Jump to content

User:Uuu00001a/sandbox

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This list lists achievements and distinctions of various presidents of the United States. It includes distinctions achieved in their earlier life and post-presidencies. Due to some confusion surrounding sovereignty of nations during presidential visits, only nations that were independent, sovereign, or recognized by the United States during the presidency are listed here as a precedent.


George Washington (1789–1797)

[edit]
Further information: George Washington
George Washington was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal in 1776, 13 years before becoming president
  • First president of the United States.[1]
  • First president to have been born in the 18th century.[2]
  • First president born in Virginia.[3]
  • First president to be elected to a second term in office.[4]
  • First president to own slaves.[5]
  • First president to be an Episcopalian.[6]
  • First president to be a Freemason.[7]
  • First president to appear on a postage stamp.[1]
  • First president to receive votes from every presidential elector in an election.[a][8]
  • First president to be inaugurated in New York City.[2]
  • First president to fill the entire body of the United States federal judges; including the Supreme Court.[9]
  • First president to deliver a State of the Union address (1790).[10]
  • First president to command a standing field army while in office (during the Whiskey Rebellion).[11]
  • First president who wasn't part of a political party.[12]
  • First president to go uncontested in an election.[13]
  • First president to not have any biological children.[14]
  • First president to be declared an honorary citizen of a foreign country, and an honorary citizen of France.[15]
  • First president to deliver a Farewell Address.[16][17]

John Adams (1797–1801)

[edit]
Further information: John Adams
John Adams was the first president to live in the White House
  • First president born in Massachusetts.[3]
  • First president to live in the White House.[18]
  • First president to have previously served as vice president.[b][19]
  • First president to have previously served as an ambassador to a foreign country.[20]: 49 
  • First president to be a lawyer.[21]
  • First president who had never served in the military.[22][23]
  • First president to not be a slave owner.[24]
  • First president to wear a powdered wig in the fashion of the 18th century.[25][c][26]
  • First president who attended one of the Ivy League colleges.[20]: 49 
  • First president to have biological children.[d][27]
  • First president to begin his presidency on March 4 (In his case, 1797).[28]
  • First president to receive the oath of office from a chief justice of the United States Supreme Court[29]
  • First president to veto no bills while in office.[30]
  • First president to have a child (Charles Adams) die while in office.[e][31]
  • First president to be defeated for a second term in office.[32]
  • First president to not attend the inauguration of his successor.[28][f]
  • First president to live to the age of 90.[g][32]
  • First president to have signed the Declaration of Independence.[33]

Thomas Jefferson (1801–1809)

[edit]
Further information: Thomas Jefferson
  • First president to have previously been a governor.[h][22]
  • First president to have previously served as secretary of state.[34]
  • First president to have been widowed prior to his inauguration.[i][20]: 147 
  • First president to be inaugurated in Washington, D.C.[29]
  • First president to have his inaugural speech reprinted in a newspaper.[35]
  • First president whose inauguration was not attended by his immediate predecessor.[j][36]
  • First president to live a full presidential term in the White House.[37]
  • First president to defeat the man (Adams) whom he had previously lost to in a presidential election.[20]: 48 
  • First president who defeated an incumbent president.[20]: 48 
  • First president whose election was decided in the United States House of Representatives.[38]
  • First president to have an inaugural parade; occurred during his second inauguration.[35]
  • First president to cite the doctrine of executive privilege.[39]
  • First president to have a vice president elected under the 12th Amendment.[k][40]
  • First president to expand the country's territory[41][42]
  • First president to have pets at the White House; two grizzly bear cubs and a mockingbird.[43][44]
  • First president to found a university after being in office; the University of Virginia in 1819.[45]
  • First president to serve as rector of the University of Virginia.[46]
  • First president to deliver a State of the Union Address via writing; this practice continued until 1913.[47]

James Madison (1809–1817)

[edit]
Further information: James Madison

James Monroe (1817–1825)

[edit]
Further information: James Monroe
  • First president to have served in the United States Senate.[52]
  • First president to have a child marry at the White House.[m][53]
  • First president to ride on a steamboat.[54]
  • First president to have held over 50 years of elected public office positions by the end of his presidency[55]
  • First president to have held two cabinet positions at once prior to assuming office[55]
  • First president to have a foreign capital named after him (Monrovia, Liberia)[55]

John Quincy Adams (1825–1829)

[edit]
Further information: John Quincy Adams
Philip Haas took this daguerreotype of John Quincy Adams in 1843.

Andrew Jackson (1829–1837)

[edit]
Further information: Andrew Jackson

Martin Van Buren (1837–1841)

[edit]
Further information: Martin Van Buren
  • First president born after the Declaration of Independence.[u][29]
  • First president to be a non-native speaker of English.[v][76]
  • First president from the state of New York.[77]
  • First president to be born a citizen of the United States and not a British subject.[78]
  • First president to have multiple members of the same party (Whig) run against him.[79]
  • First president to receive over 1 million votes in an election while in office.[80]

William Henry Harrison (1841)

[edit]
Further information: William Henry Harrison
  • First president elected as a Whig to the presidency.[68]
  • First president to have 10 or more biological children.[w][27]
  • First president from the state of Ohio.
  • First president to be born in the same county as his vice president.[81]
  • First president to give an inaugural address of more than 5,000 words.[82]
  • First president to not issue an executive order[83]
  • First president to die in office.[84]
  • First president to serve less than one full term in office.[85]
  • First president to receive over 1 million votes in a presidential election before assuming office.[86]

John Tyler (1841–1845)

[edit]
Further information: John Tyler
  • First president to ascend to the presidency by the death of his predecessor.[87]
  • First president to have a veto overridden.[30][70]
  • First president to face a vote of impeachment in the House (it was unsuccessful).[88]
  • First president to be widowed while in office[x][89]
  • First president to remarry while in office.[y][54][84]
  • First president to be born after the ratification of the United States Constitution.[90]
  • First president to be expelled from his political party while in office.[91]
  • First U.S. president to be buried under a foreign flag.[z][92]

James K. Polk (1845–1849)

[edit]
Further information: James K. Polk
Polk and his cabinet in the White House dining room, 1846. Front row, left to right: John Y. Mason, William L. Marcy, James K. Polk, Robert J. Walker. Back row, left to right: Cave Johnson, George Bancroft. Secretary of State James Buchanan is absent. This was the first photograph taken in the White House, and the first of a presidential Cabinet.[93]

Zachary Taylor (1849–1850)

[edit]
Further information: Zachary Taylor
  • First president who had served in no prior elected office.[100]
  • First president to serve in the Mexican–American War.[3]
  • First president to take office while his party held a minority of seats in the U.S. Senate.[101]
  • First president to win election with his party holding no majority in either house of Congress.[102]
  • First president to win the U.S. presidential election in November.[103]
  • First president to be awarded the Congressional Gold Medal more than once.[ae][104]
  • First president to use the term "First Lady".[105]

Millard Fillmore (1850–1853)

[edit]
Further information: Millard Fillmore
  • First president to establish a permanent White House library.[106]
  • First president born in the 1800s.[af][107]
  • First president to leave office while his father was alive.[ag][51]
  • First president to install a kitchen stove in the White House.[108]

Franklin Pierce (1853–1857)

[edit]
Further information: Franklin Pierce
  • First president born in New Hampshire.[109]
  • First president born in the 19th century.
  • First president to install central heating in the White House.[54]
  • First president to deliver his inaugural address from memory.[110]
  • First president who had been elected to actively seek reelection but be defeated for nomination for a second term by his party.[111][112]
  • First president to have a Christmas tree in the White House.[108]
  • First president to keep his original cabinet members for his entire four-year term.[108]
  • First president to have multiple vetoes overridden.[30]

James Buchanan (1857–1861)

[edit]
Further information: James Buchanan
  • First president born in Pennsylvania.[113]
  • First president to serve in the military and not become an officer during their service.[ah][114]
  • First president to be a bachelor.[54][84]

Abraham Lincoln (1861–1865)

[edit]
Further information: Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln was the first president to be assassinated.

