Jump to content

2021 Japanese general election

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

2021 Japanese general election
← 2017 31 October 2021 2024 →
All 465 seats in the House of Representatives
233 seats needed for a majority
Opinion polls
Turnout55.98% (Increase2.30pp; Const. votes)
55.97% (Increase2.29pp; PR votes)
  First party Second party Third party
 
Fumio Kishida 20211004.jpg
Yukio Edano In front of Tenjin Twin Building (2020.10.18) (cropped).jpg
Ichirō_Matsui_20130627.jpg
Leader Fumio Kishida Yukio Edano Ichirō Matsui
Party LDP CDP Ishin
Last election 284 seats Did not exist 11 seats
Seats won 259 96 41
Seat change Decrease25 New[a] Increase30
Constituency vote 27,626,235 17,215,621 4,802,793
% and swing 48.08% (Increase0.26pp) 29.96% (New) 8.36% (Increase5.18pp)
Regional vote 19,914,883 11,492,115 8,050,830
% and swing 34.66% (Increase1.38pp) 20.00% (New) 14.01% (Increase7.94pp)
  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
 
Natsuo Yamaguchi 20220929.jpg
Yūichirō Tamaki on May 31, 2024.jpg
Kazuo Shii 2024-10-26(1) (cropped).jpg
Leader Natsuo Yamaguchi Yuichiro Tamaki Kazuo Shii
Party Komeito DPP JCP
Last election 29 seats New party 12 seats
Seats won 32 11 10
Seat change Increase3 New Decrease2
Constituency vote 872,931 1,246,812 2,639,631
% and swing 1.52% (Increase0.02pp) 2.17% (New) 4.59% (Decrease4.43pp)
Regional vote 7,114,282 2,593,396 4,166,076
% and swing 12.38% (Decrease0.13pp) 4.51% (New) 7.25% (Decrease0.65pp)
Districts and PR districts, shaded according to winners' vote strength
Prime Minister before election

Fumio Kishida
LDP

Elected Prime Minister

Fumio Kishida
LDP

This article is part of a series on
Politics of Japan
Constitution and Laws
The Monarchy

Naruhito

Fumihito

Executive

Shigeru Ishiba (LDP)

Second Ishiba Cabinet
(LDP–Komeito coalition)
Legislature

Fukushiro Nukaga

  • Vice Speaker

Kōichirō Genba

Masakazu Sekiguchi

  • Vice President

Hiroyuki Nagahama
Judiciary

Saburo Tokura

Bank of Japan
  • Governor

Kazuo Ueda

Elections


Japanese general elections


Japanese House of Councillors elections


Unified local elections
Administrative divisions
Foreign relations
flag Japan portal

General elections were held in Japan on 31 October 2021,[1] as required by the constitution. Voting took place in all constituencies in order to elect members to the House of Representatives, the lower house of the National Diet. As the constitution requires the cabinet to resign in the first Diet session after a general election, the elections will also lead to a new election for Prime Minister in the Diet, and the appointment of a new cabinet, although ministers may be re-appointed. The election was the first general election of the Reiwa era.

The election followed a tumultuous period in Japanese politics which saw the sudden resignation of Prime Minister Shinzo Abe in 2020 due to health issues and the short premiership of his successor Yoshihide Suga, who stepped down as leader of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) after only about a year in office due to poor approval ratings. The period since the previous general election in 2017 also saw the consolidation of much of the country's centre-left into a newly strengthened Constitutional Democratic Party (CDP) and the forming of the left-wing populist party Reiwa Shinsengumi led by former actor Taro Yamamoto.

The LDP, led by new Prime Minister Fumio Kishida, maintained a comfortable majority despite losing seats.[2][3] The primary two left-wing opposition parties, the CDP and the Japanese Communist Party, both underperformed expectations and lost seats relative to their standings in the chamber immediately before the election; this occurred despite both parties cooperating in a significant electoral alliance to avoid vote splitting. The CDP's poor results led to the resignation of party leader Yukio Edano shortly after the election. The Osaka-based conservative party Ishin no Kai gained 30 seats, becoming the third-largest party in the chamber.

Background

[edit]

Following the 2017 general election, the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) continued to find itself in a dominant position as Prime Minister Shinzo Abe led the party to a third consecutive victory, the first for a single Prime Minister since 1953.[4] While the LDP's strong showing seemed to suggest momentum for Abe's long-held goal of revising the anti-war Article 9 of the Constitution, the prospect for revision was thwarted due to procedural obstacles in the Diet from opposition parties and the ruling coalition losing its two-thirds majority in the House of Councillors in the 2019 election.[5]

Resignation of Shinzo Abe and election of Yoshihide Suga

[edit]
Prime Minister Shinzo Abe announced his resignation in August 2020; he resigned on 16 September, 2020.

