User:Vauia Rex/sandbox/Template:Hungarian cabinets

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Selbständige Zipser Republik Szepesi Köztársaság Spiš Republic
1918–1918
Status	Unrecognized state
Capital	Kežmarok
Government	Republic
Historical era	World War I
• Established	December 9 1918
• Disestablished	December 17 1918
Preceded by Succeeded by Austria-Hungary First Czechoslovak Republic

The Antibolsevista Comité (ABC, contemporaneously: (Viennese) Hungarian National Committee) was a right-wing counter-revolutionary political organisation of Hungarian émigrés in Vienna during the Hungarian Soviet Republic. It was founded by future prime minister István Bethlen on 12 April 1919. It consisted of a multitude of Right-wing factions. It mostly unsuccessfully tried to organize, diplomatically and militarily on the overthrow of the Soviet regime. It dissolved on 15 May, superseded by the counter-revolutionary governments in French-occupied Szeged. Its legitimist-militarist wing would set up paramilitaries in Styria that would remain an important political force until 1921.

Members:

Legitimists: György Szmrecsányi, György Pallavicini, Ödön Beniczky, Count Antal Sigray, Count János Zichy

Christian National Union Party: Count Pál Teleki, Count Gedeon Ráday, Béla Ángyán, Count István Bethlen, Gyula Gömbös, Count Károly Schönborn, Gusztáv Gratz

Independents: Count Tivadar Batthyány, Lehel Hédervári

Christian Social Economic Party: Sándor Ernszt

The committee attempted to lobby the Allied mission of Vienna to organize a Hungarian militia to fight against the soviets, but the allies rejected the proposal. They also negotiated with Ernő Garami, prominent leader of the right/reformist wing of the MSZDP, who left the party after its merger with communists and similarly emigrated.

To secure financial backing for the organization's operations, representatives of the ABC negotiated with several Austrian banks. However, due to the disapproval of the Austrian government and the lack of funding, the talks were unsuccessful. On May 2, 1919, ABC members orchestrated a robbery on the Hungarian embassy in Vienna, where Budapest sent 150 million korona, partially to finance revolutionary efforts in Austria. During the robbery the also detained two envoys: Elek Bolgár and Andor Fenyő, the economic attaché. 69 million Korona was later returned to the Viennese police. Nonetheless, the funds increased the group's confidence in their following action.

The legitimist wing of the ABC advocated for military action against the soviet republic. They were encouraged by the idea that a successful foothold gained in Hungarian territory would increase allied confidence in the counter-revolutionaries. The principle advocates were the Habsburg legitimists Sigray, Pallavicini, and Szmrecsányi, while Bethlen favoured a diplomatic approach.

On 6 May, about 30-40 officers attempted to cross into Hungary from Bruck am Leitha to Királyhilda (today Bruckneudorf). The unprepeared action quickly collapsed when encountering resistance from Hungarian border guards.

After the military débacle, heightened internal tensions within the ABC. Moreover, an alternative right-wing counter-revolutionary organisation emerged in french-occupied Arad, in the form of Gyula Károlyi's government.

On their last session on 15 May, the members agreed that they will support the counter-government. Pál Teleki would travel to Szeged to represent them, while Bethlen would remain in Vienna and continue to lobby to the allied mission.

The Revolutionary Governing Council also known as Garbai Government or the Council Government was the central executive of the Hungarian Soviet Republic. It was the ruling Hungarian government between March 21 and August 1 1919. It was headed by Sándor Garbai, however its de fact leader was People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs Béla Kun.

The Council's ministers were called People’s Commissars (Népbiztos). Throughout its short existence, the council went through frequent changes. The two major re-organisations took place on 3 April and 24 June. The former marked the removal of Pogány from defense, the latter the removal of Kunfi.

Originally all Commissars had deputy Commissars. After 3 April, these were promoted to equal co-Commissars. With that, the Governing Council formed the largest cabinet in Hungarian history, with a total 35 Commissars between April 7 and June 24.