Andrew Johnson (1865–1869)

[edit]
Further information: Andrew Johnson
  • First president to ascend to the presidency by the assassination of his predecessor.[117]
  • First president to be impeached by the House of Representatives.[118]
  • First president to have members of his own party vote for impeachment.[119]
  • First president to serve in the United States Senate after being president.[118]
  • First president to issue more than twenty vetoes.[30]
  • First president to have more than ten vetoes overridden.[30]

Ulysses S. Grant (1869–1877)

[edit]
Further information: Ulysses S. Grant
Ulysses S. Grant, here shortly before his death, was the first president to write a memoir.
  • First president born in Ohio.[3]
  • First president born after the War of 1812.
  • First president to have both parents alive during his presidency[ai][51]
  • First president to veto more than fifty bills.[30]
  • First president to visit Ireland, Egypt, China, and Japan. (In 1878–1879, after leaving the presidency.)[120][121][122]
  • First president to publish his memoirs.[123]
  • First president to issue more than 40 pocket vetoes.[30]
  • First president to issue more than 100 executive orders[124]
  • First president to attend a synagogue service while in office[125]
  • First president to have served in the American Civil War.[126]
  • First president to host an Indian Chief in the White House.[108]
  • First president to approve of and sign in a National Park.[127]
  • First president to set aside federal land for wildlife protection.[127]
  • First president to be placed under arrest.[128]

Rutherford B. Hayes (1877–1881)

[edit]
Further information: Rutherford B. Hayes

James A. Garfield (1881)

[edit]
Further information: James A. Garfield
  • First president to be elected to the presidency directly from the House of Representatives.[133]
  • First president to be left-handed or ambidextrous.[aj][134]
  • First president to die before reaching the age of 50.[ak][135]
  • First president to have served as a university president.[136][137]
  • First president to deliver a campaign speech in a language other than English.[138]
  • First president who was a mathematician (he proved the Pythagorean theorem).[139][140]

Chester A. Arthur (1881–1885)

[edit]
Further information: Chester A. Arthur
  • First president born in Vermont.[3]
  • First president to take the oath of office in his own home.[al][141]
  • First president to have an elevator installed in the White House.[129]

Grover Cleveland (1885–1889, 1893–1897)

[edit]
Further information: Grover Cleveland
Grover Cleveland was the first president to serve non-consecutive terms, and the first president to be married (to Frances Folsom) at the White House
  • First president born in New Jersey.[142]
  • First president to get married at the White House.[53]
  • First president to have a child born in the White House.[54][143]
  • First president to serve non-consecutive terms.[84]
  • First president to be filmed.[144]
  • First president to veto more than 100 bills, with over 500, including over 200 pocket vetoes.[30]

Benjamin Harrison (1889–1893)

[edit]
Further information: Benjamin Harrison
  • First president to be the grandson of another president.[am][145]
  • First president to have a lighted Christmas tree at the White House.[20]: 48 
  • First president to have electric lighting installed in the White House.[129]
  • First president to have his voice recorded.[146]
  • First president to create and designate a United States Prehistoric and Cultural Site.[127]

William McKinley (1897–1901)

[edit]
Further information: William McKinley

Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909)

[edit]
Further information: Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt, shown here sitting in a steam shovel along the Panama Canal route in 1906, was the first president to visit a foreign country while in office.

William Howard Taft (1909–1913)

[edit]
Further information: William Howard Taft
William Howard Taft was the first president to also serve on the United States Supreme Court.

Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921)

[edit]
Further information: Woodrow Wilson

Warren G. Harding (1921–1923)

[edit]
Further information: Warren G. Harding
  • First president born after the Civil War.[be][186]
  • First president to have been a publisher.[186]
  • First president to have been a lieutenant governor.[bf][187]
  • First president to be elected while being a sitting U.S. senator.[bg][95]
  • First president to learn about his victory over the radio.[186]
  • First president to be elected on his birthday.[186]
  • First president elected after women gained the right to vote.[68]
  • First president to ride to and from his inauguration in an automobile.[29]
  • First president to give his inaugural address over an amplified system.[186]
  • First president to own and install a radio in the White House.[186]
  • First president to learn to drive a car.[188]
  • First president to visit Canada while in office.[189]
  • First president to predecease his father.[bh][51]
  • First president to appear on a radio broadcast, over navy radio station NOF in Anacostia, D.C.[190]

Calvin Coolidge (1923–1929)

[edit]
Further information: Calvin Coolidge
  • First president to have the oath of office administered to him by a parent.[bi][191]
  • First president to be sworn in by a former president.[bj][29]
  • First president to give a radio broadcast from the White House.[70][73]
  • First president to visit Cuba while in office.[192]
  • First president to be a Congregationalist.[193]
  • First president to appear on US coinage while alive and in office.[194]
  • First president to serve as both governor and lieutenant governor of a state.[bk][195]
  • First president to be an honorary member of a Native American tribe.[196]

Herbert Hoover (1929–1933)

[edit]
Further information: Herbert Hoover

Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945)

[edit]
Further information: Franklin D. Roosevelt

Harry S. Truman (1945–1953)

[edit]
Further information: Harry S. Truman

Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953–1961)

[edit]
Further information: Dwight D. Eisenhower

John F. Kennedy (1961–1963)

[edit]
Further information: John F. Kennedy

Lyndon B. Johnson (1963–1969)

[edit]
Further information: Lyndon B. Johnson
Following the assassination of John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson became the first president to be inaugurated on an airplane and the first president to be sworn in by a woman. The inauguration is shown in the photo above.

Richard Nixon (1969–1974)

[edit]
Further information: Richard Nixon

Gerald Ford (1974–1977)

[edit]
Further information: Gerald Ford
Following the resignation of Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford being sworn in by Warren Burger, was the first man to ascend to the presidency without being elected to either the offices of the president or vice president.

Jimmy Carter (1977–1981)

[edit]
Further information: Jimmy Carter

Ronald Reagan (1981–1989)

[edit]
Further information: Ronald Reagan
Ronald Reagan addressing the UK Parliament on June 8, 1982, the first U.S. president to do so.

George H. W. Bush (1989–1993)

[edit]
Further information: George H. W. Bush

Bill Clinton (1993–2001)

[edit]
Further information: Bill Clinton

George W. Bush (2001–2009)

[edit]
Further information: George W. Bush

Barack Obama (2009–2017)

[edit]
Further information: Barack Obama
The official portrait of Barack Obama (2009). Taken on a Canon EOS 5D Mark II

Donald Trump (2017–2021)

[edit]
Further information: Donald Trump
Donald Trump shaking hands with the supreme leader of North Korea on June 12, 2018, the first U.S. president to do so.

Joe Biden (2021–)

[edit]
Further information: Joe Biden
Biden receiving the Medal of Freedom on January 12, 2017, four years prior to his inauguration in 2021, the first U.S. president to do so.