Abe's approval ratings suffered in 2018 as several favoritism scandals dominated media coverage. However, he was still re-elected as President of the LDP in September 2018 and became the longest-serving Prime Minister in Japanese history on 19 November 2019 and the longest-serving consecutive Prime Minister on 24 August 2020.[6] However, Abe shocked observers when he announced on 28 August 2020 that he would resign the premiership due to a sudden resurgence of his ulcerative colitis.[7] Chief Cabinet Secretary Yoshihide Suga was elected the next President of the LDP in September 2020 and succeeded Abe as Prime Minister days later.[8]

Opposition party consolidation

[edit]

Meanwhile, Japan's many opposition parties remained fractured and disunited. The Constitutional Democratic Party, seeking to establish itself as the primary centre-left opposition party against the LDP, merged with majorities of the Democratic Party For the People and the Social Democratic Party as well as several independent lawmakers in late 2020, officially re-organizing as a new party while retaining the same name and Yukio Edano as leader.[9] Tokyo Governor Yuriko Koike's national party Kibō no Tō was dissolved in May 2018 after it merged with the Democratic Party to form the Democratic Party For the People, while Koike herself was re-elected in a landslide in 2020 as an independent.[10][11] The period since 2017 also saw the creation of Reiwa Shinsengumi, a left-wing populist party formed by former actor Taro Yamamoto, whose central policy position is abolition of the consumption tax.[12]

Suga's popularity falls and cabinet failure

[edit]

While beginning office relatively popular, Prime Minister Suga's approval ratings gradually worsened due to public dissatisfaction over his handling of the COVID-19 pandemic, including Japan's slow vaccine rollout compared to the rest of the developed world, and his management of the delayed 2020 Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games.[13][14] The LDP lost three Diet by-elections in April 2021 and also failed to win an outright majority in the Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly election in July despite winning the most seats. Analysts attributed the losses to Suga's low approval ratings.[15]

Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympics and COVID-19 surge

[edit]

When the Olympics were eventually held in July to August 2021, public sentiment rose as Japanese athletes secured a record haul of Olympic medals.[16] However, this did not translate into an upturn in Suga's personal ratings as the event coincided with a state of emergency while COVID-19 cases in Japan continued to surge from the Delta variant.[17] By the time the Tokyo Olympics ended, the country experienced more than a million cases.[18][19] In an Asahi Shimbun poll taken at the end of the Olympics, the Cabinet's approval ratings fell to an all-time low of 28%, even though 56% of the public agreed that hosting the Olympics was the right decision[20] signifying concern over the government's inability to handle the COVID-19 pandemic.[21] As a result, the government's pandemic response is likely to be one of the election issues.[22]

Although Suga claimed there is no evidence that the Olympics contributed to a surge in daily cases in Tokyo and other parts of Japan, experts, including the government's chief medical adviser believe the Games undermined official messaging on virus rules and encouraged people to become complacent.[23]

2021 LDP presidential election and resignation of Suga

[edit]
Main article: 2021 Liberal Democratic Party (Japan) presidential election
Suga resigned as Prime Minister in October 2021.

Following the Olympics, speculation rose that several LDP lawmakers, such as former ministers Sanae Takaichi,[24] Seiko Noda,[25] 2020 leadership candidate Fumio Kishida[25] and party policy chief Hakubun Shimomura[26] were preparing to run for the LDP leadership against Suga when his term as party president ends in September, in the lead up to the election.[24] The defeat of candidate Hachiro Okonogi, who is Suga's associate, in the Yokohama mayoral election on 22 August added pressure on the prime minister and increased speculation about his political future.[25]

On 3 September Suga announced that he would not run for re-election for the LDP leadership citing low approval ratings, paving the way for a new LDP leader and Prime Minister to take the party into the general election.[27] On 29 September, former foreign minister and centrist candidate Fumio Kishida defeated three other candidates and became the new leader of the LDP.[28] He was elected by the Diet as the 100th Prime Minister of Japan on 4 October.[29]

Opposition forms common policy platform

[edit]

On 8 September the Constitutional Democratic Party (CDP), Social Democratic Party (SDP), Japanese Communist Party (JCP) and Reiwa Shinsengumi formed a joint policy platform and an anti-LDP civil coalition for the upcoming election.[30] The platform covered six areas: constitutionalism, measures to tackle the coronavirus pandemic, reducing economic disparities, transitioning to a decarbonized society, gender equality and government transparency.[31] Policies in the platform included:

  • Opposition to constitutional revision proposed by the LDP that would expand government powers
  • Cuts in consumption tax rate and increasing tax burden on the wealthy
  • Shutting down nuclear power plants and opposition for a planned integrated resort and casino development proposals
  • New inquiries into a series of political scandals involving the LDP, including scandals of former Prime Ministers Shinzo Abe and Yoshihide Suga[32]

As part of the agreement, members of the four parties involved withdrew from running in several of the single-seat constituencies to avoid vote splitting. The Japanese Communist Party withdrew 22 candidates in total, with only 106 candidates running for the JCP in total. This number was the lowest amount of candidates fielded by the JCP since the first election following Japan's electoral reform in 1996.[33] Taro Yamamoto from Reiwa Shinsengumi withdrew from his race in the single member Tokyo 8th district for the CDP's Harumi Yoshida, choosing instead to run in the Tokyo PR block.[34] Reiwa Shinsengumi withdrew 7 candidates to avoid vote splitting amongst the opposition, accounting for 40% of its planned slate of candidates.[35]

Formation then withdrawal of First no Kai

[edit]

