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Frank Fairfax

Frank Thurmond Fairfax (25 November, 1899 - 25 January, 1972) was the organizer of Protective Union Local 274, the Black Philadelphia charter (1935 - 1971) of the American Federation of Musicians (AFM/AFofM). Fairfax was also a bandleader, musician, music arranger and songwriter, performing in Philadelphia and other northeastern cities.

Frank Thurmond Fairfax

Early Years

Born in Eagle Rock, Virginia on November 25, 1899, Frank Thurmond Fairfax was sixth of the eleven offspring of Matthew L Fairfax, a preacher, and Maria Elizabeth Cash Fairfax. The family later moved to Huntington, West Virginia.

Fairfax worked his way through West Virginia State College, a land-grant school originally named the West Virginia Colored Institute, and earned his B.S. degree in Business Administration in the spring of 1921. While attending college, he joined the Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity and became active in vocal and instrumental groups, studying under Clarence Cameron White. He learned to play the trumpet, trombone, tenor saxophone, and drums.

File:Phil Edward's Collegians.jpeg

Edwards' Collegians, top left: Ben Moore, Frank Fairfax, Hayward Simpson, Gene Scott, Howard Abbott; bottom left: Phil Edwards, Joe Branch, Leroy McCoy, Howard Watkins, Chico Hicks, guitar

Frank married Kathryn Ione Adams, daughter of Dr. Arthur Stewart Adams and Mary Leota Taylor Adams. Their offspring were Dolores Anita Fairfax and Frank Thurmond Fairfax, Jr. When Frank Sr. joined a West Virginia territory jazz dance orchestra called Edwards' Collegians, he left his family behind with his mother and some siblings in Huntington, West Virginia. His family joined him in Philadelphia in 1935.

Organizer of Protective Union Local 274

During the summer of 1933, Edward's Collegians, a touring band arrived in Pennsylvania for a dance tour. The group's migration to Philadelphia, in the fall of 1933, left a lasting impact on that city's music scene, as band manager Frank Fairfax led the formation of Philadelphia's black musicians' union, American Federation of Musicians (AFofM) Local 274. Fairfax wrote, "This was a Union band, carrying “Conditional Membership” cards from the American Federation of Musicians. Upon arriving in Philadelphia, the band signed for a steady gig at The Rafters in West Philadelphia and ran straight into union trouble.” Fairfax found union recognition in this area unfavorable to Black musicians. He wrote, “The musicians needed new union cards. The dues of (white) Local 77, AFM were then $15 a year, over and above a stiff initiation fee that the members of Edward’s Collegians simply could not afford. Each musician received only $3 for a night’s work.” Since there was a need for a union for Black musicians in Philadelphia, Fairfax directed his energies towards organizing and building a successful, effective organization.

Frank Fairfax contacted the president and secretary of the American Federation of Musicians: Joe Weber and William J. Kerngood, respectively, and after much discussion, was authorized to organize a new local in Philadelphia. Fairfax was instructed to secure the names and addresses of at least 75 interested (Black) musicians. Damon Fisher, James Shorter, Harry Monroe, F. E. Walker, and a few others assisted him in recruiting the musicians to make the required number for the charter.

After negotiations between Fairfax, Kerngood and the president of Local 77, it was agreed that a charter would be granted under certain conditions satisfactory to Local 77 (prices, etc. must be the same) when $2.00 from each of the 75 musicians was collected and tendered.

During the last few days of 1934, Fairfax received the charter, local seal and all other necessary material for starting the new Local, 274. He called the first meeting for nomination of officers (2nd floor, Little Harlem Bar, 400 block of south 18th Street). The charter was dated for January 6, 1935. Fairfax acted as chairman for this meeting. Their first election was held at the YMCA, 1924 Christian Street. Below are the elected officers of the new Local:

• President............................George W. Hyder
• Vice President....................Harry Monroe
• Secretary............................Frank Fairfax
• Assistant Secretary.............Harold Allen
• Treasurer............................Wesley Fitzgerald
• Sergeant-at-arms................Damon Fisher

The configuration of officers changed in 1948 and again, several times thereafter, but over a period of 36 years, Fairfax held official positions in Musicians’ Local 274, primarily executive secretary.