The governing party was the Socialist Party of Hungary (from June 12-13: Socialist-Communist Workers' Party of Hungary), which was the merger of the Communist Party of Hungary (KMP) and the Hungarian Social Democratic Party (MSZDP), created on the day of the Soviet Republic's formation. Therefore, it was a de facto coalition government between KMP and MSZDP.

Portfolio	Minister	Took office	Left office	Party
President of the Council of Ministers	Mátyás Rákosi	14 August 1952	4 July 1953		MSZDP
Minister of State	Ernő Gerő	14 August 1952	14 November 1952		KMP
Deputy Presidents of the Council of Ministers	Ernő Gerő	14 November 1952	4 July 1953		Communist
	Árpád Házi	14 November 1952	4 July 1953		MDP
	István Hidas	14 November 1952	4 July 1953		MDP
	Károly Kiss	14 November 1952	4 July 1953		MDP
	Imre Nagy	14 November 1952	4 July 1953		MDP
Ministry of Agriculture	Ferenc Erdei	14 August 1952	4 July 1953		MDP
Ministry of Construction	Lajos Szíjártó	14 August 1952	4 July 1953		MDP
Ministry of Finance	Károly Olt	14 August 1952	4 July 1953		MDP
Ministry of Foreign Affairs	Károly Kiss	14 August 1952	14 November 1952		MDP
Ministry of the Interior	Árpád Házi	14 August 1952	14 November 1952		MDP
	József Györe	14 November 1952	4 July 1953		MDP
Ministry of Justice	Erik Molnár	14 August 1952	14 November 1952		MDP
	Gyula Décsi	14 November 1952	2 February 1953		MDP
	Béla Kovács	2 February 1953	4 July 1953		MDP
Ministry of Light Industry	Árpád Kiss	14 August 1952	4 July 1953		MDP
Ministry for Posts	Antal Katona	14 August 1952	4 July 1953		MDP
Ministry of Public Education	József Darvas	14 August 1952	4 July 1953		MDP
Minister of Foreign Trade	András Szobek	14 August 1952	4 July 1953		MDP
Ministry of Transport	Lajos Bebrits	14 August 1952	4 July 1953		MDP
Ministry of Health	Anna Ratkó	14 August 1952	18 April 1953		MDP
	Sándor Zsoldos	18 April 1953	4 July 1953		MDP

Portfolio	Position	Minister	Took office	Left office	Former Party
President of the Council of the Governing Council		Sándor Garbai	21 March	1 August
Commissariat of the Interior		Jenő Landler
	Deputy	Béla Vágó
Commissariat of Agriculture		Sándor Csizmadia
		Károly Vántus
		Jenő Hamburger
		György Nyisztor
	Deputy	Ákos Hevesi
Commissariat of Defense		József Pogány		2 April
	Deputy	Béla Szántó
	Deputy	Tibor Szamuely
Commissariat of Justice		Zoltán Rónai
	Deputy	István Ládai
Commissariat of Trade	Provisional	Jenő Landler
	Deputy	József Haubrich
	Deputy	Mátyás Rákosi
Commissariat of Food Supply		Mór Erdélyi
	Deputy	Artúr Illés
Commissariat of Public Education		Zsigmond Kunfi
	Deputy	György Lukács
	Deputy	Sándor Szabados	28 March
Commissariat of Foreign Affairs		Béla Kun
	Deputy	Péter Ágoston
Commissariat of Labor and Welfare		Dezső Bokányi
	Deputy	Rezső Fiedler
	Deputy	Antal Guth	28 March
Commissariat of Finance		Jenő Varga
	Deputy	Béla Székely
Commissariat of Socialization		Vilmos Böhm
	Deputy	Gyula Hevesi
	Deputy	Antal Dovcsák
Commissariat of German Affairs		Henrik Kalmár
Commissariat of Ruthenian Affairs		Oreszt Szabó
		Ágost Stefán	24 March	1 August