On 4 October the regional Tokyo-based political party Tomin First no Kai announced that it had created a new national party called First no Kai.[36] The party said that it planned to enter candidates for single-seat constituencies in Tokyo, and said that while current Governor of Tokyo Yuriko Koike will not be running, she will cooperate with the party.[37] First no Kai will be led by Chiharu Araki, a member of the Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly who is also leader of Tomin First no Kai.[38][39][40]

However, on 15 October the party said they would not be fielding any candidates for the election and would concentrate on the next election instead.[41] Analysts believed that Kishida's bringing forward of the election gave little time for recruitment of candidates, thus leading to the decision to sit out this election.[42]

Election date

[edit]

Under the post-occupation interpretation of Article 7 of the Constitution, the cabinet may instruct the Emperor to dissolve the House of Representatives for a snap election. Elections must be held within 40 days after dissolution.[43] The only time since the Second World War that the House of Representatives was not dissolved before the end of its term was in 1976. If the House of Representatives completes a full four-year term, the election must be held within 30 days before that,[44] unless the Diet is invoked, in session or about to be closed at the time. The previous House of Representatives' term ended on 21 October.[45]

An extraordinary session of the National Diet was necessary in early October to elect the new prime minister. Depending on when that Diet session closed and if and when the new cabinet dissolved the House of Representatives, possible election dates ranged from late October to 14 November without dissolution or up to 28 November with dissolution. Since the election was held in late October, the 2021 election was the first in post-war history to be held not only at, but after the actual end of term (21 October).[46][47]

On 4 October the newly elected prime minister Fumio Kishida scheduled the election for 31 October, with dissolution of the House of Representatives on 14 October, the final day of the extraordinary Diet session and campaigning set to begin on 19 October.[45]

Previous considerations

[edit]

With the resignation of Shinzo Abe in 2020 from his position as prime minister due to health issues, speculation rose of the possibility that a snap election would be held before the end of the full term, but this in fact did not happen.[48] Before the resignation announcement of Yoshihide Suga in 2021, the government did consider a plan to hold a general election on 17 October, several days before the expiration of the four-year term for House of Representatives members, government sources said on 30 August.[49]

Electoral system

[edit]

The 465 seats of the House of Representatives are contested via parallel voting: 289 members are elected in single-member constituencies using first-past-the-post voting, while 176 members are elected in 11 multi-member constituencies via party list proportional representation. Candidates are allowed to stand in a constituency and be present in the party list, such that if they lose their constituency election, they may still be elected in the proportionally allocated seats.

Political parties

[edit]
See also: List of political parties in Japan
Parties Leader Ideology Seats Status
Last election Before election
Liberal Democratic Party Fumio Kishida Conservatism
284 / 465
276 / 465
 Governing coalition
Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan Yukio Edano Liberalism
55 / 465
109 / 465
[b] 		Opposition
Komeito Natsuo Yamaguchi Conservatism
29 / 465
29 / 465
 Governing coalition
Japanese Communist Party Kazuo Shii Communism
12 / 465
12 / 465
 Opposition
Democratic Party For the People Yuichiro Tamaki Reformism
50 / 465
[c]
11 / 465
[d] 		Opposition
Nippon Ishin no Kai Ichirō Matsui Conservatism
11 / 465
11 / 465
 Opposition
Social Democratic Party Mizuho Fukushima Social democracy
2 / 465
1 / 465
 Opposition
Reiwa Shinsengumi Tarō Yamamoto Progressivism Did not exist
1 / 465
 Opposition

Party manifestos

[edit]

Liberal Democratic Party

[edit]
This article is part of
a series about
Fumio Kishida
  • Ministerial career
  • Leadership of the Liberal Democratic Party
  • Premiership
  • Elections

The LDP manifesto, titled "Create a new era together with you" was released on 12 October and included:[50][51]

  • Wealth redistribution to revive the Japanese economy and empowering the middle class
  • Tax breaks for corporations willing to raise wages
  • Advance administrative reforms to facilitate digitalization
  • Massive investment in science and technology, and funds for university research
  • Secure robust supply chains for critical materials, such as rare earths
  • Electronic COVID-19 vaccine passports
  • Continued development of nuclear fusion power generation, and expansion of renewable energy to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050
  • Expanding support for small and medium businesses hit by the COVID-19 pandemic
  • Offer subsidies for enterprises if they move into new industries
  • Constitutional amendment including the proposed Japanese constitutional referendum to specifically mentioning the Self-Defense Forces in Article 9 of the Constitution and establishing a provision granting the Cabinet stronger powers in an emergency
  • Raising Japan's defense budget “above two percent” of gross domestic product (GDP) and enhancing Japan's defense capabilities
  • Support Taiwan's bid to join the CPTPP agreement and WHO observer status
  • Promoting further nuclear disarmament and nuclear nonproliferation[52]

Observers commented that Prime Minister Kishida's promises during his LDP leadership campaign were missing from the manifesto, and the manifesto was heavily influenced by LDP's conservative figures like Sanae Takaichi, Akira Amari and ex-prime minister Shinzo Abe.[51]

Constitutional Democratic Party

[edit]