Cabinet

[edit]
Further information: Cabinet of Joe Biden

Other appointments

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ In both the 1789 and 1792 elections, each elector voted for Washington and for another candidate.
  2. ^ Adams served as Vice President under George Washington, and thus was the first vice president of the nation.
  3. ^ Washington powdered his own hair.
  4. ^ Adams and his wife Abigail had six children, including John Quincy Adams, the sixth president. Washington did not have any children by his own, and was only a stepfather.
  5. ^ Charles Adams, the second son of John Adams, died of liver cirrhosis on November 30, 1800, when his father was still President. He was a chronic alcoholic, and was estranged from his family at the time of his death.
  6. ^ Adams did not attend Thomas Jefferson's inauguration.
  7. ^ Adams, who was born on October 30, 1735, and died on July 4, 1826, the 50th Independence Day of the United States, lived for 90 years, 247 days, and was the longest-lived president until 2001, when his record was broken by Ronald Reagan.
  8. ^ Jefferson was Governor of Virginia from 1779 to 1781.
  9. ^ Jefferson's wife Martha died in 1782, 19 years before he was inaugurated. He was also the first president whose hostess was his daughter.
  10. ^ John Adams did not attend Jefferson's inauguration, due to personal problems.
  11. ^ Originally the runner-up in the presidential election was named vice president. Adams, Jefferson and Aaron Burr became vice presidents in this way.
  12. ^ Madison left office in 1817 and his mother Nelly Conway Madison died in 1829, only seven years before her son.
  13. ^ Monroe's daughter Mary married in 1820 at the Blue Room on the State Floor of the White House.
  14. ^ Adams was the eldest son of John Adams and his wife Abigail Adams.
  15. ^ Adams' father, former President John Adams, was still alive when he took office, and died in 1826.
  16. ^ Adams' son John Adams II married in the Blue Room on February 25, 1828.
  17. ^ Adams was nominated by James Madison in 1811 and confirmed by the Senate, but declined the appointment.
  18. ^ Jackson and his immediate predecessor John Quincy Adams were both born in 1767, but Adams was born only on July 11, while Jackson was born on March 15, making him 118 days older than his predecessor.
  19. ^ Jackson's parents and two brothers emigrated from Ireland in 1765, two years before he was born.
  20. ^ Jackson's father, Andrew Jackson Sr., died in an accident in late February 1767, around three weeks before his son was born.
  21. ^ Van Buren was born on December 5, 1782, 6 years, 154 days after the Declaration of Independence.
  22. ^ Dutch was Van Buren's first language. He was called as Careful Dutchman for this factor. He spoke English as a second language.
  23. ^ Harrison had 10 children from his wife Anna Harrison, and is allegedly believed to have a daughter from a slave.
  24. ^ Tyler's first wife, First Lady Letitia Christian Tyler, died on September 10, 1842, due to a massive stroke. Aged only 51, she is the shortest-lived First Lady in U.S. history.
  25. ^ Tyler married Julia Gardiner Tyler on June 27, 1844, and had children with her.
  26. ^ Tyler died in Richmond, Virginia, then capital of the breakaway Confederate States of America, in 1862. His casket was draped with a Confederate flag.
  27. ^ Polk was aged 49 years, 122 days when he was inaugurated.
  28. ^ Polk was aged 53 years, 225 days when he died on June 15, 1849. He remains the shortest-lived President to die from natural causes.
  29. ^ Polk died in 1849, soon after leaving office. Jane Knox Polk, his mother, died in 1852, having outlived her son by three years.
  30. ^ Former president John Quincy Adams was the first president to have his photograph taken in 1843, while Polk had his photograph taken as an incumbent after he took office in 1845
  31. ^ Taylor was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal three times, first in 1846, second in 1847 and third in 1848.
  32. ^ Fillmore was born on January 7, 1800, six days after the 1800s began. He was also the first president who was born after the death of a former president, since he was born 24 days after the death of George Washington, who died on December 14, 1799.
  33. ^ Fillmore left office in 1853 and his father Nathaniel Fillmore died in 1863.
  34. ^ Buchanan served as a private in the War of 1812 during the defense of Baltimore, to date the first and only president to have only served in a non-officer capacity
  35. ^ Grant's father, Jesse Root Grant, died in 1873, and his mother Hannah Simpson Grant died in 1883. Neither attended the inauguration of their son.
  36. ^ It is widely believed that Garfield could simultaneously write Greek with his left hand and Latin with his right hand.
  37. ^ Garfield, born on November 19, 1831, was aged 49 years, 304 days when he died as a result of complications caused by gunshot.
  38. ^ Arthur was staying at his home in New York in the night of September 19, 1881, when he got the news of Garfield's death. He took oath as the president immediately, with the oath being administered by a judge of New York Supreme Court, John Brady.
  39. ^ Harrison was the grandson of William Henry Harrison, being the son of W. H. Harrison's son John Scott Harrison, who is thus the only person to have been both the son of a president and the father of another president.
  40. ^ McKinley rode with Freelan Oscar Stanley of the Stanley Motor Carriage Company in his steam car in 1899. He also rode in an electric ambulance that carried him to the hospital where he was treated after being shot.
  41. ^ Roosevelt was elected vice president in 1900, ascended to the presidency after the assassination of William McKinley in 1901, and was elected in his own right in 1904.
  42. ^ Roosevelt won the award in 1906, due to his successful mediation to end the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905).
  43. ^ Roosevelt travelled to the Panama Canal Zone in 1906, where he inspected construction of Panama Canal, and visited Panama.
  44. ^ Roosevelt won the award for his service in the Spanish–American War, and in particular his role in the Battle of San Juan Hill. The Medal of Honor was awarded posthumously in 2001, by the then President Bill Clinton.
  45. ^ Taft threw his pitch at Griffith Stadium, Washington, D.C., on the Washington Senators' Opening Day. The pitch took place on April 14, 1910.
  46. ^ In fact, Taft owned four cars when he was in office.
  47. ^ Taft served as solicitor general from 1890[168] to 1892. He became president in 1909.
  48. ^ Arizona and New Mexico were admitted to the Union under Taft's presidency.
  49. ^ Taft left office as president in 1913. He was appointed chief justice in 1921, by President Warren Harding.[172] As chief justice, he administered the oath of office to Calvin Coolidge and Herbert Hoover.
  50. ^ With Proclamation 1354, Wilson declared a national emergency relating to water transportation and shipping in the United States.
  51. ^ Wilson received a PhD in political science from Johns Hopkins University.
  52. ^ In 1918–19, Wilson visited: France, the United Kingdom, Italy (along with the Holy See, not yet a sovereign nation), and Belgium.
  53. ^ Wilson met Pope Benedict XV in 1919, during his visit to Vatican city.
  54. ^ Wilson met with King George V in 1918, during his visit to the United Kingdom.
  55. ^ Wilson attended Game 2 of the 1915 World Series in Philadelphia between the Boston Red Sox and the Philadelphia Phillies.
  56. ^ Wilson died in 1924, three years after he left office, and was interred in a sarcophagus in Washington National Cathedral.
  57. ^ Harding was born on November 2, 1865, more than six months after the end of the Civil War.
  58. ^ Harding served as Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1904 to 1906.
  59. ^ Harding was serving as a senator from Ohio when elected. He resigned his position as senator and was replaced by Frank B. Willis.
  60. ^ Harding died in 1923, and his father, George Tryon Harding, died in 1928, five years after his son.
  61. ^ Coolidge was sworn-in for the first time by his father, John Calvin Coolidge Sr., a Vermont notary public and justice of the peace in 1923.
  62. ^ Coolidge was sworn-in for the second time by William Howard Taft, who was chief justice at the time of the second inauguration of Coolidge in 1925.
  63. ^ Coolidge served as Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts from 1916 to 1919 and governor of Massachusetts from 1919 to 1921.
  64. ^ Hoover left office in 1933, and died on October 20, 1964, 31 years, 230 days after leaving office.
  65. ^ Charles Custis, who served as Vice President under Hoover, had a Native American ancestry, and was the first such person ever to reach the post.
  66. ^ The last surviving member of Hoover's cabinet, Patrick J. Hurley, died on July 30, 1963, more than a year before Hoover's death on October 20, 1964.
  67. ^ Roosevelt's first inauguration took place on March 4, 1933. His second inauguration took place on January 20, 1937, and is the first inauguration to take place on that date.
  68. ^ Perkins was appointed United States Secretary of Labor in 1933.
  69. ^ On April 30, 1939, Roosevelt appeared at the opening ceremony of the 1939 New York World's Fair and gave a speech. The speech was televised, and Roosevelt became the first president of the United States to give a speech that is broadcast by television. Roosevelt's speech was seen on black and white television sets with 5 to 12-inch tubes.
  70. ^ Roosevelt won a record four presidential elections, and served four terms in office from 1933 to 1945. More precisely, Roosevelt served three full terms, and died 2 months and 24 days into his fourth term. After his death, the term limit was reduced to two terms.
  71. ^ Roosevelt's total vetoes were 635, though 9 were overridden.
  72. ^ Roosevelt issued 263 pocket vetoes.
  73. ^ Roosevelt visited Colombia, Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay in his administration. However, Theodore Roosevelt visited Panama, which was considered part of South America when he visited but no longer is.
  74. ^ Roosevelt traveled aboard a Boeing 314 Clipper during his secret 1943 mission to Casablanca. As a result of this trip, he also became the first president to visit Africa while in office. He visited Morocco, Liberia, Tunisia, Gambia, Egypt and Algeria.
  75. ^ Truman visited Allied-occupied Germany in July–August 1945, for attending the Potsdam conference.
  76. ^ Truman served as an officer of the American Expeditionary Forces and commanded Battery D of the 129th Field Artillery Regiment. He saw combat service in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. He was discharged from the Army in 1919, with the rank of major. He remained affiliated with the United States Army Reserve until 1953. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1925 and colonel in 1932.