Portfolio	Position	Minister	Took office	Left office	Former Party
President of the Council of the Governing Council		Sándor Garbai			minister1_party = Hungarian Social Democratic Party
	Deputy	Antal Dovcsák	24 June	1 August
Commissariat of the Interior Commissariat of the Interior, Railways and Shipping		Jenő Landler
	Deputy	Béla Vágó
Commissariat of Agriculture		Sándor Csizmadia
		Károly Vántus
		Jenő Hamburger
		György Nyisztor
	Deputy	Ákos Hevesi
Commissariat of Defense
Commissariat of Justice
Commissariat of Trade
Commissariat of Food Supply		Mór Erdélyi
	Deputy	Artúr Illés
Commissariat of Public Education		Zsigmond Kunfi
	Deputy	György Lukács
	Deputy	Sándor Szabados
Commissariat of Foreign Affairs		Béla Kun
	Deputy	Péter Ágoston
Commissariat of Labor and Welfare
Commissariat of Finance
Commissariat of Socialization
Commissariat of German Affairs		Henrik Kalmár
Commissariat of Ruthenian Affairs		Oreszt Szabó
		Ágost Stefán
Council of National Economy

Eastern Slovak Republic Východoslovenská republika Tót Népköztársaság
1918–1918
Flag
Status	Unrecognized state
Capital	Košice
Common languages	Slovak, Hungarian, German
Government	Republic
Historical era	World War I
• Established	December 11 1918
• Disestablished	December 29 1918
Preceded by Succeeded by Austria-Hungary First Czechoslovak Republic

Hungarian People's Republic

Loss of Transylvania and Slovakia

Károlyi strivied for a pacifist policy to secure goodwill from the Entente. As a result, this period is characterised by Hungarian widthrawal behind Entente-dictated demarcation lines. Active fighting was relegated to local incidents.

French and Serbian forces would advance from the south. They reached the Belgrade Armestice line by 15 November 1918, and did not advance further. The only exception is the Yugoslav occupation of Prekmurje on 12 August 1919. To eliviate Serb-Romanian tensions in the Banat, the French forces were deployed to separate the two countries. This corridor included the city of Szeged, which played an important role in counter-revolutionary organisation.

The Kingdom of Romania re-entered WW1 on 10 November, when Austria-Hungary already signed an armestice, and ceased to exist. None the less, Romania advanced into Transylvania, first to the line of the Maros-Szamos rivers established in the Belgrade Armastice. A delegation of Transylvanian Romanians declared the union of Transylvania and Romania. On 15 August, the Romanians crossed the Belgrade demarcation line on the Maros river. To counter the Alba Iulia council, thousands of mostly Transylvanian Hungarians formed a national council in Kolozsvár (Cluj) on 22 December. Romanian troops occupied the city on the 24th. To cease hostilities Hungarian governor István Apáthy and French general Henri Mathias Berthelot attempted to arrange a new demarcation line on 31 December with a 10km neutral zone. However, neither Hungarian and Romanian governments accepted it, and Romanian troops already advanced part it. Reaching the traditional borders of Transylvania, they engaged in skirmishes with the Sekler Batallion, before the front stabilised in mid-January 1919.

The Belgrade Armestice did not contain any demarcation line in Northern Hungary, and initial Czech advances into Northwest Slovakia were contained by local Hunagrian efforts by mid-November. This prompted the Czechs to negotiate a settlement with the Károlyi government based on Wilsonian principles. The resulting Hodža-Bartha demarcation line was accepted on 6 December, and Hungary widthrew from their Slovak-speaking areas. In this power vacuum, both pro-Hungarian Slovaks and Zipser Germans tried to declare independence, but these ephemeral statelets eneded with the arrival of Czech troops. Unsatisfied with the arrangement, the Czechs prompted colonel Vix to dictate a new demarcation line, which he did on 23 December - a line close to the final Trianon border except for Ruthenia. Czech troops briefely oversteped this line, occuping the southern bank of the Ipoly river 15-29 January 1919, before local efforts pushed them out.

