
Trzecia Droga
List
 Centrism
Christian democracy
Liberalism 		Centre to centre-right Władysław Kosiniak-Kamysz
Szymon Hołownia 		Władysław Kosiniak-Kamysz
Paulina Hennig-Kloska 		8.6%
30 / 460
33 / 460
5 / 100
 918 28
3 NL New Left
Nowa Lewica
List
 Social democracy
Progressivism 		Centre-left to left-wing Włodzimierz Czarzasty
Robert Biedroń 		Krzysztof Gawkowski
Marcelina Zawisza[25] 		12.6%
49 / 460
45 / 460
1 / 100
 912 14
4 PiS Law and Justice
Prawo i Sprawiedliwość
List
 National conservatism Right-wing Jarosław Kaczyński
Mateusz Morawiecki (PM candidate) 		Ryszard Terlecki 43.6%
235 / 460
235 / 460
46 / 100
 918 96
5 KON Confederation Liberty and Independence
Konfederacja Wolność i Niepodległość
List
 Libertarian conservatism
Polish nationalism 		Right-wing to far-right Sławomir Mentzen
Krzysztof Bosak 		Krzysztof Bosak 6.8%
11 / 460
11 / 460
0 / 100
 913 65
6 KO Civic Coalition
Koalicja Obywatelska
List
 Liberalism Big tent Donald Tusk Borys Budka 27.4%
134 / 460
129 / 460
41 / 100
 919 49

Electoral committees registered in more than one constituency

[edit]
List Ideology Political position Leader # of constituencies Candidates
Sejm Senate
7 PJJ There is One Poland
Polska Jest Jedna 		Right-wing populism
Vaccine hesitancy 		Far-right Rafał Piech 39 579 4
9 RDiP Prosperity and Peace Movement
Ruch Dobrobytu i Pokoju 		Populism
Economic nationalism 		Big tent Maciej Maciak 11 155 3
10 NK Normal Country
Normalny Kraj 		Anti-establishment
Right-wing populism 		Right-wing Wiesław Lewicki 4 61 1

Electoral committees registered in a single constituency

[edit]
List Ideology Political position Leader Parliamentary leader 2019 result Current number of seats Constituency Candidates
Votes (%) Seats in Sejm Sejm (list) Senate (list) Sejm Senate
AP Anti-party
Antypartia 		Anti-establishment
Direct democracy 		Centre Marek Ciesielczyk [pl] N/A N/A
0 / 460
0 / 460
0 / 100
 8 – Zielona Góra 16 0
MN German Minority
Mniejszość Niemiecka 		Minority interests
Social market economy 		Centre-left Ryszard Galla Ryszard Galla 0.2%[c]
1 / 460
1 / 460
0 / 100
 21 – Opole 24 1
RNP Repair Poland Movement
Ruch Naprawy Polski 		National conservatism
Right-wing populism 		Right-wing Romuald Starosielec N/A N/A
0 / 460
0 / 460
0 / 100
 18 – Siedlce 16 3

Electoral committees with candidates only for the Senate

[edit]
List Ideology Political position Leader Candidates
MP Mirosław Piasecki Candidate for Senator RP
Mirosław Piasecki Kandydat na Senatora RP 		Populism[26]
Single-winner voting[27] 		Centre-right[28] Mirosław Piasecki 2
ND-T New Democracy - Yes
Nowa Demokracja – Tak 		Economic progressivism
Regionalism 		Centre-left to left-wing Marek Materek 5
PS'23 Senate Pact Independents
Pakt Senacki 2023 		Pro-Europeanism
Localism 		Big tent N/A 6
PL 2050 Polska 2050[d] Social liberalism
Pro-industry self-regulation[29] 		Centre-left Włodzimierz Zydorczak 3
Piraci Polish Pirate Party
Polska Partia Piratów 		Pirate politics
Freedom of information 		Centre Janusz Wdzięczak 1
PO Civic Agreement
Porozumienie Obywatelskie 		Civic engagement Centre Andrzej Dyszewski
Rafał Skiba 		2
ŚR Silesians Together
Ślonzoki Razem 		Localism
Silesian autonomism 		Centre-left Leon Swaczyna 2
WiS Free and Solidary
Wolni i Solidarni 		Solidarism
Conservatism 		Right-wing Jan Miller 3
W Wolnościowcy[e] Libertarianism
Minarchism 		Right-wing Artur Dziambor 1
Z United
Zjednoczeni 		Solidarism
Economic nationalism 		Left-wing Wojciech Kornowski 2
ZChR Union of Christian Families
Zjednoczenie Chrześcijańskich Rodzin 		National conservatism
Political Catholicism 		Far-right Bogusław Rogalski 5
ZS Slavic Union
Związek Słowiański 		Agrarianism
Economic nationalism 		Syncretic Włodzimierz Rynkowski 2
Other electoral committees with a single candidate 21

Electoral committees withdrawn before the election

[edit]

Liberal Poland – Entrepreneurs' Strike has registered electoral lists in 17 constituencies, however on 13 October 2023 the committee has announced its intention to withdraw from the race. The committee's candidates will appear on the ballot, although votes for them will be counted as invalid.[30]

List Ideology Political position Leader # of constituencies Candidates
Sejm Senate
8 PL!SP Liberal Poland – Entrepreneurs' Strike
Polska Liberalna Strajk Przedsiębiorców 		Libertarianism
Populism 		Centre-right Paweł Tanajno 17 321 0

Electoral committees

[edit]

Within the stipulated deadline for submitting electoral committees, 94 committees were applied for registration, of which 85 were registered: two coalitions, 40 political parties and 43 voters. 46 committees declared running for both the Sejm and the Senate, three only for the Sejm and 36 only for the Senate.[31][32]