  77. ^ Truman's second inauguration in 1949 was the first presidential inauguration televised. Millions of people watched the inauguration, broadcast as a single live program that aired on every network.[222] Many schoolchildren watched from their classrooms.[223] Truman authorized a holiday for federal employees so that they could also watch.[224] The ceremony, and Truman's speech, were also broadcast abroad through the Voice of America, and translated into other languages including Russian and German.[225] According to some calculations, the 1949 inauguration had more witnesses than all previous presidential inaugurations combined.[223][226]
  78. ^ Truman left office on January 20, 1953, and was succeeded by Dwight D. Eisenhower as the 34th president of the United States.
  79. ^ In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Medicare bill at the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum and gave the first two Medicare cards to Truman and his wife Bess Truman, to honor the former president's fight for government health care while in office.[227]
  80. ^ While being territories in prior administrations, Alaska and Hawaii would be formally admitted as states on January 3rd, 1959 and August 21, 1959, respectively
  81. ^ Eisenhower began his presidency on January 20, 1953, succeeding Harry S. Truman.[29]
  82. ^ Kennedy was born in 1917 and took office in 1961. But his four successors were older than him, the oldest of them being Lyndon B. Johnson, his immediate successor, who was born in 1908, and thus is the earliest-born president of the 20th century.
  83. ^ Kennedy and Nixon took part in four televised debates in 1960.[259]
  84. ^ Kennedy received the Pulitzer Prize for Biography in 1957, for his book Profiles in Courage.
  85. ^ Kennedy was assassinated by a gunshot to the head on November 22, 1963. His father Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. outlived him by six years, dying in 1969. His mother Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy outlived him by more than 30 years, dying in 1995. He has been, to date, the only president to be survived by both parents, and also the shortest-lived U.S. president, dying at the age of 46 years, 177 days.[51]
  86. ^ Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963. His maternal grandmother, Mary Josephine Hannon, died on August 8, 1964, at the age of 98. Already ailing at the time of her grandson's assassination, she was never told of that news by anyone until her death.[269]
  87. ^ Kennedy granted honorary citizenship to former British Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill in 1963.
  88. ^ a b Ongoing.
  89. ^ While President Reagan first granted civilians access to government GPS technology, President Clinton removed Selective Availability and granted civilians unrestricted access to GPS satellites, "flipping the blue switch" and unleashing a worldwide revolution in civil and commercial applications, leading to the creation of GPS Block III.
  90. ^ Clinton's wife Hillary took office as a Senator from New York on January 3, 2001, which was 17 days before Clinton's term ended.
  91. ^ Biden was 78 years and 61 days old when he was sworn in as President, beating the previous age record held by Ronald Reagan, who was 77 years and 349 days old on his last day as President.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b President's Day Fun. p. 10.
  2. ^ a b The White House. "George Washington". Retrieved December 28, 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d e Book of Political Lists, p. 5
  4. ^ "Second Term (1793-1797)".
  5. ^ "Ten Facts About Washington & Slavery". George Washington's Mount Vernon. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  6. ^ "The Religion of George Washington". adherents.com. Archived from the original on February 13, 2006. Retrieved September 19, 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  7. ^ The Book of Political Lists, from the editors of George. 1998. p. 22.
  8. ^ Ellis, Joseph J. (2004). His Excellency: George Washington. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-1-4000-4031-5.
  9. ^ Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. 2021. "George Washington and the Supreme Court" Retrieved January 18, 2021.
  10. ^ Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. 2021. "State of the Union Address (1790)" Retrieved January 18, 2021.
  11. ^ Kohn, Richard H. (December 1972). "The Washington Administration's Decision to Crush the Whiskey Rebellion". The Journal of American History. 58 (3): 567–584. doi:10.2307/1900658. JSTOR 1900658.
  12. ^ Jamison, Dennis (December 31, 2014). "George Washington's views on political parties in America". The Washington Times. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
  13. ^ Preston, Daniel (2019). "JAMES MONROE: CAMPAIGNS AND ELECTIONS". Retrieved November 23, 2020.
  14. ^ Roos, Dave. "George Washington Raised Martha's Children and Grandchildren as His Own". HISTORY.
  15. ^ "Honorary French Citizenship". MountVernon.org.
  16. ^ a b "A History of the Presidential Farewell Address". History.com. January 10, 2017.
  17. ^ "George Washington, September 17, 1796, Farewell Address". Library of Congress. September 19, 1796.
  18. ^ Watson, Robert P., ed. (February 2012). Life in the White House: A Social History of the First Family and the President's House. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-7914-8507-1.
  19. ^ American Political Leaders 1789–2009. CQ Press. 2009. ISBN 978-1-4522-6726-5.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g Lederer, Richard (February 19, 2009). Presidential Trivia. ISBN 978-1-4236-1052-6.
  21. ^ "Barack Obama: The U.S.'s 44th President (and 25th Lawyer-President!)". Wall Street Journal. November 5, 2008.
  22. ^ a b Book of Political Lists, p. 17
  23. ^ "Military Roots: Presidents who were Veterans". U.S. Department of Veterans' Affairs.
  24. ^ "Slaveholding Presidents". Hauenstein Center for Presidential Studies, Grand Valley State University. May 29, 2012. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
  25. ^ Whitcomb, John; Whitcomb, Claire (2002). Real Life at the White House: Two Hundred Years of Daily Life at America's Most Famous Residence. Psychology Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-415-93951-5.
  26. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions: Did George Washington wear a wig?". The Papers of George Washington. University of Virginia. Archived from the original on November 20, 2005. Retrieved October 4, 2010.
  27. ^ a b Book of Political Lists, p. 60
  28. ^ a b Frantz, Christine; Rowen, Beth. "Inaugural Trivia Firsts and facts about presidential inaugurations". Infoplease.com. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "THE 6th PRESIDENTIAL INAUGURATION". Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies. Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Presidential Vetoes, 1789–1988" (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. 1992. p. ix.
  31. ^ "The Adams Children". American Experience. PBS. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
  32. ^ a b Nelson, Michael, ed. (August 13, 2012). Guide to the Presidency and the Executive Branch. p. 1653. ISBN 978-1-4522-3428-1.
  33. ^ "Declaration of Independence". October 30, 2015.
  34. ^ "Why Do Secretaries of State Make Such Terrible Presidential Candidates?". Smithsonian.
  35. ^ a b c d Wolly, Brian. December 17, 2008. "Inaugural Firsts" Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
  36. ^ Frantz, Christine; Rowen, Beth. "Inaugural Trivia Firsts and facts about presidential inaugurations". Infoplease.com. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
  37. ^ Watson, Robert P. (2012). Life in the White House: A Social History of the First Family and the President's House. SUNY Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-7914-8507-1.
  38. ^ Tribe, Laurence H.; Rollins, Thomas M. (October 1980). "Deadlock: What Happens if Nobody Wins". The Atlantic.
  39. ^ Vecchione, Glen (2007). The Little Giant Book of American Presidents. Sterling Publishing Company, Incorporated. p. 101. ISBN 978-1-4027-2692-7.
  40. ^ "The Charters of Freedom: The United States Constitution". United States National Archives. October 30, 2015.
  41. ^ "US Territorial Acquisitions". archive.globalpolicy.org.
  42. ^ "The Louisiana Purchase". Monticello.
  43. ^ Presidential Pet Museum. March 30, 2014. "Grizzly Bears at the White House" Retrieved January 26, 2021.
  44. ^ Presidential Pet Museum. March 30, 2014. "Thomas Jefferson’s Mockingbird Named Dick" Retrieved January 26, 2021.
  45. ^ Juliana LaBianca (November 4, 2020). "13 Unlikely Jobs U.S. Presidents Held After the White House" Reader's Digest. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  46. ^ "1817: The First Meeting of the Board of Visitors". University of Virginia Magazine. UVA Alumni Association. Fall 2012. Retrieved November 25, 2016. In March 1819, Thomas Jefferson was appointed the University's first rector. (Madison was the second.) Edwin Alderman was the first President of UVA. – see Philip Alexander Bruce (1922). History of the University of Virginia, 1819–1919: The Lengthened Shadow of One Man. Macmillan. p. 38. {{cite web}}: External link in |quote= (help)
  47. ^ "State of the Union Address". United States Senate. Retrieved November 29, 2021.
  48. ^ Book of Political Lists, p. 18
  49. ^ Book of Political Lists, p. 29
  50. ^ "History of American Wars – Three Centuries of American Wars". www.history-of-american-wars.com.
  51. ^ a b c d e f g "Parents at the Inaugurations". Presidents' Parents.
  52. ^ Book of Political Lists, p. 19
  53. ^ a b c "Wedding Ceremonies Held at the White House". White House Historical Association.
  54. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Fast Facts: Hail to the Chief". Boys' Life. February 1998.
  55. ^ a b c "13 Facts About James Monroe". Biography.
  56. ^ "About the Presidents: John Quincy Adams". WhiteHouse.gov.
  57. ^ a b "The First Photographs of US Presidents | PetaPixel". June 5, 2012. First photographs of US presidents
  58. ^ "Presidential Election of 1824". 270toWin.com.
  59. ^ Girard, Jolyon P. (October 7, 2019). Presidents and Presidencies in American History: A Social, Political, and Cultural Encyclopedia and Document Collection– Google Knihy. ISBN 9781440865916. Retrieved November 9, 2019.
  60. ^ "John Quincy Adams Takes the Oath of Office – Wearing Pants". New England Historical Society. March 4, 2015.
  61. ^ Betsy Dru Tecco. (2006). How to Draw the Life and Times of John Quincy Adams. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-4042-2983-9.