File:Fairfax with officers of local 274.png

Local 274 Officers, 1942, bottom row, left to right, Frank Fairfax, secretary; George (Doc) Hyder, president, Leroy Bostic, treasurer and James Adams far right

Fairfax wrote, “We held two meetings of the body each month, same being held at the YMCA, until we rented offices at 716 S. 19th Street, where we remained for twelve years. Twelve years of peace and prosperity. We managed to lay aside a neat little cash sum of $28,000.00 above operating expenses.”

Regarding union membership, W. O. Smith wrote, “The union opened an entire new dimension for the expansion and recognition of our art. I was one of the charter members of Local 274, American Federation of Musicians. Little did I realize the impact that membership would have on the rest of my life.” 274 AFM grew in stature to become one of the finest locals in the Federation. )

During the post 1964 era of widespread desegregation under federal law, the AFofM was targeted by the AFL-CIO as one of the nation’s most segregated labor organizations. One by one, Black Musicians’ Unions in cities such as Pittsburgh, Detroit and Chicago, home of the most powerful and wealthy Black Musicians’ Union, were forced to merge with larger, more powerful white unions. The case of Local 274, although it was 25 percent white, was no exception. But the members of Local 274, under the leadership of their president James ‘Jimmy’ Adams, refused to merge with Philadelphia’s Local 77, the white union which claimed as members among many others, all the musicians of the world renowned Philadelphia Orchestra,

File:Frank Fairfax at the union hall.jpeg

Fairfax working at Local 274 Union Hall

Also under James Adam's leadership, the Philadelphia Clef Club, a separate entity but the “social arm” of Local 274, was formed. It had its own charter and its own liquor license. (10) Mr. Adams prevailed in court against Local 77 when the latter sought to absorb all the assets of Local 274, which had its charter revoked by the AFofM in the spring of 1970. Instead of those assets going to Local 77, they went to the Philadelphia Clef Club, which eventually purchased a building.

Local 274’s resistance to consolidate with the Local 77 resulted in its expulsion from the AFofM in April, 1971. (8). Eventually, the musicians from Local 274 joined Local 77(8) which, according to Diane Turner Ph.D., diminished Black musicians' power and status in the music industry.

Fairfax had long seen the inevitability of erasing the color line in Philadelphia music. In May, 1971, he joined Local 77, AFofM. and began serving as assistant to the Project Chairman of the Music Performance Trust Fund. Concurrently, he served as Secretary of the Philadelphia Clef Club of the Performing Arts, Inc. until his death.

Musician

Singer and trombonist Clyde Bernhardt (1905-1986) recalled performing in 1928 with Frank Fairfax, who was then playing bass horn and trumpet in a Huntington, West Virginia-based group, Henry McClane's Society Orchestra. In July, 1929. Subsequently, Fairfax was playing trombone for Phil Edwards' Collegians, a college dancing orchestra formed sometime in 1928 Bluefield, West Virginia, that toured the Eastern seaboard. According to one report,in 1928 it toured the South with the Steppin Fetchit Review(NO 2.15.89, 8.) For a time it was managed by Sylvester Massey of Huntington. At some point in the firsthalf of 1930, Edwards' Collegians landed a job as the house band for Cincinnati's Greystone Ballroom, from whence it regularly broadcast over WLW for a least eighteen months (PC 10.31.31, 2/7) Such was its reputation that in 1931 it earned eighth place in the Pittsburgh Courier's Most Popular Band Contest, a consequence, at least in part, of its presence on the airwaves. In 1932 and 1933, still led by Edwards but managed by Frank Fairfax, the Collegians made an extensive tour of the southeastern United States. to Chico Hicks, banjo and guitar player, Fairfax took a large role in the booking and business management of the Collegians. The group's representative would travel ahead of the orchestra to different towns to find bookings, and then would meet with Frank Fairfax, who would configure the schedule. Fairfax also wrote some of the music arrangements for Edwards' Collegians. Hicks also recounted that it was probably the Fairfax-West Virginia State connection that brought Chappie Willet into the band.