Electoral committees
Type Committee Status Sejm lists Senate lists
1 Party Confederation Liberty and Independence Fielded lists Yes Yes
2 Party New Left[f] Fielded lists Yes Yes
3 Party Nonpartisan Local Government Activists Fielded lists Yes Yes
4 Party Liberal Poland Entrepreneurs' Strike Fielded lists Yes No
5 Party Patriots Poland Registered Declared No
6 Party There is One Poland Fielded lists Yes Yes
7 Coalition Civic Coalition PO .N iPL Zieloni Fielded lists Yes Yes
8 Party Slavic Union Fielded lists Declared Yes
9 Party Freedom Party Registered Declared Declared
10 Coalition Third Way PSL-PL2050 of Szymon Hołownia Fielded lists Yes Yes
11 Party Law and Justice Fielded lists Yes Yes
12 Party Social Movement AGROunia Yes Self-dissolved[g] Declared Declared
13 Party Non-partisans Registered Declared Declared
14 Party Anti-party Fielded lists Yes Declared
15 Party Union of Christian Families Fielded lists Declared Yes
16 Party United Fielded lists Declared Yes
17 Party Responsibility Registered Declared Declared
18 Party Normal Country Fielded lists Yes Yes
19 Voters Prosperity and Peace Movement Fielded lists Yes Yes
20 Party Free Europe Registered Declared Declared
21 Party Poland 2050[d] Fielded lists Declared Yes
22 Party Repair of Poland Movement Fielded lists Yes Yes
23 Party Piast – Unity of Thought of European Nations and the World Registered Declared Declared
24 Voters German Minority Fielded lists Yes Yes
25 Party Silesians Together Fielded lists Declared Yes
26 Party Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland Registered Declared Declared
27 Voters Andrzej Dziuba – Senate Pact Fielded lists No Yes
28 Party Polish Pirate Party Fielded lists No Yes
29 Voters Pact Senate for Citizens Fielded lists No Yes
30 Voters Marcin Nowak Fielded lists No Yes
31 Party New Hope Registered Declared Declared
32 Voters Krzysztof Kwiatkowski – Senate Pact Fielded lists No Yes
33 Voters Krzysztof Lechowski Fielded lists No Yes
34 Voters Civic Pact Lasecki Fielded lists No Yes
35 Voters Lidia Staroń – Always on the Side of People Fielded lists No Yes
36 Voters Robert Roguski Fielded lists No Yes
37 Voters "Future of Poland" Rejected No Declared
38 Party Free and Solidary Fielded lists Declared Yes
39 Voters Independent Candidate Dawid Borowiak Fielded lists No Yes
40 Voters Polish Anti-war Movement Rejected No Declared
41 Voters Mirosław Augustyniak Candidate For Senator of the Republic of Poland Fielded lists No Yes
42 Voters Dariusz Męczykowski Fielded lists No Yes
43 Voters Jan Maria Jackowski Fielded lists No Yes
44 Party People's Party "Ojcowizna" RP Registered Declared Declared
45 Party Congress of the New Right Registered Declared Declared
46 Voters Prof. Joanna Senyszyn Registered No Declared
47 Voters Professor Krzysztof Gutkowski Fielded lists No Yes
48 Party New Democracy - Yes Fielded lists No Yes
49 Voters Wadim Tyszkiewicz – Senate Pact Fielded lists No Yes
50 Voters Civic Agreement Fielded lists No Yes
51 Party Social Alternative Registered Declared Declared
52 Voters Our Left Fielded lists Declared Yes
53 Party The Right Registered No Declared
54 Voters Zygmunt Frankiewicz – Senate Pact Fielded lists No Yes
55 Voters Beata Mnich Fielded lists No Yes
56 Party Self-Defence Registered Declared Declared
57 Voters Józef Zając Fielded lists No Yes
58 Party Wolnościowcy Fielded lists Declared Yes
59 Voters Jerzy Markowski Registered No Declared
60 Voters Liberal Democracy Registered Declared Declared
61 Party Republican Party Registered Declared Declared
62 Party Silesian Regional Party Registered Declared Declared
63 Party Unity of Poles Movement Registered Declared Declared
64 Voters Lucyna Kulińska in the Service of the Republic Registered No Declared
65 Voters Non-partisan Anti-system Fielded lists Declared Yes
66 Voters Yes for Senate RP Jan Kuriata Fielded lists No Yes
67 Voters Mirosław Piasecki Candidate For Senator of the Republic of Poland Fielded lists No Yes
68 Voters of Zamojszczyzna Fielded lists No Yes
69 Voters Nonpartisan Local Government Activists of Galicia Registered Declared Declared
70 Party Fourth Republic of Poland Registered Declared Declared
71 Voters Social Poland Registered Declared No
72 Party Public Interest Registered Declared Declared
73 Voters Believe in Poland Registered Declared Declared
74 Voters E-parliament-New Civilization Registered No Declared
75 Voters Independent is Alive Registered Declared Declared
76 Voters Kajetan Gornig Registered No Declared
77 Voters Mariusz Kazimierz Wójtowicz Fielded lists No Yes
78 Voters Mateusz Pazdan "Cooperation and Honesty" Rejected No Declared
79 Party Conservative Party Registered Declared Declared
80 Voters Candidate of the Mountain Land Fielded lists No Yes
81 Voters From Greater Poland to the Senate Registered No Declared
82 Party National Movement Registered Declared Declared
83 Voters Krzysztof Wawrzyniec Borkowski Senate Pact Fielded lists No Yes
84 Voters Greater Poland Senate Initiative Fielded lists No Yes
85 Voters Together for Częstochowa Registered Declared Declared
86 Voters Royal Cities Rejected No Declared
87 Voters European Left Fielded lists No Yes
88 Voters "Royal Senate" Rejected No Declared
89 Party "Piast" Faction Registered Declared Declared
90 Voters Local Government Initiative Together Registered Declared Declared
91 Voters Fair Elections Rejected Declared Declared
92 Voters ROP Rejected Declared Declared
93 Voters Dr Rafał Stachura – Senate Pact Rejected No Declared
94 Party Compatriots Registered Declared Declared