  62. ^ The White House. "John Quincy Adams" Retrieved January 16, 2021.
  63. ^ McMillion, Barry J.; Rutkus, Denis Steven (July 6, 2018). "Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2017: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved August 26, 2018.
  64. ^ Barden, Cindy. Meet the Presidents. p. 71.
  65. ^ "Legend | Andrew Jackson's Effect on America". The Hermitage. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
  66. ^ "Episode 273: When the U.S. Paid off the Entire National Debt". January 3, 2018.
  67. ^ "Deaths of Parents". Presidents' Parents. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
  68. ^ a b c d 2001 New York Times Almanac. 2001. pp. 102–114. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  69. ^ "Education & Resources – National Women's History Museum – NWHM". www.nwhm.org. Archived from the original on November 8, 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2020.
  70. ^ a b c d e f Vecchione, 101
  71. ^ a b c Apple, Charles. "IN THE LINE OF FIRE". The Spokesman-Review.
  72. ^ a b c "U.S. presidential assassinations and attempts". Los Ángeles Times.
  73. ^ a b c d e f g Michaela Riva Gaaserud (ed.). Virginia & Maryland: Including Washington DC. Moon. p. 42.
  74. ^ "U.S. Senate: Senate Censures President". www.senate.gov. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
  75. ^ "Vice-Presidential Inaugurations". www.aoc.gov. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
  76. ^ "Martin van Buren [1782–1862]". New Netherland Institute.
  77. ^ Adler, Ben (February 16, 2018). "Not just Trump: New Yorkers in the White House". CSNY. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  78. ^ "Martin Van Buren". HISTORY. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  79. ^ "Presidential Election of 1836: A Resource Guide (Virtual Programs & Services, Library of Congress)". www.loc.gov. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  80. ^ "Presidential Election of 1840: A Resource Guide". Library of Congress. Retrieved November 29, 2021.
  81. ^ "Presidents of the United States (POTUS) | ipl: Information You Can Trust". www.ipl.org. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  82. ^ Book of Political Lists, p. 25
  83. ^ "Executive Order". HISTORY.com.
  84. ^ a b c d e f g h Brunner, Borgna. "Presidential Trivia". Info Please. Retrieved December 21, 2008.
  85. ^ "William Henry Harrison". The White House. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  86. ^ "Presidential Election of 1840: A Resource Guide". Library of Congress. Retrieved November 29, 2021.
  87. ^ a b Wilson, James; DiIulio, John Jr.; Bose, Meena (2013). American Government: Brief Version. p. 273. ISBN 978-1133594376.
  88. ^ Book of Political Lists, p. 28
  89. ^ "Presidents who were Widowers". The Robinson Library. Archived from the original on June 11, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  90. ^ "Teaching With Documents: The Ratification of the Constitution". United States National Archives. August 15, 2016.
  91. ^ "John Tyler". March 27, 2020.
  92. ^ "John Tyler Papers". Library of Congress.
  93. ^ a b Greenberg, p. 70
  94. ^ a b c "James K. Polk". James K. Polk home and Museum. Archived from the original on October 7, 2014. Retrieved September 25, 2014.
  95. ^ a b "The Problem with statements like "No <party> candidate has won the election without <state>" or "No President has been reelected under <circumstances>"". 2012.
  96. ^ "The First "Dark Horse" Presidential Candidate". Library of Congress. Retrieved September 25, 2014.
  97. ^ Miller Center of Public Affairs (2013). "American President: A Reference Resource Key Events in the Presidency of James K Polk". millercenter.org.
  98. ^ William A DeGregorio (1993). The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents. ISBN 9780942637922.
  99. ^ Longley, Robert (June 29, 2017). "First Pets: Animals in the White House". ThoughtCo. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  100. ^ "Zachary Taylor Home, Springfield, Kentucky". National Park Service. Retrieved September 25, 2014.
  101. ^ Book of Political Lists, p. 34
  102. ^ "CQ Almanac Online Edition". library.cqpress.com.
  103. ^ "United States presidential election of 1848 | United States government". Encyclopedia Britannica.
  104. ^ "Future President Zachary Taylor's unprecedented three Congressional Gold Medals". artandhistory.house.gov. Retrieved March 14, 2014.
  105. ^ "The First Lady and Her Role". George W. Bush Presidential Library.
  106. ^ John Y. Cole "Fillmore’s Foundation" Library of Congress. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
  107. ^ Freidel, Frank; Sidey, Hugh S. "The Presidents of the United States". The White House.
  108. ^ a b c d "Presidential Trivia, Fun Facts and Firsts – Legends of America". www.legendsofamerica.com. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  109. ^ "The Two Presidents from New Hampshire". November 9, 2014. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  110. ^ Hurja, Emil (1933). History of Presidential Inaugurations. New York Democrat. p. 49.
  111. ^ Rudin, Ken (July 22, 2009). "When Has A President Been Denied His Party's Nomination?". NPR. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
  112. ^ "5 Presidents Lost Renomination Bids". Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel. March 22, 1968. Retrieved September 25, 2014.
  113. ^ "The only president from Pennsylvania ranked as the worst in U.S. history". pennlive. February 16, 2015. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  114. ^ "Military Trivia Facts". March 25, 2021.
  115. ^ a b "Abraham Lincoln". Drexel University IPL. Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
  116. ^ Most Presidents Have Favored Beardless Look, Star-Banner (Associated Press), August 27, 1986.
  117. ^ Book of Political Lists, p. 82
  118. ^ a b "July 31, 1875: Death of Andrew Johnson". United States Senate. Retrieved September 25, 2014.
  119. ^ "U.S. Senate: The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868) President of the United States". www.senate.gov. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  120. ^ Hindley, Meredith (May–June 2014). "The Odyssey of Ulysses S. Grant". Humanities. 35 (3).
  121. ^ Brands, H. W. (2012). The Man Who Saved the Union: Ulysses S. Grant in War and Peace. Doubleday. pp. 591–592. ISBN 978-0385532419.
  122. ^ McFeely, William S. (1981). Grant: A Biography. Norton. p. 472. ISBN 978-0-393-01372-6.
  123. ^ Robinson, Joshua (November 8, 2010). "A Brief History of the Presidential Memoir". The Daily Beast.
  124. ^ How many executive orders has President Donald Trump signed?
  125. ^ "A Presidential Visit | Jewish Historical Society of Greater Washington | Lillian and Albert Small Jewish Museum".
  126. ^ "StackPath". www.essentialcivilwarcurriculum.com.
  127. ^ a b c d "The Presidents Who Gave Us Our Best Parks". National Geographic Society.
  128. ^ Is Donald Trump the First President to Have a Run-In With the Law?
  129. ^ a b c d "White House History Timelines: Technology: 1850s–1890s". The White House Historical Association. Retrieved September 26, 2014.
  130. ^ Baur, John E. (March 1955). "A President Visits Los Angeles: Rutherford B. Hayes' Tour of 1880". The Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly. 37 (1): 33–47. doi:10.2307/41168522. JSTOR 41168522.
  131. ^ "Trump will be the 4th president to win the Electoral College after getting fewer votes than his opponent". November 9, 2016.
  132. ^ "Civil War". Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Library & Museums.
  133. ^ "The election of President James Garfield of Ohio". United States House of Representatives. Retrieved June 23, 2015.
  134. ^ Pilkington, Ed (October 24, 2008). "Revealed: The leftist plot to control the White House". The Guardian. Retrieved October 25, 2008.
  135. ^ Book of Political Lists, p. 49
  136. ^ "History of the College". Hiram College. Retrieved November 25, 2016. Principals of the Western Reserve Eclectic Institute (Hiram College)
  137. ^ Green, F.M. (1901). "Chapter III: The Garfield Administration 1857–1863". Hiram college and Western reserve eclectic institute; fifty years of history, 1850–1900. The O.S. Hubbell printing co. pp. 94–133. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
  138. ^ "The First Left-handed President Was Ambidextrous and Multilingual". History.com.
  139. ^ Mathematical Treasure: James A. Garfield's Proof of the Pythagorean Theorem "Mathematical Treasure: James A. Garfield's Proof of the Pythagorean Theorem | Mathematical Association of America".
  140. ^ James Garfield Was the Only U.S. President to Prove a Math Theorem "James Garfield Was the Only U.S. President to Prove a Math Theorem".
  141. ^ "10 Interesting Facts About Chester Arthur". RepublicanPresidents.net. February 28, 2009.
  142. ^ "The Official Web Site for The State of New Jersey | NJ U.S. Presidents". www.state.nj.us. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  143. ^ Watson, p.17
  144. ^ "Grover Cleveland 24th President". Presidentsgraves.com. June 24, 1908. Archived from the original on May 8, 2013. Retrieved October 17, 2012.
  145. ^ Calhoun, Charles William (2005). Benjamin Harrison. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-8050-6952-5.
  146. ^ "U.S. Presidential Audio Recordings". Michigan State University Libraries. Retrieved October 23, 2017.
  147. ^ "The Assassination of President William McKinley". Archived from the original on November 12, 2014. Retrieved November 11, 2014.
  148. ^ "List of McKinley Firsts Part 4: McKinley was the first president to campaign by telephone". The McKinley Birthplace Museum. July 19, 2016. Retrieved February 28, 2020.
  149. ^ Crochetiere, Thomas (May 14, 2016). America's National Parks At a Glance. eBookIt.com. ISBN 978-1-4566-2664-8.
  150. ^ Miller, pp. 346.
  151. ^ Leech 594–600
  152. ^ Neale, Thomas H. (September 27, 2004). "Presidential and Vice Presidential Succession: Overview and Current Legislation" (PDF). Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved December 15, 2008.
  153. ^ Brands 1997, p. 504.
  154. ^ Brown, Bob (October 22, 2009). "Theodore Roosevelt First American To Win Nobel Prize". Fairfield Sun Times.
  155. ^ Lundestad, Geir (March 15, 2001). "The Nobel Peace Prize, 1901–2000". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
  156. ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1906". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
  157. ^ "Teddy Roosevelt travels to Panama". This Day in History, history.com. A+E Networks (published November 16, 2009). August 21, 2018. Retrieved November 17, 2018.