On 13 October, the CDPJ added into its manifesto:[53][54]

  • Allowing couples to adopt different surnames
  • Equality laws for LGBTQ people
  • Laws recognising same-sex marriage
  • Supplementary budget worth more than ¥30 trillion and cash handouts of ¥120,000 to low-income individuals
  • Temporary cuts in consumption tax rate from 10% to 5%
  • Changing the corporate tax into a progressive system
  • Raising the ceiling for income tax on rich individuals
  • Raise capital gains tax to 25% by 2023 in principle and eventually to 30%
  • Realizing carbon neutrality without relying on nuclear power, and 100% renewable energy by 2050
  • Expanding public support for housing, education, health care, nurseries and elderly care
  • Better conditions for medical professionals by a ¥200,000 salary bonus, increasing staff at public health centers and expanding PCR testing
  • Revision to the U.S.–Japan Status of Forces Agreement[52]
  • Halt construction work related to the relocation of Marine Corps Air Station Futenma in Okinawa[52]
  • Enter Japan into Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons as an observer[52]

Komeito

[edit]

Komeito policies included:[52]

  • Enter Japan into Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons as an observer
  • Expanded subsidies to raise the wages of employees working at small businesses
  • Resume the Go To Travel domestic tourism stimulus program
  • No building of new nuclear power plants and decarbonization through thermal power
  • Allowing couples to adopt different surnames

Japanese Communist Party

[edit]

On 12 October the JCP announced its manifesto, including the following proposals:[54]

  • Cash handouts of ¥100,000 to middle-income households
  • Raise the minimum wage, currently averaging at ¥930, to ¥1,500 per hour
  • Lower the consumption tax to 5%
  • Increase the existing government target of 46% cuts in carbon emissions by fiscal year 2030, to 50% and 60%

Nippon Ishin no Kai

[edit]

The Nippon Ishin no Kai manifesto featured pledges including:[55][56]

  • Reform of social insurance and pension system, with the introduction of a universal basic income of ¥60,000 per month, with additional supplements for non-coupled elderly
  • Reform of income tax and social insurance fee, replacing the current system with a two-tiered income tax
  • Deregulation of the workforce, allowing for compensated dismissals
  • Reform of the social medical insurance system from age-based subsidy rates to income-based cost subsidies
  • Universal access to free education from preschool to university, written within the constitution
  • Introduction of the "2:1 rule", requiring two pieces of regulation to be removed per introduction of any new industrial regulation
  • Deregulation of protected industries such as ridesharing, finance and agriculture
  • Separate surnames for married couples
  • Same-sex marriage legalisation
  • Maintaining current emission reduction targets with consideration of carbon pricing schemes
  • Legislating Osaka as the vice-capital of Japan
  • Push for further devolution with merger of prefectures into states (dōshūsei), while allocating the consumption tax as a regional tax
  • Constitutional amendments including: Universal free education, devolution, and the establishment of constitutional courts
  • Maintaining agnate succession of the Imperial throne while considering re-royalisation of former Imperial household members.
  • Repealing the 1%GDP cap on defence spending and the establishment of a national intelligence organisation
  • Promotion of free trade, especially within the Asia-pacific region
  • Add hospital capacity for COVID-19 treatment[57]
  • Temporary cuts in consumption tax rate from 10% to 5%, with tax rates set to 8% after two years[58]
  • 30% reduction in diet members, and a 30% cut in member's compensation
  • Contributions reform prohibiting corporate and organisational donations to political parties and candidates
  • Establishment of a public documents bureau, digitalisation of all public document, and maintaining edit records through utilisation of blockchain technology

Opinion polls

[edit]
This section is an excerpt from Opinion polling for the 2021 Japanese general election § Graphical summary.[edit]

The charts below depict party identification polling for the next Japanese general election using a 15-poll moving average.

  LDP
  CDP
  DP
  Kōmeitō
  JCP
  Nippon Ishin no Kai
  DPFP
  SDP
  LP
  Reiwa Shinsengumi
  Kibō no Tō
  N-Koku
  CDP
  DP
  Kōmeitō
  JCP
  Nippon Ishin no Kai
  DPFP
  SDP
  LP
  Reiwa Shinsengumi
  Kibō no Tō
  N-Koku

Candidates

[edit]
Numbers of candidates by party[59]
Party Before election Const. PR Total
LDP 276 277 310 338
CDP 109 214 239 240
Komei 29 9 44 53
JCP 12 105 40 130
Ishin 11 94 96 96
DPFP 8 21 27 27
Reiwa 1 12 21 21
SDP 1 9 15 15
N-Koku 1 27 11 30
Others 1 9 14 23
Ind. 0 80 – 78
Total 461 857 817 1,051

Results

[edit]
Main article: Results of the 2021 Japanese general election
Constituency Cartogram

Many polls had predicted a weakened LDP or even a complete loss of government control in the elections,[60] with one poll by The Japan Times suggesting the party would lose around 40 seats. Though the LDP did lose 25 seats compared to the previous elections, they comfortably maintained their single-party majority in the Diet.[61][62]

The opposition coalition of CDP, JCP, SDP and Reiwa Shinsengumi failed to increase its seat share, suffering a net loss of thirteen seats compared to the outgoing parliament. The CDP itself remained the largest opposition party, finishing second with 96 seats; although this marked an increase on the 55 seats won by the original CDP in the 2017 elections, the party had held 109 seats going into the elections following the merger with the Democratic Party For the People. The JCP lost two seats going from 12 to 10, the SDP kept its one constituency seat in Okinawa, and Reiwa Shinsengumi increased its seats from one prior to the election to three.