Timeline

[edit]

With the President setting the election date to be 15 October 2023, the following schedule was approved by the National Electoral Commission (PKW):[33]

Timeline of the 2023 Polish parliamentary election
DateEvent description
until 28 August
  • Parties, coalitions and citizen groups can register electoral committees with PKW
  • Regional voting commissions are to be formed and registered
until 6 September at 16:00
  • Electoral committees are to deliver lists of candidates
until 11 September
  • Voting commissions in medical and care facilities, prisons, jails, and student dormitories are to be formed and registered
until 15 September
  • Voting districts, the location of polling stations, including accessibility information are to be announced
  • Ship captains are to register maritime voting districts
  • Electoral committees are to recommend members for polling stations
until 25 September
  • Local voting commissions are to be constituted
  • Foreign voting districts and polling stations abroad are to be announced
until 2 October
  • Disabled and senior voters (60 years of age and above) can:
    • apply to vote by mail, also to receive Braille-ready ballots
    • apply to receive free-of-charge transport to and from the polling station in their place of residence – in municipalities with no public transport available
until 5 October
  • Regional voting commissions are to announce candidate lists in their districts
  • Public transport arrangements in rural and semi-rural districts are to be announced
DateEvent description
until 6 October
  • Disabled and senior voters can authorize proxy voters
until 10 October
  • Citizen electoral committees of national minorities can apply to waive the 5% vote threshold
between 1 September and 12 October
  • Voters can:
    • apply to vote outside their registered address in their country or abroad; or
    • receive a certificate to vote at any polling station in the country
  • Soldiers, border guards and other service members can apply to vote in their place of service
between 30 September and 13 October
  • Polish public radio and TV stations are to broadcast electoral committees' announcements free of charge
On 13 October at 24:00
  • The electoral campaign is to formally conclude
  • Election silence commences: no political broadcasts, social media posts or issuing of new physical advertising materials is allowed
.
On 15 October
  • The vote takes place between 7:00 and 21:00
  • Projected results of the exit poll are announced

Opinion polls

[edit]
Main article: Opinion polling for the 2023 Polish parliamentary election

Results

[edit]

Sejm

[edit]
See also: List of Sejm members (2023–2027)

PiS remained the largest party in the Sejm, but with about 35% of the vote, lost its majority and was unable to form a government. The three main opposition groups, Civic Coalition, Third Way and New Left, took 54% of the votes, winning enough seats to allow them to take power.[34] According to the final vote count by the National Electoral Commission, Law and Justice won 194 seats, the Civic Coalition 157, the Third Way 65, The Left 26, and the Confederation Liberty and Independence 18.[35]

Although the German Minority Electoral Committee did win 5.37% of the vote in the Opole region in this election, they came 6th instead of the expected 5th place, falling 5,372 votes short. The Opole Voivodeship represents a total of 12 Sejm seats, and as the 5th place was taken by the far-right Confederation Liberty and Independence, the last 12th seat, which had previously been won by German Minority, went to them instead.[36] As a result, the German Minority Electoral Committee failed to win any parliamentary seat for the first time in 32 years.[37]

For detailed results by constituency and party breakdown, see Results breakdown of the 2023 Polish parliamentary election (Sejm).
Results of the 2023 Polish parliamentary election by powiats
Results of the 2023 Polish parliamentary election by gminas
Results of Sejm elections 1991–2023
Party or allianceVotes%Seats+/–
United RightLaw and Justice6,286,25029.11157−30
Sovereign Poland465,0242.1518+8
The Republicans99,3730.464+3
Kukiz'15[h]74,9590.352New
Independents715,2483.3113−8
Total7,640,85435.39194−41
Civic CoalitionCivic Platform4,992,93223.12122+20
Modern375,7761.746−2
Polish Initiative252,0211.173+1
The Greens67,3920.3130
AGROunia53,5710.251New
Good Movement8,2540.040New
Independents[i]879,6454.0722+3
Total6,629,40230.70157+23
Third WayPoland 2050[j]1,561,5427.2333New
Polish People's Party[k]1,189,6295.5128+9
Centre for Poland70,1170.323+3
Union of European Democrats21,0560.100−1
Independents and others268,3261.241−9
Total3,110,67014.4165+35
The LeftNew Left1,199,5035.5519−19
Left Together453,7302.107+1
Independents and others205,7850.950−5
Total1,859,0188.6126−23
ConfederationNew Hope551,9012.566+1
Confederation[l]341,1881.587+7
National Movement199,1490.920−5
Confederation of the Polish Crown182,5730.852+1
Independents and others268,9851.253+3
Total1,547,3647.1718+7
Nonpartisan Local Government Activists401,0541.8600
There is One Poland351,0991.630New
German Minority25,7780.120−1
Prosperity and Peace Movement24,8500.120New
Normal Country4,6060.020New
Anti-party1,1560.010New
Repair Poland Movement8230.000New
Total21,593,295100.004600
Valid votes21,596,67498.31
Invalid/blank votes370,2171.69
Total votes21,966,891100.00
Registered voters/turnout29,532,59574.38
Source: National Electoral Commission, National Electoral Commission