  158. ^ "Travels of President Theodore Roosevelt". Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State. Retrieved November 17, 2018.
  159. ^ a b c d "White House History Timelines: The West Wing". The White House Historical Association. Retrieved September 26, 2014.
  160. ^ "Medal of Honor Recipients: War with Spain". Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  161. ^ Boissoneault, Lorraine. "The Debate Over Executive Orders Began With Teddy Roosevelt's Mad Passion for Conservation". Smithsonian.
  162. ^ Powaski, Ronald (1991). Toward an Entangling Alliance: American Isolationism, Internationalism, and Europe, 1901–1950. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 14. ISBN 9780313272745.
  163. ^ About Theodore Roosevelt Archived April 7, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, "Roosevelt's attitude toward a league of nations varied with his changing emphases on realism, nationalism, and internationalism. He had called for a world league to enforce peace in his Nobel Peace Prize address of 1910, and he had affirmed the concept in 1914, two years before President Wilson espoused it."
  164. ^ "Historically, odds were stacked against any President seeking a third term – National Constitution Center". National Constitution Center – constitutioncenter.org.
  165. ^ Leventhal, Josh (2006). Baseball Yesterday & Today. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-7603-2646-6.
  166. ^ "National politics – chicagotribune.com". Swamppolitics.com. January 1, 2012. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
  167. ^ "Taft, William Howard". Federal Judicial Center.
  168. ^ Pringle vol 1, pp. 106–111.
  169. ^ Book of Political Lists, p. 20
  170. ^ Pringle vol 1, pp. 120–123.
  171. ^ "Travels of President William Howard Taft". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  172. ^ Pringle vol 2, pp. 957–959.
  173. ^ Renstrom, Peter G. (2003). The Taft Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-57607-280-6.
  174. ^ "Taft Elected President". Our History. Order of the Arrow.
  175. ^ Wendell, Bryan (March 12, 2019). "Scouts have met with every sitting president at the White House since Taft". Bryan on Scouting. BSA. Retrieved March 12, 2019.
  176. ^ "Biography of William Howard Taft, President of the United States and Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court". Historical Information. Arlington National Cemetery. Archived from the original on December 6, 2006. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
  177. ^ Gresko, Jessica (May 25, 2011). "Supreme Court at Arlington: Justices are Chummy Even in Death". Retrieved February 24, 2016.
  178. ^ "Proclamation 1354—Emergency in Water Transportation of the United States | The American Presidency Project". www.presidency.ucsb.edu.
  179. ^ a b c John Milton Cooper Jr. (October 1, 2010). "Woodrow Wilson". New York Times. – via New York Times Archive Service (subscription required)
  180. ^ a b c "Travels of President Woodrow Wilson". Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State. Retrieved November 17, 2018.
  181. ^ a b c "President Woodrow Wilson". www.classroomhelp.com.
  182. ^ John Whitcomb, Claire Whitcomb. Real Life at the White House, p. 262. Routledge, 2002, ISBN 0-415-93951-8
  183. ^ William Elliott Hazelgrove, Madam President: The Secret Presidency of Edith Wilson (Washington, D.C.: Regency Publishing, 2016); Brian Lamb, Who's Buried in Grant's Tomb?: A Tour of Presidential Gravesites (New York: Public Affairs, 2010), p. 119; Judith L. Weaver, "Edith Bolling, Wilson as First Lady: A Study in the Power of Personality, 1919–1920," Presidential Studies Quarterly 15, No. 1 (Winter, 1985), pp. 51–76; and Dwight Young and Margaret Johnson, Dear First Lady: Letters to the White House: From the Collections of the Library of Congress & National Archives (Washington, D.C.: National Geographic, 2008), p. 91.
  184. ^ Markel, Howard (October 2, 2015). "When a secret president ran the country". PBS NewsHour. NewsHour Productions. Retrieved December 27, 2019.
  185. ^ "Woodrow Wilson". The White House. Retrieved November 22, 2021.
  186. ^ a b c d e f The Ohio Statehouse. "Warren G. Harding" Retrieved February 2, 2021.
  187. ^ "LIEUTENANT GOVERNORS OF THE STATE OF OHIO: 1852 – PRESENT". Ohio Secretary of State.
  188. ^ Cummings, Christopher W. (2014). Cadillac V-16s Lost and Found: Tracing the Histories of the 1930s Classics. McFarland. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-7864-7570-4.
  189. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Canada". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  190. ^ "Radio Broadcasts President Harding's Speech Praising Merchant Marine", The Richmond (Indiana) Palladium, May 23, 1922, page 1. Speech given on May 18, 1922, before the Chamber of Commerce of the United States in Washington, D.C.
  191. ^ Calvin Coolidge, Bartleby.com: http://www.bartleby.com/124/pres47.html
  192. ^ Calamur, Krishnadev (February 18, 2016). "The Last Time a U.S. President Visited Cuba: Calvin Coolidge attended the Pan American Conference in Havana in January 1928". theatlantic.com. Atlantic Monthly Group. Retrieved November 17, 2018.
  193. ^ "History Matters Series – Calvin Coolidge, Congregationalist | Congregational Library & Archives". www.congregationallibrary.org.
  194. ^ "On the Money: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Coin Portraits". July 22, 2011.
  195. ^ "Governors". massachusetts.lostsoulsgenealogy.com.
  196. ^ "Every Native American A Citizen". Calvin Coolidge Presidential Foundation. June 16, 2016.
  197. ^ Skarmeas, Nancy J. (January 1, 2001). Our Presidents: Their Lives and Stories. Ideals Publications. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-8249-4199-4.
  198. ^ Book of Political Lists, p. 47
  199. ^ "January 29 – This Date in History: Kaw Member Charles Curtis Becomes US Senator". Native News Online. No. January 29, 2014. Archived from the original on August 10, 2016. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
  200. ^ "Hurley, Patrick Jay | the Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture".
  201. ^ "Frances Perkins". The History Channel.
  202. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Haiti". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  203. ^ "Multiple Times on National Ballot of Presidents, and Total Popular Vote Combined!". The Progressive Professor. August 5, 2013. Retrieved September 24, 2017.
  204. ^ "The :30 Second Candidate: Historical Timeline: 1939". www.pbs.org.
  205. ^ Barnouw, E. (1990). Tube of plenty: The evolution of American television (2nd ed.). New York : Oxford University Press
  206. ^ "History of the FDR Library and Museum". Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum. Archived from the original on December 3, 2012. Retrieved December 7, 2012.
  207. ^ "Travels of President Franklin D. Roosevelt". Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State. Retrieved November 17, 2018.
  208. ^ "The Wings of Franklin Roosevelt". WHHA (en-US).
  209. ^ Hardesty 2003, p. 38.
  210. ^ Prince George County. "Amazing Facts You Never Knew About Air Force One" Retrieved February 6, 2021.
  211. ^ "Iran – Travels of the President – Travels – Department History – Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  212. ^ "This Was the First Time a Sitting U.S. President Visited Africa". Time.
  213. ^ Burg, Steven. "Trust and action: The US president's first 100 days". JNS.org.
  214. ^ Greenfield, Jeff (January 15, 2017). "Why 100 days is a benchmark for presidential performance". PBS.org.
  215. ^ "The History Behind TIME Choosing President-Elects as Person of the Year". TIME. 2021. Archived from the original on December 11, 2020.
  216. ^ "The first time a U.S. president met a Saudi King". Washington Post.
  217. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Russia". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  218. ^ "Disability History: Presidents and Disability (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved September 10, 2022.
  219. ^ a b c d e "President Births by State | Presidents of the United States (POTUS)". Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  220. ^ Book of Political Lists, p. 26
  221. ^ Book of Political Lists, p. 15
  222. ^ Wayne Oliver, "Millions to See Truman in Telecast of Inaugural", New York Times, January 16, 1949, p. L4; accessed via ProQuest.
  223. ^ a b "10,000,000 See Inauguration By Television: Total Greater Than All Witnessing Previous Ceremonies", Baltimore Sun. AP. January 21, 1949; accessed via ProQuest.
  224. ^ Anthony Leviero, "Truman appeals for unity in party to aid peace aims", New York Times, January 19, 1949, p. 1; accessed via ProQuest.
  225. ^ "World to Hear Truman Inaugural Ceremonies", Christian Science Monitor. Associated Press. January 19, 1949; accessed via ProQuest.
  226. ^ "More Persons Expected to View Inauguration By Video Than Combined Previous Witnesses", New York Times, January 20, 1949; accessed via ProQuest.
  227. ^ a b "July 30, 1965: President Lyndon B. Johnson Signs Medicare Bill". Truman Library.
  228. ^ "Harry S. Truman".
  229. ^ "Dwight D. Eisenhower". White House.
  230. ^ "Who Was the First President of All 50 States?". May 24, 2018.
  231. ^ "Décret royal n° 199-66 du 1er ramadan 1386 (14 décembre 1966) portant création des ordres du Royaume". Government of Morocco.
  232. ^ Klein, Christopher (October 9, 2015). "10 Things You May Not Know About Dwight D. Eisenhower". History. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
  233. ^ a b c d e f "USA and Foreign Decorations of Dwight D. Eisenhower". www.eisenhower.archives.gov. The Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum, and Boyhood Home. Retrieved November 24, 2016.
  234. ^ a b Tillman, Barrett (August 2009). "From Pilot to President". Air & Space.
  235. ^ Rasmussen, Frederick N. (January 22, 2011). "Eisenhower held first televised news conference in 1955". Baltimore Sun.
  236. ^ "President Eisenhower Becomes First U.S. President Broadcast in Color on Television". NBC Learn K-12.
  237. ^ Pearlman, Robert (2013). "Library of Congress to Preserve 1st Message from Space". Space.com.
  238. ^ "President's Message Relayed from Atlas Satellite-- Dwight D. Eisenhower (December 19, 1958)" (PDF). Library of Congress. 2012.
  239. ^ "Lessons Learned from President Eisenhower's Mosque Visit 59 Years Ago". Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  240. ^ "The Mosque in Washington". The Islamic Monthly. April 15, 2014.
  241. ^ Associated Press (December 1, 1993). "Bush Is Knighted in Queen Elizabeth's Court". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 24, 2016.
  242. ^ "Dwight D. Eisenhower". Television Academy.