By September of 1933 Chappie Willet assumed leadership and subsequently the band relocated the Philadelphia.

File:Chappie Willet's Orchestra.jpeg

Edward's Collegians, Chappie Willet center, Frank Fairfax 4th from left

They landed a steady job at the Rafters Club in West Philadelphia, Fairfax was first trombonist in Chappie Willet’s Orchestra in Philadelphia and while performing with the same band on the campus of Princeton University in March, 1934. By late 1934 the band broke up.

Orchestra Leader

File:Bandleader.jpeg

Frankie Fairfax, Bandleader

In December of 1934, Fairfax organized his own band, the Frankie Fairfax Campus Club Orchestra, and returned to The Rafters. When playing at The Rafters, the band had a violin trio, a trumpet quartet, trombone quartet, sax and clarinet quartet, and a very polished vocal ensemble.

Frankie Fairfax’s band was heard on the airwaves from Philadelphia radio station WDAS. Other engagements for Frankie Fairfax’s band (its name would change many times, depending upon the venue) included Ubangi Club, Parrish Cafe, Oasis Ballroom, O.V. Catto Auditorium, the Kit Kat, Club Logan, social club parties, charity balls, sorority and fraternity dances, private affairs, including a reception for the President of the Republic of Liberia and the President-elect of Liberia. But according to Oscar Smith, the bass player for the Frankie Fairfax Orchestra from 1935 to 1938, the band’s home base was the Strand Ballroom in South Philadelphia. Oscar Smith, base player for Frankie Fairfax's Campus Club Orchestra, describes the band in his book: “The band was just right in its blend of older experienced musicians and young lions. The veterans included Whitey Grove and Pete Brown on trumpets; Tasso Richardson and Nelson Wapler, saxophones; Fairfax and Bert Claggett, trombones. John Berry, tenor sax, and Bert Hall, drums, were of intermediate age. Ably led by the elders, the younger guys reaped the benefits of going on to make names for themselves, not only in Philadelphia but in New York, Chicago, and later the West Coast. They were Dizzy Gillespie, Charlie Shavers, Johnny Lynch, Bama Warwick, and Palmer Davis on trumpets; Harold Reed, John Brown, and Shorty Cawthon on saxophones; Calvin Jackson and Ernie Washington on piano; and Norman Dibble and Shadow Wilson on drums.” Other well-known musicians that performed in Fairfax’s band were John Hamilton and Bill Doggett.

File:Frankie Fairfax and his Ubangi Orchestra.jpeg

Frankie Fairfax center front Dizzy, Gillespie kneeling with his trumpet, and W.O. Smith, holding his bass violin

Oscar Smith wrote, “Rehearsals were a joy. Everybody was there at least an hour ahead of time. We were discovering each other, and, best of all, we were discovering music. We learned to play hard tunes with difficult chord changes. We played these challenging tunes starting in the original key and proceeding a half step up each chorus until we returned to the original key. Imagine playing tunes like “Body and Soul,” “Sweet and Lovely,” and “Smoke gets in Your Eyes” in this fashion. If nothing else, a few weeks of this would give you control of your ax (your horn, or whatever you were playing). A year of this with frequent rehearsals and gigs would put anybody at the top of his game. This band did not play stock arrangements; we played only our own written or “head arrangements.” With head or ear arrangements, we built up a repertoire in which no written music would be in sight... What we usually got was a crowd-pleaser. We gave them titles like “The Uptown Breakaway,” “The Broadway Stomp,” or “The Ridge Avenue Shuffle.”

A lengthy strike in 1938 at the Nixon Grand Theater, where Frankie’s orchestra was the band, was the beginning of the end for that 12-piece work of art. Some of the regulars drifted to other jobs and the draft boards soon picked away at the survivors.