By constituency

[edit]
Constituency Law and Justice Civic Coalition Third Way The Left Confederation Nonpartisan Local Government Activists There is One Poland Others
% Seats % Seats % Seats % Seats % Seats % Seats % Seats % Seats
1 – Legnica 34.80 5 33.78 5 10.75 1 9.51 1 6.33 0 3.34 0 1.49 0 – –
2 – Wałbrzych 33.34 3 37.17 4 12.13 1 7.98 0 6.02 0 1.80 0 1.57 0 – –
3 – Wrocław 26.66 4 36.94 6 13.74 2 11.35 1 6.98 1 2.89 0 1.44 0 – –
4 – Bydgoszcz 30.45 4 35.01 5 15.06 2 9.92 1 6.42 0 1.67 0 1.47 0 – –
5 – Toruń 34.06 5 29.52 4 15.68 2 11.25 1 6.37 1 1.44 0 1.25 0 0.42[m] 0
6 – Lublin 45.48 8 20.32 3 15.87 2 5.72 1 8.38 1 1.60 0 2.30 0 0.35[m] 0
7 – Chełm 50.75 7 17.40 2 13.04 2 5.62 0 7.79 1 2.08 0 2.83 0 0.48[m] 0
8 – Zielona Góra 27.76 4 37.73 5 15.07 2 9.27 1 6.51 0 2.31 0 1.12 0 0.22[n] 0
9 – Łódź 26.82 3 41.07 5 11.89 1 12.22 1 5.57 0 1.23 0 1.20 0 – –
10 – Piotrków Trybunalski 46.60 6 21.69 2 13.73 1 6.39 0 7.62 0 2.17 0 1.38 0 0.43[m] 0
11 – Sieradz 41.46 6 25.89 3 14.50 2 7.73 1 6.82 0 1.62 0 1.45 0 0.52[m] 0
12 – Kraków I 42.86 5 24.24 2 14.97 1 6.04 0 7.88 0 1.78 0 2.22 0 – –
13 – Kraków II 30.68 5 30.73 5 16.86 2 11.04 1 7.71 1 1.51 0 1.47 0 – –
14 – Nowy Sącz 53.73 6 16.10 2 11.58 1 3.18 0 8.73 1 2.49 0 4.18 0 – –
15 – Tarnów 48.67 5 17.02 2 18.64 2 4.00 0 7.99 0 1.38 0 2.30 0 – –
16 – Płock 44.11 5 22.40 3 17.07 2 6.52 0 6.52 0 2.03 0 1.35 0 – –
17 – Radom 48.68 6 20.96 2 13.98 1 5.34 0 7.31 0 1.71 0 1.53 0 0.50[m] 0
18 – Siedlce 48.62 7 18.71 2 15.51 2 4.85 0 8.21 1 1.86 0 1.90 0 0.35[o] 0
19 – Warsaw I 20.14 4 43.23 9 13.25 3 13.45 3 6.24 1 1.37 0 1.32 0 – –
20 – Warsaw II 31.74 4 35.23 4 15.06 2 7.06 1 7.06 1 2.27 0 1.59 0 – –
21 – Opole 31.26 4 33.59 5 12.74 1 7.24 1 6.49 1 1.57 0 1.74 0 5.37[p] 0
22 – Krosno 54.70 7 15.85 2 13.79 1 4.47 0 8.62 1 2.07 0 – – 0.50[m] 0
23 – Rzeszów 51.60 9 17.70 3 12.42 2 4.87 0 9.48 1 1.53 0 2.40 0 – –
24 – Białystok 42.39 7 20.84 3 18.86 3 4.84 0 9.79 1 1.16 0 1.64 0 0.47[m] 0
25 – Gdańsk 25.20 3 41.70 6 14.70 2 9.41 1 6.23 0 1.44 0 1.32 0 – –
26 – Słupsk 29.24 4 37.91 6 13.59 2 8.33 1 7.21 1 1.62 0 2.10 0 – –
27 – Bielsko-Biała I 36.71 4 28.67 3 14.55 1 7.77 0 7.84 1 1.73 0 2.46 0 0.28[q] 0
28 – Częstochowa 36.35 3 29.11 3 14.72 1 9.41 0 6.56 0 2.09 0 1.74 0 – –
29 – Katowice I 30.16 3 36.06 4 13.34 1 9.21 1 6.95 0 1.90 0 2.38 0 – –
30 – Bielsko-Biała II 38.06 4 29.98 3 12.45 1 6.84 0 8.00 1 2.27 0 2.40 0 – –
31 – Katowice II 30.88 4 36.79 5 13.27 1 8.46 1 6.70 1 1.80 0 2.10 0 – –
32 – Katowice III 29.74 3 30.30 3 9.85 1 21.60 2 5.69 0 1.45 0 1.37 0 – –
33 – Kielce 47.07 8 20.93 4 13.80 2 6.83 1 6.55 1 2.88 0 1.38 0 0.55[r] 0
34 – Elbląg 35.20 4 31.87 3 15.40 1 8.11 0 6.54 0 1.44 0 1.12 0 0.33[q] 0
35 – Olsztyn 32.33 4 33.07 4 16.11 1 8.09 1 6.93 0 1.98 0 1.48 0 – –
36 – Kalisz 35.85 5 28.85 4 16.16 2 8.52 1 6.98 0 2.39 0 1.52 0 – –
37 – Konin 38.69 4 23.99 2 16.63 2 9.48 1 6.97 0 2.35 0 1.38 0 0.51[m] 0
38 – Piła 29.11 3 34.87 4 17.66 2 7.84 0 6.87 0 1.91 0 1.74 0 – –
39 – Poznań 19.57 2 44.09 5 16.54 2 12.31 1 5.90 0 1.59 0 – – – –
40 – Koszalin 31.36 3 38.69 4 12.35 1 8.72 0 6.02 0 1.63 0 1.24 0 – –
41 – Szczecin 28.79 4 40.13 6 12.62 1 9.39 1 5.94 0 1.62 0 1.12 0 0.39[m] 0
Poland 35.4 194 30.7 157 14.4 65 8.6 26 7.2 18 1.9 0 1.6 0 0.3 0
Source: National Electoral Commission

