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Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam

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Political Bureau of the Communist Party of Vietnam Central Committee
Bộ Chính trị Ban Chấp hành trung ương Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam
Information
General SecretaryTô Lâm
Elected byCentral Committee
Responsible to Central Committee
Seats15 (see 13th Politburo)
Political Bureau of the Communist Party of Vietnam Central Committee
VietnameseBộ Chính trị Ban Chấp hành Trung ương Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam
Chữ Hán部政治班執行中央黨共產越南

The Political Bureau (Politburo) of the Communist Party of Vietnam Central Committee is the highest body of the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) in between gatherings of the National Congress and of the plenary sessions Central Committee. According to Party rules, the Politburo directs the general orientation of the government, and by that, it has dominant power in the politics of Vietnam.

The members of the Politburo are elected and given a ranking by the Central Committee in the immediate aftermath of a National Party Congress. The current Politburo (13th term) was elected by the 1st Plenary Session of the 13th Central Committee in the aftermath of the 13th National Congress and consists of 15 members. The first-ranked member is General Secretary of the Central Committee.

Duties and responsibilities

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The Politburo is a subunit of the Central Committee, the supreme organ on party affairs. The members of the Central Committee, when the Party Congress has ended, freely elects the composition of the Politburo.[1] The number of Politburo members is also decided by the Central Committee membership.[2] Until 1990, there were two different forms of Politburo membership: full and alternate. When the Secretariat was abolished in 1996, a short-lived Politburo Standing Committee (also known as the Politburo Standing Board) was established.[3] Unlike the Secretariat, the Politburo Standing Committee was appointed by the Politburo and not the Central Committee (although the two bodies had nearly-identical functions). The Politburo Standing Committee was abolished in 2001 at the 9th National Congress, and the Secretariat was reestablished.[4] Elected members are given rankings in an order of precedence.[5]

The Politburo is the leading organ on Party affairs; the Central Committee convenes only twice a year, but the Politburo can implement policies which has been approved by either the previous Party Congress or the Central Committee. It is the duty of the Politburo to ensure that resolutions of the Party Congress and the Central Committee are implemented nationally. It is also responsible for matters related to organisation and personnel, and has the right to prepare (and even convene) a Central Committee plenary session.[1] The Politburo can be overruled by the Central Committee, as happened in 2001 when the Politburo voted in favour of retaining Lê Khả Phiêu as General Secretary; the Central Committee responded by overturning the Politburo decision, dismissed Lê from active politics altogether, and forced the Central Committee to elect a new General Secretary after the 9th National Congress.[6]

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Meetings are held regularly; decisions within the Politburo are made through collective decision-making, which means that policies are only enacted if a majority of Politburo members support them.[1] In the 1960s, outside analysts believed the Politburo was divided into two factions (pro-China and pro-Soviet); this forced Politburo members to decide policy through compromise. This was later proven wrong, because Hồ Chí Minh became a staunch believer in collective decision-making during the 1950s after the beginning of de-Stalinisation in the Soviet Union.[7] Hồ's successor, Lê Duẩn, stated at the 4th National Congress that "Only with collective decisions made by collective intelligence will we be able to avoid subjectivism that leads to errors and sometimes to dangerous consequences".[8] Hồ's emphasis on the maintenance of unity led the Party to eschew the Communist Party of China's (CPC) policy of "criticism and self-criticism".[9] The CPC's criticism and self-criticism policy was used to resolve "internal contradictions"; the problem with this concept was that it always assumed that one side was right.[9] "Criticism and self-criticism" was not introduced in Vietnam, chiefly for this reason.[9]

However, Zachary Abuza (author of Renovating Politics in Contemporary Vietnam) claims that Politburo decision-making is built on factional infighting and ideological differences rather than on any notion of collective leadership.[3] The Politburo is responsible to the Central Committee, and the Central Committee can question the Politburo. The composition of the Central Military Commission, the leading Party organ on military affairs, is decided by the Politburo. It is the responsibility of the Secretariat (not the Politburo) to ensure the implementation of directives stemming from the Politburo.[1]

Power in relation to the state

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Before the reforms of Nguyễn Văn Linh during the late 1980s, the Politburo was the supreme decision-making organ in all areas of party and state. Before 1988, the Politburo had no clear guideline on its responsibilities on socioeconomic issues. Because of this lack, the Politburo frequently meddled in the affairs of the Council of Ministers (the central government). Until 1988, the Politburo made detailed planning and budgetary decisions; from 1988 onward, the Politburo decides a plan's general orientation, but lets the central government make detailed socioeconomic decisions. The all-encompassing role of the Politburo before 1988 blurred the roles of the party and state in the decision-making process. Another problem until 1988 was that many members of the Politburo were leading officials within the state (again blurring the roles of party and state).[10]