Burgerland and Ruszka Krajna

The two nationalities where autonomy within Hungary came close to implementation were the Germans of Burgerland and Ruthenians of Subcarpathia. Seen as Hungary's first "canton", on 25 December 1918, the Hungarian government decleared an autonomous Rusyn area called "Ruszka-Krajna" in northern Ung, Bereg and Máramaros counties. Right from its inception, the area was threatened by the advancing Czech anf Romanian troops. On 12 January 1919, Czech troops occupied Uzhhorod (Ungvár). In response to these threats, in January 1919, troops of the West Ukrainian People's Republic attempted to take over Subcarpathia, but they widthrew after comfrontation with Czech and Romanian troops. The Ruthenian Hutsul Republic however survived until June 1919. In Mukachevo (Munkács), the autonomous area survived into the Soviet Republic, when it seen a counterrevlutionary uprising from 22 April. The communist government moved in to crush them, but could only retain contol for a few days, before the renewed Romanian invasion forced the out, occuping Mukachevo on 28 April.

Hungarian Soviet Republic

Some of the Entente, especially British and American, drew the conclusion that their refusal to engage with Károlyi's diplomats fascilitated Hungary's soviet turn. To resolve this mistake, they sent a diplomatic mission to Budapest, headed by Jan Smuts.

Counter-revolutionary organisation

During the Soviet Republic, there were two broad regions of counter-revolutinary organisation.

The Antibolsevista Comité (ABC) was formed in Vienna, on 12 April 1919. It was lead by future PM Count István Bethlen, and mostly included chrisitan democrats and Habsburg legitimists. Their failed invasion of Soviet Hungary and the emergence of the rival Arad Government lead to their disintegration. However troops trained on their orders in Graz and Feldbach remained independent from Szeged's National Army.

The first counter-revolutionary government was founded on 5 May in Arad, headed by Gyula Károlyi, but it quickly flead from the invading Romanian army. Some of their members, including Károlyi, re-established themselves in French-occupied Szeged on 31 May. They were joined by former ABC members, as well as former admiral Miklós Horthy, who would organise the government's milita, the National Army. This government would see further iterations until its dissolution on 19 August.

None of these governments could overthrow the Soviet Republic before the Romanian Army did. However, the Soviets regime was greatly destablisied by local strikes, riots and uprisings. The most notable of these includes the Dunapataj Uprising 19-23 June, which saw the bloodiest moments of Szamuely's Red Terror. Concurrently, Jenő Lemberkovics and the students of Ludovika Miliary Academy launched a failed coup attempt on 24 June, alongside a revolt of the Danubian Flotilla.

The Northern Campaign

The Romanians disregarded the guarantees of the French leadership and remained on the eastern banks of the Tisza River. Kun resolved to launch a new offensive against the Romanians to dislodge them by force. The Red Army crossed the Tisza on 20 July, but their advances were repulsed after a week of fighting. By the end of the month, Romanians estblished bridgeheads on the western side of the Tisza, and the Hungarian army was rapidly disintegrating.

Seeing further resistance hopless, Kun's communists officially dissolved the Hungarian Soviet Republic on 1 August 1919, and fled the country. The remaining Social Democrats formed a new government under Gyula Peidl. He restored the Hungarian People's Repubic and abolished the reforms made under Kun. Already marching on Budapest, the Romanians reached the city on 4 August. With their approval, the Peidl governments was overthrown by 6 August by legitimist counter-revolutionaries. A Habsburg, Archduke Joseph August was named head of state as regent, while István Friedrich became Prime Minister.

Romanian Occupation and Counterrevolution

As the Soviet Republic disintegrated, the yet-unoccupies Transdanubian regions were taken over my irregular right-wing militias. The troops from Feldbach, lead by Lehár and Szigray took over Western Transdunabia centered in Szombathely. Horthy's National Army also marched out of Szeged from 4 August. Given the road to Budapest was already blocked by Romanians, they opted to march west into Southern Transdunabia, with Horthy setting up his headqaters in Siófok. The Romanian army also marched westwards, but they eventually halted at the Győr-Veszprém-Adony line by mid-August. Their westernmost incursion reached Kapuvár, where they clashed with former Székely Battallion troops.