Senate

[edit]
See also: List of Polish senators (2023–2027)
Largest electoral alliance in each Senate constituency
Winning party in each Senate constituency
size
Party or allianceVotes%Seats+/–
Civic CoalitionCivic Platform5,107,36023.8636+2
Independents1,079,9355.055−4
Total6,187,29528.9141−2
Third WayPolish People's Party1,282,9525.994+2
Poland 2050[s]726,7403.405New
Union of European Democrats198,0740.9310
Centre for Poland177,1580.831New
Independents77,4360.360New
Total2,462,36011.5011+8
The LeftNew Left659,6503.085+4
Left Together294,1501.372New
Polish Socialist Party59,9800.2810
Labour Union55,3720.261+1
Independents62,4870.290New
Total1,131,6395.299+7
Senate Pact independents[t]573,0602.684+1
Senate Pact 2023 total10,354,35448.3865+14
United RightLaw and Justice6,352,85229.6829−9
Sovereign Poland131,6490.621−1
The Republicans64,0200.300New
Independents901,3544.214−2
Total7,449,87534.8134−14
Confederation Liberty and Independence1,443,8366.7500
Nonpartisan Local Government Activists1,049,9194.9100
New Democracy - Yes95,6910.450New
Mirosław Piasecki Candidate for Senator RP58,1020.2700
There is One Poland55,4180.260New
Union of Christian Families51,2060.240New
Silesians Together50,2740.2300
Free and Solidary42,9560.200New
Civic Agreement41,5920.190New
Polska 2050[d]30,7630.140New
German Minority Electoral Committee29,3900.1400
Polish Pirate Party27,2860.130New
Slavic Union25,8020.1200
Prosperity and Peace Movement20,6720.100New
Repair Poland Movement15,2360.070New
United13,4220.060New
Wolnościowcy4,0530.020New
Normal Country2,1770.0100
Independents and other committees
with a single candidate		540,9742.531−3
Total21,402,998100.001000
Valid votes21,402,99897.53
Invalid/blank votes541,8862.47
Total votes21,944,884100.00
Registered voters/turnout29,532,59574.31
Source: National Electoral Commission