The Osaka-based Nippon Ishin no Kai saw a strong third-place finish with 41 seats, a net gain of 30. The party won all seats in Osaka prefecture, except for four where they did not stand a candidate. The party also finished first in the Kinki Proportional Block.[63]

PartyProportionalConstituencyTotal
seats		+/–
Votes%SeatsVotes%Seats
Liberal Democratic Party19,914,88334.667227,626,23548.08187259–25
Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan11,492,09520.003917,215,62129.965796New
Nippon Ishin no Kai8,050,83014.01254,802,7938.361641+30
Komeito7,114,28212.3823872,9311.52932+3
Japanese Communist Party4,166,0767.2592,639,6314.59110–1
Democratic Party For the People2,593,3964.5151,246,8122.17611New
Reiwa Shinsengumi2,215,6483.863248,2800.4303New
Social Democratic Party1,018,5881.770313,1930.5511–1
NHK Party796,7881.390150,5420.2600New
Shiji Seitō Nashi46,1420.08000
Japan First Party33,6610.0609,4490.0200New
Yamato Party16,9700.03015,0910.0300New
New Party to Strengthen Corona Countermeasures by Change of Government6,6200.0100New
Kunimori Conservative Party29,3060.0500New
Love Earth Party5,3500.0100New
Nippon Spirits Party4,5520.01000
Reform Future Party3,6980.0100New
Renewal Party2,7500.0000New
Party for a Successful Japan1,6300.0000New
Independents2,269,1683.951212–10
Total57,465,979100.0017657,457,032100.002894650
Valid votes57,465,97997.5857,457,03297.55
Invalid/blank votes1,425,3662.421,443,2272.45
Total votes58,891,345100.0058,900,259100.00
Registered voters/turnout105,224,10355.97105,224,10355.98
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications

By prefecture

[edit]
Prefecture Total
seats 		Seats won
LDP CDP Ishin Komeito DPP JCP SDP Ind.
Aichi 15 11 3 1
Akita 3 2 1
Aomori 3 3
Chiba 13 9 4
Ehime 4 4
Fukui 2 2
Fukuoka 11 8 2 1
Fukushima 5 2 3
Gifu 5 5
Gunma 5 5
Hiroshima 7 5 1 1
Hokkaido 12 6 5 1
Hyōgo 12 8 1 1 2
Ibaraki 7 5 1 1
Ishikawa 3 3
Iwate 3 2 1
Kagawa 3 1 1 1
Kagoshima 4 2 1 1
Kanagawa 18 11 7
Kōchi 2 2
Kumamoto 4 3 1
Kyoto 6 2 2 1 1
Mie 4 3 1
Miyagi 6 4 2
Miyazaki 3 2 1
Nagano 5 4 1
Nagasaki 4 3 1
Nara 3 1 1 1
Niigata 6 2 3 1
Ōita 3 2 1
Okayama 5 4 1
Okinawa 4 2 1 1
Osaka 19 15 4
Saga 2 2
Saitama 15 12 3
Shiga 4 4
Shimane 2 2
Shizuoka 8 5 2 1
Tochigi 5 4 1
Tokushima 2 1 1
Tokyo 25 15 8 1 1
Tottori 2 2
Toyama 3 3
Wakayama 3 2 1
Yamagata 3 3
Yamaguchi 4 4
Yamanashi 2 2
Total 289 187 57 16 9 6 1 1 12

By PR block

[edit]
PR block Total
seats 		Seats won
LDP % CDP % Ishin % Komeito % JCP % DPP % RS %
Chūgoku 11 6 43.4% 2 18.4% 1 9.2% 2 14.0% 0 5.5% 0 3.7% 0 3.0%
Hokkaido 8 4 33.6% 3 26.6% 0 8.4% 1 11.5% 0 8.1% 0 2.9% 0 4.0%
Hokuriku–Shinetsu 11 6 41.8% 3 22.0% 1 10.3% 1 9.2% 0 6.4% 0 3.8% 0 3.2%
Kinki (Kansai) 28 8 25.7% 3 11.6% 10 33.9% 3 12.3% 2 7.8% 1 3.2% 1 3.1%
Kyushu 20 8 35.7% 4 20.1% 2 8.6% 4 16.5% 1 5.8% 1 4.4% 0 3.9%
Northern Kanto 19 7 35.2% 5 22.5% 2 10.0% 3 13.3% 1 7.2% 1 4.8% 0 3.9%
Shikoku 6 3 39.2% 1 17.2% 1 10.2% 1 13.7% 0 6.4% 0 7.2% 0 3.1%
Southern Kanto 22 9 34.9% 5 22.3% 3 11.7% 2 11.5% 1 7.2% 1 5.2% 1 4.1%
Tohoku 13 6 39.5% 4 24.1% 1 6.3% 1 11.1% 1 7.1% 0 4.8% 0 3.5%
Tokai 21 9 37.4% 5 22.1% 2 10.3% 3 11.7% 1 6.1% 1 5.7% 0 4.1%
Tokyo 17 6 31.0% 4 20.1% 2 13.3% 2 11.1% 2 10.4% 0 4.7% 1 5.6%
Total 176 72 39 25 23 9 5 3