Counter-revolutionary occupation brought with it a wave of violance called the White Terror.

Horthy declared himself independent from the Szeged Government on 9 August. By the 16th, he was legitimised in his position of Supreme Commander by the Friedrich government. The Szeged Government was thus cut out of power, forcing them to resign on 19 August.

Restoration

Post-Trianon border conflicts

In accordance with the Trianon treaty, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes returned most of Baranya and a strip of Bács-Bodrog County to Hungary. A short-lived communist state was declared in Pécs on 14 August 1921, but it ceased after Hungarian troops re-occupied the area between 21–25 August.

The last region left unresolved was of Burgenland. Although it was ceded to Austria at Saint-Germain, the country was too weak to take it by force. On 26 August 1921, the National Army withdrew from the westernmost strip (Zone A) of Burgenland. However when Austrian troops tried to occupy it, they were repulsed by Hungarian paramilitary forces lead by Pál Prónay, starting the Uprising in West Hungary. Hungary officially remained neutral in the conflict, leading Prónay to declare nominal independence as the Supreme Leader of Lajtabánság.

Italy offered to mediate between Austria and Hungary, at a conference held in Venice, from 11 October. Hungary agreed to disarm the rebels in return Austria agreed to a plebicite in and around Sopron (Ödenburg). This agreement coincided with Karl's second coup attempt. The paramilitaries were divided in the conflict, some joining either side while Prónay himself remained neutral. In November they were quickly disarmed, and Austria entered Burgenland. The Sopron area plebiscite took place on 14-16 December, in which 65.1% voted to remain in Hungary.

There was an attempt to start a second uprising in Burgenland between 11-27 July 1922, but this was quickly crushed by Hungarian gendarme.

Habsburg Coup Attempts

1921 also saw two attempts by former emperor Charles IV to regain the Hungarian throne. The first coup attempt on Holy Saturday, began on 26 March 1921, when most of the government was away. He first convened with legitimist allies in Western Transdunabia, then rode to Budapest for a private meeting with rgenet Horthy . He confronted him in a private negotiation, but Horthy refused to resign his regency. Eventually Charles agreed to not press the issue any further and left the country. The incident lead to the fall of PM Pál Teleki, whose loyalty to Horthy seemed to have waivered. It had also lead to threats of a second intervention from Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia, were the Habsburgs restored. The following months saw diplomatic activity strengthening the Little Entente around Hungary.

Charles returned to Western Transdanubia on 20 October, this time gathering military support and forming a rival government in Sopron lead by István Rakovszky. Legitimist militias that operated in the region since August 1919 (such as those of Lehár and Prónay) joined his side. They marched on Budapest, and by the morning of 23rd they reached the outskirts of the city at Budaörs. This is where they encountered the first military opposition. Although initially the legitimist had the upper hand, Charles' hesitation over starting a civil war gave Horthy time to scramble a defense. By the next day, the government had the clear military advantage, and Charles agreed to surrender to avoid further bloodshed. Charles was escorted out of Hungary by a British monitor, eventually exiling him to Madeira. The National Assembly officially dethroned the Habsburgs on 6 November 1921.

2022 Protests

Education Protests

Sárpatak, Vajdaszentiván, Marosvásárhely, Szamosújvár, Dés, Csucsa, Hídalmás, Borgói Pass, Gálfalva, Nagyszeben, Szelindek, Vízakna, Piski, Medgyes, Királynémeti, Nagyszeben, Feketehalom,

Sepsiszentgyörgy, (Fogaras), (Nagyszeben), Beszterce, Szeretfalva, Szászrégen, Moldavian expedicion, Segesvár, Olt Valley, Nagycsűr (Nagyszeben)