By constituency

[edit]
# Voivodeship Commission # Result Elected Member
1 Lower Silesian Legnica I The Left gain from Law and Justice Waldemar Witkowski
2 II Civic Coalition gain from Law and Justice Marcin Zawiła [pl]
3 III The Left gain from Law and Justice Małgorzata Sekuła-Szmajdzińska
4 Wałbrzych I Civic Coalition hold Agnieszka Kołacz-Leszczyńska
5 II Law and Justice hold Aleksander Szwed
6 Wrocław I Third Way gain from Civic Coalition Kazimierz Michał Ujazdowski
7 II Civic Coalition hold Grzegorz Schetyna
8 III Civic Coalition hold Barbara Zdrojewska
9 Kuyavian-Pomeranian Bydgoszcz I Civic Coalition hold Andrzej Kobiak
10 II Civic Coalition hold Ryszard Brejza [pl]
11 Toruń I Civic Coalition hold Tomasz Lenz
12 II Third Way hold Ryszard Bober
13 III The Left gain from Law and Justice Krzysztof Kukucki [pl]
14 Lublin Lublin I Law and Justice hold Stanisław Gogacz
15 II Law and Justice hold Grzegorz Czelej
16 III Third Way gain from Civic Coalition Jacek Trela [pl]
17 Chełm I Law and Justice hold Grzegorz Bierecki
18 II Independent gain from Law and Justice Józef Zając
19 III Law and Justice hold Jerzy Chróścikowski
20 Lubusz Zielona Góra I Third Way gain from Civic Coalition Mirosław Różański [pl]
21 II Civic Coalition hold Władysław Komarnicki
22 III Senate Pact independent hold Wadim Tyszkiewicz
23 Łódź Łódź I Civic Coalition hold Artur Dunin
24 II Senate Pact independent hold Krzysztof Kwiatkowski
25 Sieradz I Law and Justice hold Przemysław Błaszczyk
26 II The Left gain from Law and Justice Marcin Karpiński [pl]
27 III Law and Justice hold Michał Seweryński
28 Piotrków Trybunalski I Law and Justice hold Wiesław Dobkowski
29 II Law and Justice hold Rafał Ambrozik
30 Lesser Poland Kraków I Law and Justice hold Andrzej Pająk
31 II Law and Justice hold Marek Pęk
32 III Civic Coalition hold Jerzy Fedorowicz
33 IV Civic Coalition hold Bogdan Klich
34 Tarnów I Law and Justice hold Włodzimierz Bernacki
35 II Law and Justice hold Kazimierz Wiatr
36 Nowy Sącz I Law and Justice hold Jan Hamerski
37 II Law and Justice hold Wiktor Durlak
38 Masovian Płock I Third Way gain from Law and Justice Waldemar Pawlak
39 II Law and Justice hold Krzysztof Bieńkowski [pl]
40 Warszawa I Civic Coalition hold Jolanta Hibner
41 II Third Way hold Michał Kamiński
42 III Civic Coalition hold Marek Borowski
43 IV Civic Coalition hold Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska
44 V Civic Coalition hold Adam Bodnar
45 VI The Left gain from Civic Coalition Magdalena Biejat
46 Siedlce I Law and Justice hold Robert Mamątow
47 II Law and Justice hold Maciej Górski [pl]
48 III Law and Justice hold Waldemar Kraska
49 Radom I Law and Justice hold Stanisław Karczewski
50 II Law and Justice hold Wojciech Skurkiewicz
51 Opole Opole I Civic Coalition gain from Law and Justice Tadeusz Jarmuziewicz
52 II The Left gain from Civic Coalition Piotr Woźniak [pl]
53 III Civic Coalition hold Beniamin Godyla
54 Subcarpathian Rzeszów I Law and Justice hold Janina Sagatowska
55 II Law and Justice hold Zdzisław Pupa
56 III Law and Justice hold Józef Jodłowski [pl]
57 Krosno I Law and Justice hold Alicja Zając
58 II Law and Justice hold Mieczysław Golba
59 Podlaskie Białystok I Law and Justice hold Marek Komorowski
60 II Third Way gain from Law and Justice Maciej Żywno
61 III Law and Justice hold Anna Bogucka-Skowrońska
62 Pomeranian Słupsk I Civic Coalition hold Kazimierz Kleina
63 II The Left gain from Civic Coalition Anna Górska
64 III Civic Coalition hold Sławomir Rybicki
65 Gdańsk I Civic Coalition hold Bogdan Borusewicz
66 II Civic Coalition hold Ryszard Świlski
67 III Civic Coalition hold Leszek Czarnobaj
68 Silesian Częstochowa I Law and Justice hold Ryszard Majer
69 II The Left hold Wojciech Konieczny
70 Katowice I Senate Pact independent gain from Civic Coalition Zygmunt Frankiewicz
71 II Civic Coalition hold Halina Bieda
72 Bielsko-Biała I Civic Coalition gain from Law and Justice Henryk Siedlaczek
73 II Third Way gain from Law and Justice Piotr Masłowski [pl]
74 Katowice III Civic Coalition gain from Law and Justice Gabriela Morawska-Stanecka
75 IV Senate Pact independent gain from Civic Coalition Andrzej Dziuba [pl]
76 V Civic Coalition hold Beata Małecka-Libera
77 VI Civic Coalition hold Joanna Sekuła
78 Bielsko-Biała III Civic Coalition hold Agnieszka Gorgoń-Komor
79 IV Law and Justice hold Andrzej Kalata [pl]
80 Katowice VII The Left gain from Civic Coalition Maciej Kopiec [pl]
81 Świętokrzyskie Kielce I Law and Justice hold Jacek Włosowicz
82 II Law and Justice hold Jarosław Rusiecki
83 III Law and Justice hold Krzysztof Słoń
84 Warmian-Masurian Elbląg I Civic Coalition hold Jerzy Wcisła
85 II Third Way gain from Law and Justice Gustaw Marek Brzezin
86 Olsztyn I Civic Coalition gain from Independent Ewa Kaliszuk [pl]
87 II Civic Coalition gain from Law and Justice Jolanta Piotrowska [pl]
88 Greater Poland Piła I Civic Coalition hold Adam Szejnfeld
89 II Third Way hold Jan Filip Libicki
90 Poznań I Civic Coalition hold Waldy Dzikowski
91 II Civic Coalition hold Rafał Grupiński
92 Konin I Third Way gain from Civic Coalition Grzegorz Fedorowicz [pl]
93 II Law and Justice hold Leszek Galemba [pl]
94 Kalisz I Civic Coalition hold Wojciech Ziemniak
95 II Civic Coalition hold Ewa Matecka
96 III Civic Coalition hold Janusz Pęcherz
97 West Pomeranian Szczecin I Civic Coalition hold Tomasz Grodzki
98 II Civic Coalition hold Magdalena Kochan
99 Koszalin I Civic Coalition hold Janusz Gromek
100 II Civic Coalition gain from Independent Stanisław Gawłowski
Source: National Electoral Commission