File:Frankie Fairfax and the Cracker Jacks.jpeg

Frankie Fairfax and his Cracker Jacks

For the remainder of Fairfax’s musical career, he formed smaller combos: quartets or trios, under different names. In 1943, he formed The Frankie Fairfax Masters of Rhythm; in 1947, Frankie Fairfax’s Cracker Jacks played at the North Philly bar, The Web, The Musical Bar, and in mainstem houses in north and south New Jersey. The pianist was Marian Murphy; bass player, “Sneaky Pete” Briggs; guitarist, Roosevelt Sherman or Dick Hill, and Frankie played tenor saxophone, trombone, trumpet, and bongo drums.

Also in the 1940s, Frankie Fairfax and his Trio (Marian Murphy, piano; Dick Hill, guitar and vocals; and Frankie Fairfax, tenor saxophone, trumpet and congas) played at O’Shea’s Wagon Wheel in Harrisburg, PA. and at the Hi Hat Cafe. Frankie Fairfax’s last engagement as a working musician was in December, 1971 at a Model Cities Christmas party at Girard College.

File:Frankie Fairfax Trio1.jpeg

The Frankie Fairfax Trio: Frankie Fairfax, Marion Murphy, Dick Hill

Funeral

On January 25, 1972, at the age of 68, Frank T. Fairfax died in Hahnemann Hospital, of pneumonia and complications attending his cardiac condition. Members and officers of Consumers Education and Protective Association International Inc. (CEPA) expressed their deep regrets and sorrow at the passing of Mr. Frank Fairfax, a devoted CEPA member and Treasurer of the West Oak Lane Branch. Mr. Fairfax was always ready to respond to the call of any consumer in need of the organization’s assistance.

A delegation of CEPA members led by Mr. Garland Dempsey, International President Max Weiner, Executive Director, attended the services held on Sunday, January 30th at the Emmanuel Johnson Funeral Home. The Rev. J. Quinton Jackson , pastor of Mt. Zion Baptist Church, Germantown, officiated for the services, and Dr W. Cholmondeley, of St Paul’s Church, Plainfield N. J., assisted. (6) Musicians that had been friends and co-workers supplied soft music during the funeral services. Some of the local musicians on hand were Charlie Gaines, LeRoy Bostic, Jimmy Shorter, Agnew Gary, Danny McCune and Thomas Fleming, who directed the group. Also, Douglas Holman, Herbert Alvis, Sylvester Nash, Jimmy Adams, H. Lee Nelson, Alfonso Coverdale and Arthur Russell. Eugene Scott, Selmer Payne, Ernie Ranson, Curtis Wilder, Howard Pettis, James Gorham, Skeet McLane, and Raymond Proctor were also among the many paying tribute to Mr. Fairfax with their music. Also in attendance were his wife, Kathryn, his daughter, Dolores Anita Fairfax, and his son, Frank Fairfax Jr. Interment was held at Hillside Cemetery.

References:

Cmathias1 (talk) 06:13, 24 August 2015 (UTC)

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This Photo was found in scrapbook of subject's wife, Kathryn Fairfax, by the author of this article, who is the subject's granddaughter. The name of the photographer, Colorgram Studios Cin't O (for Cincinnati, Ohio) is written on the lower right corner of the photograph. Date of photograph is approximately 1933. Publication of this photograph is unknown.

License tagging for File:Frankie Fairfax.jpeg

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Photo was found in scrapbook of subject's wife, Kathryn Fairfax, by the author of this article, who is the subject's granddaughter. This photo was used in a Philadelphia Tribune photographer article published on May 17, 1934, called "Ace Tooter" Cmathias1 (talk) 21:30, 20 September 2015 (UTC) Cmathias1 (talk) 21:30, 20 September 2015 (UTC)All persons in the photograph are deceased, and it is believed that this photo has not been used in a Philadelphia Tribune or other publication.