  243. ^ John, Mailing Address: 1300 Cruz Bay Creek St; Us, VI 00830 Phone:776-6201 x238 Headquarters/Visitor Center phone contact Information Contact. "Laws & Policies – Virgin Islands National Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved September 15, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  244. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Switzerland". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  245. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Turkey". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  246. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Pakistan". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  247. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Afghanistan". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  248. ^ "Presidents' Travels to India". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  249. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Greece". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  250. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Spain". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  251. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Portugal". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  252. ^ "Presidents' Travels to South Korea". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  253. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Chile". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  254. ^ McElrath, Jessica (April 1, 2008). The Everything John F. Kennedy Book. p. x. ISBN 978-1-4405-2438-7.
  255. ^ Seuling, Barbara (2008). One President was Born on Independence Day, and Other Freaky Facts about the 26th through 43rd Presidents. Capstone. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-4048-4118-5.
  256. ^ "The Naval Careers of America's Six Sailor Presidents". The Sextant. Washington, D.C.: Naval History and Heritage Command, Communication and Outreach Division. February 16, 2015. Retrieved November 17, 2018.
  257. ^ a b Alcorn, William K. (May 25, 2008). "Of friendship and war". The Vindicator. Retrieved November 17, 2018.
  258. ^ Miller, T. Christian (September 8, 2010). "A History Of The Purple Heart". npr.org. Retrieved November 17, 2018.
  259. ^ a b Grossman, Ron. "The great debate that transformed politics". Chicago Tribune.
  260. ^ Rosin, Michael (October 23, 2020). "How To Decide A Very Close Election For Presidential Electors: Part 2". Take Care.
  261. ^ Foley, Edward (December 1, 2020). "Congress must fix this election law — before it's too late". Washington Post.
  262. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". pulitzer.org. Columbia University, New York City: The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved November 17, 2018.
  263. ^ Forget, Abigail (January 25, 2016). "Things You Didn't Know About the Pulitzer Prizes". The Low Down. Columbia University, New York City: Columbia Alumni Association. Retrieved November 17, 2018.
  264. ^ "Tour the White House West Wing". WhiteHouse.gov.
  265. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Austria". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  266. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Venezuela". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  267. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Costa Rica". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  268. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Ireland". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  269. ^ "MRS. FITZGERALD DEAD AT 98 JFK's Grandmother Dies Not Knowing of Assassination". Desert Sun. August 8, 1964.
  270. ^ Andrews, Evan (September 2, 2014). "7 Presidential War Stories". history.com. A&E Television Networks. Retrieved November 17, 2018.
  271. ^ "PRESIDENT KENNEDY BESTOWS HONORARY CITIZENSHIP UPON SIR WINSTON CHURCHILL, 9 APRIL 1963". JFK Library.
  272. ^ "Honorary Citizens of the United States". Senate.gov.
  273. ^ "U.S. Senate: Majority and Minority Leaders". www.senate.gov.
  274. ^ "U.S. Senate: Party Whips". www.senate.gov.
  275. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Australia". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  276. ^ "Presidents' Travels to New Zealand". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  277. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Vietnam". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  278. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Thailand". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  279. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Malaysia". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  280. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Suriname". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  281. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Guatemala". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  282. ^ "LBJ (Part of the collection: The Presidents)". American Experience.
  283. ^ "This Day in History: Johnson appoints first African-American cabinet member". The History Channel. Retrieved September 30, 2014.
  284. ^ Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum [@LBJLibrary] (April 26, 2017). "Many have asked about LBJ having a Fresca button in the White House. Short answer—yes, he did. More details from our archives:" (Tweet). Archived from the original on January 31, 2021. Retrieved January 26, 2021 – via Twitter.
  285. ^ Kiger, Patrick J. "LBJ's Luckiest Bathroom Break". HISTORY. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  286. ^ "Does the Vice Presidency Give Joe Biden an Advantage in the Race to the Top? Here's How VPs Before Him Fared". Time.
  287. ^ "This Day in Sports History: President Makes History at NFL Game".
  288. ^ "Presidents' Travels to China". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  289. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Indonesia". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  290. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Romania". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  291. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Yugoslavia". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  292. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Israel". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  293. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Poland". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  294. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Iceland". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  295. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Jordan". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  296. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Syria". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  297. ^ "Hirohito". HISTORY.
  298. ^ "Jobs of the President | Free Middle School Teaching Resources". junior.scholastic.com.
  299. ^ Kilpatrick, Carroll (August 9, 1974). "Nixon Resigns". Washington Post. p. A01.
  300. ^ Black, Conrad (2007). Richard M. Nixon: A Life in Full. New York: PublicAffairs Books. p. 978. ISBN 978-1-58648-519-1.
  301. ^ a b c "Gerald Rudolph Ford". iSchool at Drexel, College of Information Science and Technology.
  302. ^ a b Ford, Gerald (September 8, 1974). "President Gerald R. Ford's Proclamation 4311, Granting a Pardon to Richard Nixon". Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library & Museum. University of Texas. Retrieved December 30, 2006.
  303. ^ a b Ford, Gerald (September 8, 1974). "Presidential Proclamation 4311 by President Gerald R. Ford granting a pardon to Richard M. Nixon". Pardon images. University of Maryland. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved December 30, 2006.
  304. ^ a b "Ford Pardons Nixon – Events of 1974 – Year in Review". UPI.com. Retrieved November 4, 2011.
  305. ^ Sharkey, Nancy (July 28, 1985). "Follow-Up On The News; Nixon Guards". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 31, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2008. His sole reason was to save money for the government, according to his assistant, John Taylor....Mr. Nixon's wife, Pat, dropped Secret Service protection last year. The others on the agency's permanent-protection rolls are former Presidents Gerald R. Ford and Jimmy Carter, and President Lyndon B. Johnson's widow, Lady Bird.
  306. ^ "Only President Born in Nebraska". The Washington Times. December 27, 2006.
  307. ^ Wendell, Bryan (February 16, 2015). "Remembering Gerald R. Ford, our only Eagle Scout president". Bryan on Scouting.
  308. ^ "Minority Leaders of the House (1899 to present) | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives". history.house.gov. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  309. ^ "Republican Conference Chairmen | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives". history.house.gov. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  310. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Japan". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  311. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Finland". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  312. ^ "Ford's Testimony Is Recorded for Fromme Trial". The New York Times. November 2, 1975. p. 22. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  313. ^ "This Day in History: Jimmy Carter is Born". Retrieved September 19, 2014.
  314. ^ NCC Staff. October 1, 2020."10 fascinating facts about former President Jimmy Carter" National Constitution Center. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  315. ^ United States Naval Academy. "Notable Graduates – Presidents" Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  316. ^ Sidey, Hugh (December 12, 1977). "The Question Now: Who Carter?". Time. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
  317. ^ Education Week Library – August 18, 2017. "Shirley Hufstedler, First U.S. Education Secretary: Biography and Achievements" EducationWeek. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
  318. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Nigeria". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  319. ^ The Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum (part of the National Archives and Records Administration). (no date listed). "President Carter's Trips as President" Retrieved January 2, 2021.
  320. ^ a b U.S. Department of Commerce. "Secretaries of Commerce" Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  321. ^ "Only Four Presidents Never Appointed a Supreme Court Justice". The IC Blog.
  322. ^ "Papal Visits to the White House". WHHA.
  323. ^ Zorthian, Julia. "The First Time a Pope Visited the White House". Time.
  324. ^ Scottie Andrew (October 2020). "Jimmy Carter, the oldest living former US president, turns 96". CNN.