The Politburo has the unofficial power to appoint members of the central government through the National Assembly of Vietnam. Because the National Assembly is dominated by the party, party leadership has considerable leverage in appointing members of the central government. However, even if the Politburo decides the appointment of officials, party members can oppose the nominees; the appointment of Đỗ Mười was opposed by the Club of Resistance Veterans, a group of reformist communist cadres.[11]

Current members

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Main article: 13th Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam

The current 18-member Politburo was elected on January 31, 2021 at the first plenum of the 13th Party Central Committee.[12] Nguyễn Phú Trọng was re-elected for his third term as General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam, a position he has held since 2011.[13] On 30 December 2022, at the 13th CC's 2nd Extraordinary Plenary Session, Phạm Bình Minh offered his resignation as a member of the 13th Politburo; the plenum approved the resignation, and he was removed from the 13th CC as well.[14] Nguyễn Xuân Phúc, the President of Vietnam and the second-ranked member of the 13th Politburo, voluntarily resigned from all state and party offices at the 3rd Extraordinary Plenary Session on 17 January 2023.[15] Vũ Đức Đam also resigned from his position of Deputy Prime Minister of Vietnam.[16] Võ Văn Thưởng was elected as President thereafter. [17]

Members of the 13th Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam
[18][19]
Rank Name 12th POL Birth PM Birthplace Education Ethnicity Gender Ref.
New Rank
Nguyễn Phú Trọng Old 1 1944 1968 Hà Nội City Graduate Kinh Male [20]
Nguyễn Xuân Phúc Old 6 1954 1982 Quảng Nam province Undergraduate Kinh Male [21]
Võ Văn Thưởng Old 17 1970 1993 Vĩnh Long province Graduate Kinh Male [22]
1 Tô Lâm Old 5 1957 — Hưng Yên province Graduate Kinh Male [23]
2 Phạm Minh Chính Old 9 1958 1986 Thanh Hoá province Graduate Kinh Male [24]
Vương Đình Huệ Old 11 1957 1984 Nghệ An province Graduate Kinh Male [25]
3 Trần Thanh Mẫn New — 1962 1982 Hậu Giang province Graduate Kinh Male [26]
Trương Thị Mai Old 14 1958 1985 Quảng Bình province Graduate Kinh Female [27]
4 Lương Cường New — 1957 1978 Phú Thọ province Undergraduate Kinh Male [28]
Phạm Bình Minh Old 13 1959 1984 Nam Định province Graduate Kinh Male [29]
5 Nguyễn Văn Nên New — 1957 1978 Tây Ninh province Undergraduate Kinh Male [30]
Đinh Tiến Dũng New — 1961 1987 Ninh Bình province Graduate Kinh Male [31]
6 Phan Đình Trạc New — 1958 1980 Nghệ An province Undergraduate Kinh Male [32]
7 Trần Cẩm Tú New — 1961 1990 Hà Tĩnh province Graduate Kinh Male [33]
8 Phan Văn Giang New — 1960 — Nam Định province Graduate Kinh Male [34]
9 Nguyễn Hòa Bình New — 1958 1981 Quảng Ngãi province Graduate Kinh Male [35]
10 Nguyễn Xuân Thắng New — 1957 1983 Nghệ An province Graduate Kinh Male [36]
Trần Tuấn Anh New — 1964 1996 Quảng Ngãi province Graduate Kinh Male [37]
11 Lê Minh Hưng New — 1970 2000 Hà Tĩnh province Graduate Kinh Male [38]
12 Nguyễn Trọng Nghĩa New — 1962 1982 Tiền Giang province Graduate Kinh Male [39]
13 Bùi Thị Minh Hoài New — 1965 1991 Hà Nam province Graduate Kinh Female [40]
14 Văn Chiến Đỗ New — 1962 1986 Tuyên Quang province Graduate San Diu Male [41]
15 Lương Tam Quang New — 1965 1998 Hưng Yên province Graduate Kinh Male [42]