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Please note that the article now references a book that includes this image: Cmathias1 (talk) 04:03, 21 September 2015 (UTC)

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This photograph was found in the scrapbook of Kathryn Fairfax, wife of the subject of this article, by the writer of this article, the subjects's granddaughter. This photograph may have been made for promotional purposes, but this researcher has not found it in any ads or publications. I don't believe there would be any repercussions if it were published in this Wikipedia article.Cmathias1 (talk) 03:42, 21 September 2015 (UTC)

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This photograph was found in the scrapbook of Kathryn Fairfax, wife of the subject of this article, by the writer of this article, the subjects's granddaughter. This photograph was created by an unknown photographer and was used for promotional purposes only during the time period that the subject was a bandleader, from 1935 through 1938. This researcher has not found it in any ads or publications that have a copyright. I don't believe there would be any repercussions if it were published in this Wikipedia article.Cmathias1 (talk) 03:49, 21 September 2015 (UTC)

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Thanks for uploading File:Frankie Fairfax and the Cracker Jacks.jpeg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

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This photograph was found in the scrapbook of Kathryn Fairfax, wife of the subject of this article, by the writer of this article, the subjects's granddaughter. This photograph may have been made for promotional purposes, but this researcher has not found it in any ads or publications. I don't believe there would be any repercussions if it were published in this Wikipedia article.Cmathias1 (talk) 03:40, 21 September 2015 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Frankie Fairfax Trio1.jpeg

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Speedy deletion nomination of File:Frankie Fairfax.jpeg

A tag has been placed on File:Frankie Fairfax.jpeg requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section F1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the image is an unused redundant copy (all pixels the same or scaled down) of an image in the same file format, which is on Wikipedia (not on Commons), and all inward links have been updated.

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Speedy deletion nomination of File:Edward's Collegians.jpeg

A tag has been placed on File:Edward's Collegians.jpeg requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section F1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the image is an unused redundant copy (all pixels the same or scaled down) of an image in the same file format, which is on Wikipedia (not on Commons), and all inward links have been updated.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Stefan2 (talk) 21:59, 21 September 2015 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Chappie Willet's Orchestra.jpeg

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Talkback

Hello, Cmathias1. You have new messages at Wikipedia:Media copyright questions.
Message added 23:33, 5 December 2015 (UTC). You can remove this notice at any time by removing the {{Talkback}} or {{Tb}} template.

To Whom It May Concern

This and six other photographs that I had posted on this unpublished Wiki were deleted. I will try to find the necessary copyright information that Wikipedia needs in the future, but in the meantime, I am willing to post the Wiki about Frank Fairfax without the photographs. Please give me permission to delete the notation pertaining to the photographs that were deleted, and guide me through the process of of publishing this article, as I believe I am ready to do so.

Thank you.Cmathias1 (talk) 20:12, 5 December 2015 (UTC)

Hi! I moved your comment here from File:Fairfax with officers of local 274.png, because I deleted that page. You are free to delete any message from your user pages (including this page), because all messages are kept in the page history. If you want to create an article, I strongly recommend starting it in the WP:Draft namespace (like this: Draft:Frank Fairfax). See here the about the basics: WP:My first article. Feel free to ask me if you need any help. You may ask me here, as I'll be watching this page now. Vanjagenije (talk) 02:05, 6 December 2015 (UTC)

Frank Fairfax draft

I see you were asking someone where your draft is: it at Draft:Frank Fairfax. More generally, if you click on the Contributions link at the top of every page, it will give you a list of all your edits. —teb728 t c 01:35, 8 December 2015 (UTC)

AfC notification: Draft:Frank Fairfax has a new comment

I've left a comment on your Articles for Creation submission, which can be viewed at Draft:Frank Fairfax. Thanks! LaMona (talk) 21:31, 16 December 2015 (UTC)

Your submission at Articles for creation: Frank Fairfax has been accepted

Frank Fairfax, which you submitted to Articles for creation, has been created.
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LaMona (talk) 21:33, 16 December 2015 (UTC)

Files for discussion

See Wikipedia:Files for discussion/2015 December 27#Two files for a discussion about some of your file uploads. --Stefan2 (talk) 15:59, 27 December 2015 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Frankie Fairfax and his Orchestra, Dizzy Gillespie depicted in front row.jpg

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Thanks for uploading File:Frankie Fairfax and his Orchestra, Dizzy Gillespie depicted in front row.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 18:27, 28 December 2015 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Frank Fairfax working at the Local 274 Union Hall.jpeg

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Thanks for uploading File:Frank Fairfax working at the Local 274 Union Hall.jpeg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 18:34, 29 December 2015 (UTC)