Party-list vote by prefecture

[edit]
Prefecture LDP CDP Innovation Komeito JCP DPFP Reiwa SDP
Aichi 35.9 22.4 11.0 11.3 6.4 5.7 4.4 1.3
Akita 45.4 21.1 5.6 10.8 5.9 5.2 2.7 2.3
Aomori 43.2 23.8 4.4 11.0 7.9 2.5 3.3 2.7
Chiba 35.5 22.1 11.2 12.4 7.0 5.3 3.8 1.4
Ehime 41.1 18.6 9.9 14.2 5.2 4.4 3.3 2.1
Fukui 45.9 20.9 9.1 9.5 5.3 3.6 3.4 1.1
Fukuoka 33.0 19.3 11.1 17.3 6.5 4.4 4.3 2.5
Fukushima 37.9 25.7 5.3 11.2 7.2 5.2 3.8 2.3
Gifu 40.3 20.6 10.0 11.6 6.2 5.0 3.8 1.2
Gunma 38.4 20.2 9.3 14.3 7.3 3.5 3.6 1.9
Hiroshima 45.9 17.0 10.4 12.3 4.9 3.5 2.8 1.9
Hokkaido 33.6 26.6 8.4 11.5 8.1 2.9 4.0 1.6
Hyogo 27.4 13.4 32.1 12.3 6.2 3.0 3.3 1.2
Ibaraki 38.1 20.2 9.9 14.1 5.7 5.9 3.7 1.3
Ishikawa 44.1 18.4 14.4 8.7 4.5 3.5 3.1 1.9
Iwate 35.5 29.2 4.6 9.2 8.0 5.2 3.8 3.1
Kagawa 39.9 13.1 8.7 11.7 4.5 16.4 2.5 2.0
Kagoshima 41.3 20.7 7.7 14.3 4.6 3.1 3.2 3.6
Kanagawa 34.2 22.2 12.5 10.8 7.4 5.2 4.3 1.9
Kochi 38.0 21.7 6.1 15.0 10.4 3.0 3.0 1.5
Kumamoto 40.8 19.1 7.2 17.1 4.3 3.9 3.5 2.5
Kyoto 29.2 13.7 23.0 9.8 13.2 5.1 3.7 1.1
Mie 36.3 25.0 9.1 13.8 5.3 3.9 3.9 1.2
Miyagi 37.4 22.9 10.0 11.4 7.3 3.9 3.5 2.3
Miyazaki 38.9 17.2 9.1 16.2 5.3 5.3 2.8 3.5
Nagano 35.0 26.3 9.1 10.3 8.9 3.9 3.4 2.0
Nagasaki 37.1 19.7 7.2 15.7 4.8 8.7 3.0 2.5
Nara 30.6 13.9 28.1 11.8 7.0 3.5 2.7 1.1
Niigata 43.9 24.2 6.5 8.7 6.1 4.0 3.0 2.3
Oita 36.5 22.4 7.6 14.1 5.3 3.8 3.5 5.3
Okayama 37.8 19.8 9.7 15.9 6.3 4.7 3.0 1.4
Okinawa 23.8 20.2 6.0 20.9 9.7 3.1 5.9 8.6
Osaka 20.4 9.0 42.5 13.4 7.6 2.2 2.8 1.0
Saga 41.4 25.8 6.1 12.8 3.8 3.4 3.2 2.1
Saitama 32.5 23.6 10.2 13.3 8.4 4.9 4.1 1.6
Shiga 35.1 15.8 21.2 8.7 7.3 5.1 4.2 1.5
Shimane 42.5 22.0 7.4 12.7 5.8 3.5 2.9 2.1
Shizuoka 39.3 20.9 9.7 11.3 5.6 7.0 3.6 1.3
Tochigi 38.1 24.5 10.3 11.7 4.5 4.2 3.6 1.6
Tokushima 35.8 15.6 17.0 14.4 6.9 3.9 3.8 1.2
Tokyo 31.0 20.1 13.3 11.1 10.4 4.7 5.6 1.4
Tottori 36.5 23.7 7.9 16.5 6.0 3.2 3.5 1.6
Toyama 45.7 12.7 18.4 8.4 5.0 3.5 2.9 2.2
Wakayama 33.8 11.1 21.5 15.8 7.2 5.7 2.6 0.9
Yamagata 41.7 20.9 5.1 12.4 6.0 6.9 3.4 2.3
Yamaguchi 49.6 14.7 7.4 14.4 5.4 2.8 3.5 1.4
Yamanashi 39.7 24.8 6.0 11.7 6.5 4.5 4.1 1.5
Japan 34.7 20.0 14.1 12.4 7.3 4.5 3.9 1.8