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ a b c d Staff writer. "Điều lệ Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam thông qua tại Đại hội đại biểu toàn quốc lần thứ XI của Đảng" [Statute of the Communist Party of Vietnam which was approved at the 11th National Congress]. 11th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam. Archived from the original on 25 January 2013. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
  2. ^ Stern 1993, pp. 3–4.
  3. ^ a b Abuza 2001, p. 19.
  4. ^ Jeffries 2006, p. 21.
  5. ^ "Party Congress announces CPVCC Politburo members". Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. 19 January 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2012.
  6. ^ Abuza, Zachary (16 November 2001). "The Lessons of Le Kha Phieu: Changing Rules in Vietnamese politics". Vietnamese Professionals of America. The Catholic University of America: 12. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. ^ Porter 1993, p. 114.
  8. ^ Porter 1993, pp. 114–115.
  9. ^ a b c Porter 1993, p. 115.
  10. ^ Porter 1993, p. 83.
  11. ^ Porter 1993, p. 84.
  12. ^ "BREAKING NEWS: LIST OF NEWLY-ELECTED POLITBURO MEMBERS". Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. 31 January 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  13. ^ "Vietnam's Party General Secretary Nguyen Phu Trong wins re-election". Tuổi Trẻ. 31 January 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  14. ^ "Deputy PMs Minh and Đam resign from the Party Central Committee". Viet Nam News. 30 December 2022. Archived from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  15. ^ "Party Central Committee agrees to let Nguyen Xuan Phuc cease holding posts". VietnamPlus. 17 January 2023. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
  16. ^ VnExpress. "Deputy PM Vu Duc Dam loses Central Party Committee membership". VnExpress International. Retrieved 2023-06-24.
  17. ^ VnExpress. "Vo Van Thuong elected Vietnam's president". VnExpress International. Retrieved 2023-06-24.
  18. ^ "Danh sách Bộ Chính trị Ban Bí thư Ủy ban Kiểm tra Trung ương khóa XIII" [The Politburo, General Secretary, Party Central Committee Secretariat, Central Inspection Committee and Chairman of the XIII Central Inspection Committee] (in Vietnamese). Government of Vietnam. 2 February 2021. Archived from the original on 14 December 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  19. ^ "Bộ Chính trị - Khóa XIII | Ban Chấp hành Trung ương Đảng". tulieuvankien.dangcongsan.vn. Retrieved 2023-06-24.
  20. ^ "Đồng chí Nguyễn Phú Trọng" [Comrade Nguyễn Phú Trọng] (in Vietnamese). Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam. 5 July 2021. Archived from the original on 4 September 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  21. ^ "Đồng chí Nguyễn Xuân Phúc" [Comrade Nguyễn Xuân Phúc] (in Vietnamese). Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam. 26 July 2021. Archived from the original on 4 September 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  22. ^ "Ủy viên Bộ Chính trị, Thường trực Ban Bí thư Võ Văn Thưởng" [Member of the Politburo, Standing Member of the Secretariat Võ Văn Thưởng] (in Vietnamese). National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam. Archived from the original on 4 September 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  23. ^ "Ủy viên Bộ Chính trị, Đại tướng - Bộ trưởng Bộ Công an Tô Lâm" [Member of the Politburo, General, Minister of Public Security Tô Lâm] (in Vietnamese). National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam. Archived from the original on 4 September 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  24. ^ "Biography of Prime Minister Pham Minh Chinh" (in Vietnamese). Việt Nam News. 5 April 2021. Archived from the original on 4 September 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  25. ^ "Biography of new NA Chairman of National Assembly Vuong Dinh Hue". Vietnam Times (in Vietnamese). 8 April 2021. Archived from the original on 4 September 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  26. ^ "Ủy viên Bộ Chính trị, Phó Chủ tịch Thường trực Quốc hội nước CHXHCH Việt Nam Trần Thanh Mẫn" [Member of the Politburo, Standing Vice Chairman of the National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam Trần Thanh Mẫn] (in Vietnamese). National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam. Archived from the original on 17 September 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
  27. ^ "Ủy viên Bộ Chính trị, Bí thư Trung ương Đảng Trương Thị Mai" [Member of the Politburo, Secretary of the Party Central Committee, Head of the Central Organisation Committee Trương Thị Mai] (in Vietnamese). National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam. Archived from the original on 4 September 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  28. ^ "Ủy viên Bộ Chính trị, Đại tướng, Chủ nhiệm Tổng cục Chính trị Quân đội nhân dân Việt Nam Lương Cường" [Member of the Politburo, General, Chairman of the General Political Department of the Vietnam People's Army Lương Cường] (in Vietnamese). National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam. Archived from the original on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  29. ^ "Ủy viên Bộ Chính trị, Phó Thủ tướng Thường trực Chính phủ Phạm Bình Minh" [Member of the Politburo, Standing Deputy Prime Minister of the Government Phạm Bình Minh] (in Vietnamese). National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam. Archived from the original on 4 September 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  30. ^ "Ủy viên Bộ Chính trị, Bí thư Thành ủy Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh Nguyễn Văn Nên" [Member of the Politburo, Secretary of the Hồ Chí Minh City Party Committee Nguyễn Văn Nên] (in Vietnamese). National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam. Archived from the original on 17 September 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