Electorate demographics

[edit]
Demographic Turnout Law and Justice Civic Coalition Third Way The Left Confederation Nonpartisan Local Government Activists There is One Poland Others
Total vote 73.9% 36.1% 31.0% 14.0% 8.6% 6.8% 2.0% 1.3% 0.2%
Sex
Men 73.1% 36.3% 29.4% 13.9% 6.8% 10.2% 2.0% 1.2% 0.2%
Women 74.7% 35.9% 32.5% 14.1% 10.1% 3.7% 2.1% 1.4% 0.2%
Age
18–29 years old 70.9% 14.4% 27.6% 17.9% 17.4% 17.8% 3.5% 1.2% 0.2%
30–39 years old 73.9% 25.7% 28.8% 18.3% 10.4% 11.8% 3.0% 1.7% 0.3%
40–49 years old 80.5% 31.6% 34.5% 16.5% 8.1% 5.2% 2.2% 1.7% 0.2%
50–59 years old 84.4% 43.7% 32.3% 12.9% 5.1% 3.2% 1.5% 1.2% 0.1%
60 or older 66.5% 52.8% 31.0% 8.2% 5.2% 1.1% 0.8% 0.8% 0.1%
Occupation
Company owner n/a 20.3% 42.2% 15.9% 7.4% 10.9% 1.6% 1.5% 0.2%
Manager/expert n/a 18.4% 40.4% 19.2% 11.3% 7.3% 2.0% 1.2% 0.2%
Admin/services n/a 29.2% 31.6% 17.2% 10.7% 7.1% 2.5% 1.5% 0.2%
Farmer n/a 66.6% 9.5% 11.5% 3.0% 5.3% 2.2% 1.5% 0.4%
Worker n/a 49.6% 19.8% 11.1% 5.1% 9.6% 3.1% 1.5% 0.2%
Student n/a 11.0% 31.0% 18.6% 21.6% 13.4% 3.1% 1.1% 0.2%
Unemployed n/a 45.2% 21.4% 11.8% 7.7% 9.0% 3.1% 1.5% 0.3%
Retired n/a 53.4% 30.6% 7.8% 5.5% 1.1% 0.8% 0.7% 0.1%
Others n/a 34.7% 27.4% 15.8% 8.9% 8.5% 2.9% 1.6% 0.2%
Agglomeration
Rural 70.3% 47.6% 21.2% 13.4% 5.9% 7.8% 2.4% 1.4% 0.3%
<50,000 pop. 74.1% 33.7% 33.4% 14.7% 8.3% 6.5% 2.1% 1.2% 0.1%
51,000 - 200,000 pop. 73.9% 29.7% 36.7% 13.8% 9.9% 6.4% 1.8% 1.5% 0.2%
201,000 – 500,000 pop. 82.6% 23.9% 41.4% 15.8% 10.7% 5.4% 1.8% 0.8% 0.2%
>500,000 pop. 81.2% 21.1% 42.9% 14.0% 14.5% 5.5% 1.3% 0.7% 0.0%
Education
Elementary n/a 62.6% 15.4% 7.7% 4.7% 6.1% 2.5% 0.8% 0.2%
Vocational n/a 61.5% 18.1% 8.3% 4.2% 4.6% 2.1% 1.0% 0.2%
Secondary n/a 37.7% 29.9% 13.0% 8.1% 7.7% 2.2% 1.2% 0.2%
Higher n/a 22.2% 38.6% 17.8% 11.1% 6.8% 1.8% 1.5% 0.2%
Sejm vote in 2019
Law and Justice n/a 87.7% 2.0% 3.5% 1.1% 2.8% 1.4% 1.4% 0.1%
Civic Coalition n/a 1.0% 73.6% 16.1% 7.2% 1.1% 0.7% 0.2% 0.1%
The Left n/a 2.3% 23.1% 14.1% 57.3% 1.0% 1.7% 0.4% 0.1%
Polish Coalition n/a 14.1% 14.1% 57.8% 7.0% 2.7% 3.3% 1.0% 0.0%
Confederation n/a 6.8% 8.9% 11.1% 3.0% 63.3% 3.4% 3.1% 0.4%
Others n/a 6.7% 19.0% 36.2% 17.8% 6.6% 7.7% 4.5% 1.5%
Didn't vote n/a 14.7% 27.1% 18.7% 13.3% 19.8% 4.0% 1.8% 0.6%
Don't remember n/a 20.9% 26.1% 24.6% 12.4% 8.8% 4.3% 2.3% 0.6%
Second-round president vote in 2020
Andrzej Duda n/a 81.4% 2.7% 4.7% 1.5% 6.0% 1.8% 1.8% 0.1%
Rafał Trzaskowski n/a 1.4% 60.7% 19.8% 13.7% 2.8% 1.1% 0.3% 0.2%
Didn't vote n/a 14.7% 27.1% 18.7% 13.3% 19.8% 4.0% 1.8% 0.6%
Don't remember n/a 20.9% 26.1% 24.6% 12.4% 8.8% 4.3% 2.3% 0.6%
Source: Ipsos[38]

Analysis

[edit]

Turnout was 74.7% among women and 73.1% among men, with both giving similar levels of support for the government and two leading opposition parties, Civic Coalition and Third Way.[39][40] Analysts identified a "youthquake" in which voting by Poland's young voters had a disproportionate impact on the election outcome. Turnout for ages 18–29 reached 68.8%, compared to 46.4% in the previous elections of 2019; among these voters, support for the ruling party fell to 14.9% from 26.3% four years earlier.[41]

Aftermath

[edit]
Leaders of the three opposition parties after signing the coalition agreement.

President Andrzej Duda later announced that he would hold consultations separately with every parliamentary party leader on 24 and 25 October.[42] On 24 October, leaders of the Civic Coalition, the Polish People's Party, Poland 2050, and The Left stated they are ready to form a government with Donald Tusk as their candidate for prime minister.[43] However, Duda had a maximum of 30 days to call parliament into session, especially if he wanted the ruling Law and Justice party to try to build a government. Opposition parties had called on Duda to allow them to form a government as soon as possible and respect the will of the voters. Representatives of Duda stated that he would do so within the timeframe that the Constitution demands and allows.[44]

On 6 November, Duda named Law and Justice's incumbent prime minister Mateusz Morawiecki as his prime ministerial nominee.[45] This move was criticized by the opposition, as the United Right was 40 seats short of a majority and no other bloc had agreed to join them for coalition talks.[46]

On 10 November, Civic Coalition, Poland 2050, Polish People's Party and New Left signed a coalition agreement with Tusk as their candidate for prime minister. The opposition parties wanted to sign the agreement before the Sejm's first sitting in order to show that they stood ready to govern. Morawiecki was required to secure the Sejm's confidence within two weeks of being sworn in. Under the Constitution, if Morawiecki failed to do so, the Sejm would then designate its own candidate for prime minister, and Duda would be required to appoint that candidate before 11 December. Most commentators expected Morawiecki to come up short of the support needed to govern, as no other party willing to go into coalition with PiS would give it enough support to command the confidence of the Sejm.[47]

On 13 November, the newly elected Sejm held its first session. Szymon Hołownia, leader of Poland 2050, was elected Marshal of the Sejm, winning over the incumbent Elżbieta Witek of PiS.[48] Later that day, on the first meeting of the Senate, former Marshal of the Sejm Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska of Civic Coalition was elected Marshal of the Senate.[49]