Reactions

[edit]

The results were disappointing for Japan's left-wing opposition parties, who had sought to capitalize on the high disapproval ratings of LDP administrations in 2020–2021. The two largest opposition parties, the CDP and the JCP, both lost seats compared to the outgoing parliament, despite their unified candidate agreement and joint policy platform.[64] CDP leader Yukio Edano announced two days after the election that he would resign as leader following the party's performance, triggering a leadership election.[65]

The right-wing populist Nippon Ishin no Kai gained 30 seats, receiving strong support in its home region of Osaka.[63] Ishin no Kai became the third-largest party in the chamber, which was seen by observers as a sign of voter dissatisfaction with both the ruling coalition and traditional opposition parties.[66]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The Constitutional Democratic Party was formally re-founded in September 2020 following a merger between the CDP, a majority of the former Democratic Party for the People and some independent Diet members. The new party voted to retain the CDP name and Edano as leader.
  2. ^ The current CDP was formed in 2020 by a merger of the original CDP and the Democratic Party For the People, the formal successor to Kibō no Tō. Some former members of both Kibō no Tō and the DPFP had objected to the successive mergers and did not join the new CDP; going into the 2021 elections, the new CDP held 109 seats.
  3. ^ Kibō no Tō
  4. ^ The Democratic Party merged with Kibō no Tō in May 2018, forming the Democratic Party For the People. The majority of the DPFP later merged with the Constitutional Democratic Party in September 2020. 14 members however refused to merge and instead formed a new party retaining the DPFP name and branding.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Pekkanen, Robert J.; Reed, Steven R.; Smith, Daniel M. (eds.). 2022. Japan Decides 2021: The Japanese General Election. Springer.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Voting for Japan's Lower House underway". NHK World-Japan. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
  2. ^ "Japan's Ruling Coalition Poised to Keep Power Despite Losses". Bloomberg News. 31 October 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
  3. ^ 日本放送協会. "【時系列まとめ】衆議院選挙 開票速報タイムライン 全議席確定". NHKニュース. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  4. ^ Rich, M. (22 November 2017). "Japan Election Vindicates Shinzo Abe as His Party Wins Big". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  5. ^ Johnston, Eric (22 July 2019). "Abe's push to amend Japan's Constitution faces uncertain future after Upper House vote". The Japan Times. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
  6. ^ Harding, Robin (20 November 2019). "Shinzo Abe becomes Japan's longest serving prime minister". Financial Times. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
  7. ^ Rich, Motoko (28 August 2020). "Shinzo Abe, Japan's Longest-Serving Prime Minister, Resigns Because of Illness". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  8. ^ "Yoshihide Suga elected Japan's new prime minister succeeding Shinzo Abe". BBC News. 16 September 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  9. ^ Johnston, Eric (10 September 2020). "Yukio Edano elected chief of new CDP, Japan's top opposition party". The Japan Times. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  10. ^ "Democratic Party for the People launched with little sense of excitement". Mainichi Daily News. 8 May 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  11. ^ "開票速報｜2020都知事選（東京都知事選挙）：朝日新聞デジタル". 朝日新聞デジタル (in Japanese). Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  12. ^ Minami, Daisuke (2 August 2019). "Is populism finally coming to Japan?". The Japan Times. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
  13. ^ "Suga's approval rating plunges toward point of no return". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  14. ^ Ray, Siladitya. "Japanese Prime Minister Suga Drops Re-Election Bid As Approval Ratings Nosedive Amid Covid Surge". Forbes. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  15. ^ "LDP, Komeito fail to win majority in Tokyo assembly". The Mainichi Shimbun. 5 July 2021. Archived from the original on 21 August 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
  16. ^ "Japan ends Tokyo 2020 with record medal haul". Reuters. 8 August 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
  17. ^ "FOCUS: Japan PM Suga losing out due to poor COVID response as Olympics end". Kyodo News. 9 August 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
  18. ^ "Tokyo 2020: What's happening to Covid during the Olympics?". BBC News. 4 August 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  19. ^ "Japan COVID-19 Cases Hit 1 Million Amid Olympics, Infections Spread Beyond Tokyo". NDTV.com. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  20. ^ "Japan PM Suga's support slides to record low as Olympic Games close: survey". The Business Times. 9 August 2021.
  21. ^ "FOCUS: Steps that made Tokyo Olympics possible also left public disconnected". Kyodo News. 9 August 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
  22. ^ Nakano, Yuko (27 August 2021). "Five Things to Watch for in Japan's Upcoming Elections". www.csis.org. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  23. ^ "Olympic feelgood factor evaporates as fearful Tokyo awaits Paralympics". The Guardian. 21 August 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
  24. ^ a b "Suga's easy re-election hopes clouded by potential opponents". Kyodo News. 8 August 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
  25. ^ a b c "Analysis: Risks of party revolt grow for Japan's PM Suga after local poll loss". Reuters. 23 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
  26. ^ "Shimomura Ready to Challenge Suga in LDP Leadership Race". nippon.com. 18 August 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  27. ^ "'Suga decides not to run in LDP leadership race". NHK World-Japan. 3 September 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