  31. ^ "Ủy viên Bộ Chính trị, Bí thư Thành ủy Hà Nội Đinh Tiến Dũng" [Member of the Politburo, Secretary of the Hà Nội Party Committee Đinh Tiến Dũng] (in Vietnamese). National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam. Archived from the original on 17 September 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
  32. ^ "Ủy viên Bộ Chính trị, Bí thư Trung ương Đảng, Trưởng ban Nội chính Trung ương Phan Đình Trạc" [Member of the Politburo, Secretary of the Party Central Committee, Head of the Central Internal Affairs Department Phan Đình Trạc] (in Vietnamese). National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam. Archived from the original on 17 September 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
  33. ^ "Ủy viên Bộ Chính trị, Bí thư Trung ương Đảng, Chủ nhiệm Ủy ban Kiểm tra Trung ương Trần Cẩm Tú" [Member of the Politburo, Secretary of the Party Central Committee, Chairman of the Central Inspection Committee Trần Cẩm Tú] (in Vietnamese). National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam. Archived from the original on 17 September 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
  34. ^ "Ủy viên Bộ Chính trị, Đại tướng, Bộ trưởng Bộ Quốc phòng Phan Văn Giang" [Member of the Politburo, General, Minister of Defense Phan Văn Giang] (in Vietnamese). National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam. Archived from the original on 17 September 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
  35. ^ "Ủy viên Bộ Chính trị, Đại tướng, Bí thư Trung ương Đảng, Chánh án Tòa án nhân dân tối cao Nguyễn Hòa Bình" [Member of the Politburo, Secretary of the Party Central Committee, Chief Justice of the Supreme People's Court Nguyễn Hòa Bình] (in Vietnamese). National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam. Archived from the original on 17 September 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
  36. ^ "Ủy viên Bộ Chính trị, Giám đốc Học viện Chính trị quốc gia Hồ Chí Minh, Chủ tịch Hội đồng Lý luận Trung ương Nguyễn Xuân Thắng" [Member of the Politburo, Director of the Hồ Chí Minh National Academy of Politics, Chairman of the Central Theoretical Council Nguyễn Xuân Thắng] (in Vietnamese). National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam. Archived from the original on 17 September 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
  37. ^ "Ủy viên Bộ Chính trị, Trưởng Ban Kinh tế Trung ương Trần Tuấn Anh" [Member of the Party Central Committee, Head of the Central Economic Commission Trần Tuấn Anh] (in Vietnamese). National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam. Archived from the original on 4 September 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
  38. ^ "Ủy Viên Bộ Chính Trị, Bí Thư Trung Ương Đảng, Trưởng Ban Tổ Chức Trung Ương, Chánh Văn Phòng Trung Ương Đảng Lê Minh Hưng" [Member of the Politburo, Secretary of the Party Central Committee, Head of the Central Organizing Committee, Head of the Party Central Committee Office Lê Minh Hưng] (in Vietnamese). National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam. Retrieved 28 May 2024.
  39. ^ "Ủy Viên Bộ Chính Trị, Bí Thư Trung Ương Đảng, Trưởng Ban Tuyên Giáo Trung Ương Nguyễn Trọng Nghĩa" [Member of the Politburo, Secretary of the Party Central Committee, Head of the Central Propaganda Department Nguyễn Trọng Nghĩa] (in Vietnamese). National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam. Retrieved 28 May 2024.
  40. ^ "Ủy Viên Bộ Chính Trị, Bí Thư Trung Ương Đảng, Trưởng Ban Dân Vận Trung Ương Bùi Thị Minh Hoài" [Member of the Politburo, Secretary of the Party Central Committee, Head of the Central Mass Mobilization Commission Thị Minh Hoài] (in Vietnamese). National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam. Retrieved 28 May 2024.
  41. ^ "Ủy Viên Bộ Chính Trị, Bí Thư Trung Ương Đảng, Chủ Tịch Ủy Ban Trung Ương Mttq Việt Nam Đỗ Văn Chiến" [Member of the Politburo, Secretary of the Party Central Committee, Chairman of the Central Committee of the Vietnamese Fatherland Front Đỗ Văn Chiến] (in Vietnamese). National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam. Retrieved 28 May 2024.
  42. ^ "ỦY VIÊN BỘ CHÍNH TRỊ THƯỢNG TƯỚNG, BỘ TRƯỞNG BỘ CÔNG AN LƯƠNG TAM QUANG" [Member of the Politburo, Lieutenant General, Minister of Public Security Lương Tam Quang] (in Vietnamese). National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam. Retrieved 28 May 2024.

Sources

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