On 27 November, Mateusz Morawiecki was sworn in by President Duda for an unprecedented third term as Prime Minister.[50] His cabinet had been mockingly dubbed the "Two Weeks Government" by Polish media due to its low likelihood of passing the confidence vote.[51][52][53] Though the far-right Confederation Liberty and Independence had been suggested by commentators as a potential coalition partner, Krzysztof Bosak, leader of the Confederation component National Movement, told Politico Europe that "there is no chance" of Confederation supporting a PiS government. Even had Confederation supported PiS, the United Right would have still been well short of a majority in the Sejm. Former prime minister Leszek Miller joked that the Morawiecki government would not survive even as long as a house fly, saying on Twitter that "Morawiecki's government will not even have time to pupate, let alone lay eggs."[54]

On 11 December, Morawiecki's caretaker cabinet lost a vote of confidence in the Sejm by 190 votes to 266.[55][56] Later that day, the Sejm nominated Tusk for prime minister, who was subsequently confirmed by 248 votes in favour and 201 against.[57] Tusk's cabinet was sworn in on 13 December.[58]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Jarosław Kaczyński is the leader of the Law and Justice party and named Mateusz Morawiecki as prime ministerial candidate
  2. ^ Following the election, Mateusz Morawiecki was first designated as Prime Minister by the President Andrzej Duda with a United Right minority government. He took the oath of office for his third term on 27 November 2023. On 11 December 2023, Morawiecki's government was defeated in a motion of confidence vote, 190 against 266, prompting the fall of his government. The same day, Donald Tusk was elected as prime minister appointee by 248 against 201, being confirmed to the post on 13 December.
  3. ^ National minority committees are not subject to the 5% threshold.
  4. ^ a b c Not related to Poland 2050 of Szymon Hołownia.
  5. ^ Individual candidates running on Third Way and Confederation lists.
  6. ^ The Left registered its committee under the New Left party to circumvent the 8% electoral threshold for electoral coalitions.
  7. ^ New Democracy - Yes left the coalition after AGROunia announced it will run on Civic Coalition lists.
  8. ^ Kukiz'15 previously ran under Polish Coalition as independents. The result does not include Paweł Kukiz who is not a party member, but got elected with 43,292 votes.
  9. ^ Two of the elected independents are also members of Yes! For Poland.
  10. ^ Includes 233,917 votes and 2 seats for supported independents.
  11. ^ Includes 23,051 votes and 1 seat for supported independents.
  12. ^ Confederation was registered as a party to circumvent the 8% electoral threshold for electoral coalitions. Five of its elected members are part of National Movement, one of New Hope and one of Confederation of the Polish Crown.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Prosperity and Peace Movement
  14. ^ Anti-party
  15. ^ Normal Country – 0.19, Repair Poland Movement – 0.15
  16. ^ German Minority
  17. ^ a b Normal Country
  18. ^ Prosperity and Peace Movement – 0.35, Normal Country – 0.20
  19. ^ Includes 104,047 votes and 1 seat for supported independents.
  20. ^ Wadim Tyszkiewicz, Krzysztof Kwiatkowski, Bogusław Waksmundzki, Krzystof Borkowski, Zygmunt Frankiewicz and Andrzej Dziuba ran as independents officially supported by the Senate Pact. Additionally Wadim Tyszkiewicz is a member of Yes! For Poland.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Opposition wins Polish election, according to exit poll". POLITICO. 15 October 2023. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  2. ^ Picheta, Rob (15 October 2023). "Poland's opposition has path to oust populist ruling party, exit poll shows". CNN. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  3. ^ a b "Poland election: Ruling Law and Justice party win poll". BBC News. 14 October 2019. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  4. ^ Stegmaier, Mary; Marcinkiewicz, Kamil (18 October 2019). "Poland's Parliament is now divided. What does this mean for the ruling Law and Justice party?". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  5. ^ Iwaniuk, Jakub (14 November 2019). "En Pologne, l'opposition conquiert le Sénat et freine la " révolution conservatrice " du PiS" [In Poland, the opposition wins the Senate and slows PiS' "conservative revolution"]. Le Monde (in French). Archived from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  6. ^ "Our goal is Polish prosperity state: PM". Telewizja Polska. 19 November 2019. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  7. ^ "New government receives vote of confidence". Telewizja Polska. 20 November 2019. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  8. ^ jk/pap (26 May 2015). "Andrzej Duda zrzekł się członkostwa w PiS". Newsweek (in Polish). Retrieved 12 October 2024.
  9. ^ François, Jean-Baptiste (27 March 2020). "En Pologne, la controverse du maintien de l'élection présidentielle". la-croix.com (in French). Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  10. ^ Walker, Shaun (13 July 2020). "Duda narrowly re-elected in Poland in boost for ruling nationalists". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 15 May 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  11. ^ "Konwencja PO. Budka proponuje Koalicję 276. "Tyle głosów potrzebnych do przejęcia władzy"" [PO Convention, Budka proposes a coalition for 276: "so many votes will be needed to get in power"]. gazetapl (in Polish). 6 February 2021. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  12. ^ "Polen: Duda unterschreibt umstrittenes Gesetz zu Einflussnahme". tagesschau.de (in German). 29 May 2023. Archived from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  13. ^ "Massenprotest gegen polnische Regierung" (in German). Archived from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
  14. ^ "Polens Präsident Andrzej Duda gibt klein bei". Deutsche Welle (in German). 2 June 2023. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
  15. ^ Viktoria Großmann (4 June 2023). "500000 Menschen protestieren gegen Polens Regierung" (in German). Archived from the original on 5 June 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
  16. ^ ""Europa, wir entschuldigen uns für die PiS": Zehntausende demonstrieren in Warschau gegen Polens Regierung". Der Tagesspiegel Online (in German). ISSN 1865-2263. Archived from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
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