  28. ^ "Ex-Foreign Minister Kishida to become next Japan PM after party vote". Kyodo News. 29 September 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
  29. ^ "Kishida takes office as Japan PM, eyes Oct. 31 general election". Kyodo News. 4 October 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
  30. ^ Wallace, Corey (19 October 2021). "Japan's General Election: A Primer". Tokyo Review. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  31. ^ "Opposition parties sign joint policy pact ahead of fall election". Asahi Shimbun. 8 September 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  32. ^ "CDP vows to pursue scandals that dogged Abe and Suga". Asahi Shimbun. 8 September 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  33. ^ "共産党、22選挙区で候補取り下げ 野党一本化目的に". 毎日新聞 (in Japanese). Mainichi Shimbun. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  34. ^ "東京８区の野党統一候補・吉田晴美氏、山本氏へ感謝「決断に心から敬意を」（日刊スポーツ）". Yahoo!ニュース (in Japanese). Yahoo! News Japan. Archived from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  35. ^ Kitami, Hideki. "Opposition leader does about-face after backlash". The Asahi Shimbun. The Asahi Shimbun: Breaking News, Japan News and Analysis. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  36. ^ "Tomin First's national party aiming to gain influence". The Japan Times. 4 October 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  37. ^ "Tokyoites First forms national political party to field candidates in lower house election". Mainichi Daily News. 4 October 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  38. ^ "Tomin First's national party aiming to gain influence". The Japan Times. 4 October 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  39. ^ "Tomin First announces launch of national political party ahead of Lower House election". The Japan Times. 3 October 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  40. ^ "Tokyoites First forms national political party to field candidates in lower house election". Mainichi Daily News. 4 October 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  41. ^ Takahashi, Ryusei (15 October 2021). "First no Kai opts out of election amid speculation over Yuriko Koike's political ambitions". The Japan Times. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  42. ^ "First no Kai opts out of election amid speculation over Yuriko Koike's political ambitions". The Japan Times. 15 October 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  43. ^ "Japan PM Suga unlikely to call election in early Sept., late Nov. possible". Kyodo News. 17 August 2021.
  44. ^ "公職選挙法". Retrieved 6 September 2021.
  45. ^ a b "Japan's general election to be held Oct. 31: sources". Kyodo News. 4 October 2021.
  46. ^ "衆院選、首相続投なら任期内の10月17日投開票が軸 新首相なら任期後にずれ込み濃厚". Tokyo Shimbun. 1 September 2021. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
  47. ^ "衆院選の投開票日、１１月上中旬の公算大に…任期満了後なら戦後初". Yomiuri Shimbun. 3 September 2021. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
  48. ^ "Ailing Abe quits as Japan PM as COVID-19 slams economy, key goals unmet". Reuters. 28 August 2020.
  49. ^ "Japan may opt for Oct. 17 election without dissolving lower house". Kyodo News. 31 August 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  50. ^ "Japan's ruling party unveils manifesto with focus on coronavirus, defence". Reuters. 12 October 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  51. ^ a b "Ruling LDP's election manifesto at odds with Kishida's campaign commitments". Japan Times. 13 October 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  52. ^ a b c d e "Pre-election briefing: Here's where the parties stand on the issues". Japan Times. 29 October 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
  53. ^ "Japan's largest opposition party focuses on human rights in party platform". Reuters. 13 October 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  54. ^ a b "In election platform, Japan's main opposition force vows to tax the rich". Japan Times. 12 October 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  55. ^ "停滞か、維新か。 - 日本維新の会 衆院選2021マニフェスト". 停滞か、維新か。 - 日本維新の会 衆院選2021マニフェスト (in Japanese). Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  56. ^ "政策｜日本維新の会". 日本維新の会. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  57. ^ "Japan's political parties differ on COVID-19 policy pledges". The Japan Times. 22 October 2021. Archived from the original on 22 October 2021.
  58. ^ "Ruling and opposition blocs appeal for votes with income redistribution plans". The Japan Times. 20 October 2021. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021.
  59. ^ 日本放送協会. "衆議院議員選挙2021 候補者情報 政策 公約 -衆院選- NHK". www.nhk.or.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  60. ^ "Polls Say Ruling LDP May Lose Outright Majority: Japan Election". Bloomberg.com. 29 October 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  61. ^ Murakami, Sakura; Park, Ju-min; Takenaka, Kiyoshi (1 November 2021). "Japan's Kishida defies expectations as ruling LDP easily keeps majority". Reuters. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  62. ^ Sugiyama, Satoshi (19 October 2021). "LDP projected to retain majority in election but lose 40 seats". The Japan Times. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  63. ^ a b McCurry, Justin (1 November 2021). "Japan election: rightwing populists sweep vote in Osaka". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  64. ^ Johnston, Eric (1 November 2021). "Failed cooperation effort prompts soul-searching by Japan's opposition". The Japan Times. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  65. ^ "CDP leader Yukio Edano to quit post after poor election results". The Japan Times. 2 November 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  66. ^ Sugiyama, Satoshi (1 November 2021). "LDP secures comfortable majority in Lower House election". The Japan Times. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2021_Japanese_general_election&oldid=1257760113"