  325. ^ The Associated Press. "Former President Jimmy Carter celebrates 96th birthday" NBC Universal. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
  326. ^ Oshin, Olafimihan (July 7, 2021). "Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter celebrate 75th anniversary, longest-married presidential couple". TheHill.
  327. ^ "Ronald Reagan's Boyhood Home-Presidents: A Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary". Nps.gov. Retrieved July 20, 2015.
  328. ^ National Constitution Center (February 6, 2013). "10 interesting facts on Ronald Reagan's birthday". National Constitution Center. Archived from the original on October 11, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
  329. ^ a b c d "Will Donald Trump be the first president who has been divorced?". CBS News. November 9, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2016.
  330. ^ "Ronald Reagan Biography". IMDb.
  331. ^ "Presidents of the SAG". SAG Presidents. SAG-AFTRA. Retrieved October 25, 2017.
  332. ^ History.com (February 9, 2010). "Sandra Day O'Connor nominated to Supreme Court" Retrieved January 2, 2021.
  333. ^ "President's Swearing-In Ceremony | The Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies". www.inaugural.senate.gov.
  334. ^ "Reagan . Bonus Video . American Experience . WGBH | PBS". PBS. Archived from the original on November 28, 2011.
  335. ^ "NYSE, New York Stock Exchange > About Us > News & Events > NYSE Calendar". .nyse.com. March 28, 1985. Archived from the original on October 15, 2012. Retrieved July 20, 2015.
  336. ^ Biery, Maria (August 5, 2016). "Who was the first U.S. president to attend the Olympics?". Washington Examiner. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
  337. ^ "President Obama addresses MPs and Members of the Lords". UK Parliament. May 25, 2011.
  338. ^ "Ronald Reagan's Pre-Presidential Time Line, 1911–1980". Ronald Reagan Presidential Library. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
  339. ^ "Golden Globe Winners and Nominees". goldenglobes.com.
  340. ^ a b "Ronald Reagan Awards". IMDb.
  341. ^ "What Scalia meant to Italian Americans". pri.org.
  342. ^ "GPS Moderinization". GPS.gov.
  343. ^ "GPS rules everything and its getting a big upgrade". CNET.
  344. ^ "UNITED STATES OPENING GPS DATA FOR CIVILIAN USE". The Gov Lab.
  345. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Jamaica". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  346. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Barbados". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  347. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Grenada". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  348. ^ "Timeline – George H.W. Bush – American Experience". www.pbs.org. PBS (American Experience). Retrieved December 1, 2014.
  349. ^ CNN Library. December 1, 2018. "George H.W. Bush Fast Facts" CNN. Retrieved January 23, 2021.
  350. ^ "George H.W. Bush – Fast Facts". CNN.com. CNN. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
  351. ^ "CIA Directors Fast Facts". CNN.com. CNN. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
  352. ^ "Presidential Reflections on U.S. Intelligence: George H.W. Bush". www.cia.gov. CIA. Archived from the original on April 24, 2010. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
  353. ^ Wooley, John T.; Peters, Gerhard. "List of Vice-Presidents Who Served as "Acting" President Under the 25th Amendment". The American Presidency Project. University of California, Santa Barbara. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
  354. ^ Oregon Health & Science University. "Women Who Inspire Us: Antonia Novello, M.D." Retrieved February 1, 2021.
  355. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Hungary". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  356. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Malta". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  357. ^ "Presidents' Travels to the Netherlands". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  358. ^ "Presidents' Travels to the Czechoslovakia". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  359. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Singapore". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  360. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Somalia". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  361. ^ "Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC)". Retrieved November 21, 2020.
  362. ^ "Bush Citation". public2.nhhcaws.local.
  363. ^ Monkman, Betty. "Pardoning the Thanksgiving Turkey". The White House Historical Association.
  364. ^ Camia, Catalina (January 6, 2015). "George and Barbara Bush celebrate 70th anniversary". USA Today. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  365. ^ "The Vice President's Residence". WhiteHouse.gov. Archived from the original on October 21, 2009.
  366. ^ Riley, Russell (October 4, 2016). "BILL CLINTON: LIFE BEFORE THE PRESIDENCY".
  367. ^ "Archived Presidential White House Websites". January 9, 2017.
  368. ^ "Biography: Ruth Bader Ginsburg".
  369. ^ Office of Legacy Management. "Former Secretaries of Energy" U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
  370. ^ a b c d The United States Department of Justice. "Attorneys General of the United States" Retrieved January 2, 2021.
  371. ^ The United States Department of Justice. "Attorney General: Janet Reno" Retrieved January 2, 2021.
  372. ^ "Remarks on the 40th Anniversary of the Newport Jazz Festival". The American Presidency Project.
  373. ^ "These Are the Presidents Who Played Music (and How Donald Trump Compares)". Show biz CheatSheet. January 13, 2019.
  374. ^ "Photograph of President William J. Clinton Playing the Saxophone at the 40th Anniversary of the Newport Jazz Festival". Archives.gov.
  375. ^ a b President and Fellows of Harvard College. "David Satcher, MD, PhD (First African American Named to Head the CDC, and First African American Man Named Surgeon General, HHS)" Retrieved February 1, 2021.
  376. ^ U.S. National Library of Medicine. June 3, 2015. "Dr. M. Joyelyn Elders" Retrieved February 1, 2021.
  377. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Ukraine". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  378. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Belarus". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  379. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Latvia". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  380. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Kuwait". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  381. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Czech Republic". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  382. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Croatia". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  383. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Denmark". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  384. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Ghana". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  385. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Uganda". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  386. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Rwanda". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  387. ^ "Presidents' Travels to South Africa". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  388. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Botswana". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  389. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Senegal". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  390. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Slovenia". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  391. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Macedonia". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  392. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Norway". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  393. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Bulgaria". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  394. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Bangladesh". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  395. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Oman". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  396. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Tanzania". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  397. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Brunei". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  398. ^ "119 Remarks by President Clinton to the Palestinian National Council and other Palestinian organizations- Gaza- 14 December 1998". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
  399. ^ LaFrance, Adrienne (March 12, 2015). "The Truth About Bill Clinton's Emails". The Atlantic. Retrieved January 9, 2020.
  400. ^ Lacey, Marc (June 30, 2000). "First Asian-American Picked for Cabinet". New York Times. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
  401. ^ "GPS Modernization". GPS.gov.
  402. ^ "Selective Availability". GPS.gov.
  403. ^ "President Clinton: Improving the Civilian Global Positioning System (GPS)". whitehouse.gov – via National Archives.
  404. ^ "United States Opening GPS Data For Civilian Use". The Gov Lab.
  405. ^ "The story behind Clinton's trip to North Korea". CNN. 2009.
  406. ^ "Clinton's Quiet Path to Power". Christian Science Monitor. March 10, 2003.
  407. ^ Michael Higham. April 25, 2013, Ten Facts About George Bush You Did Not Know"
  408. ^ "George W. Bush". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
  409. ^ "11 Facts about Presidents and Approval Ratings | the Saturday Evening Post". August 17, 2017.
  410. ^ History.com (2021). "George Walker Bush is born" Retrieved January 4, 2021.
  411. ^ Department of State Office of the Historian. "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Colin Luther Powell (1937–)" Retrieved January 4, 2021.
  412. ^ The United States Department of Justice. "Alberto Gonzales" Retrieved January 2, 2021.
  413. ^ "Amazing Moments in Olympic History: Salt Lake City 2002 Olympic Winter Games Opening Ceremony". United States Olympic Committee. February 4, 2009. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
  414. ^ "Bush turns attention from politics to Olympics". NBCNews.com. August 7, 2008. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
  415. ^ Bush, George Walker (November 12, 2015). 41: a Portrait of My Father. Ebury Publishing. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-7535-5660-3. Retrieved February 22, 2017.
  416. ^ "Trump celebrates Diwali at White House, hails contributions of Indian-Americans". The Hindu. October 19, 2017 – via www.thehindu.com.
  417. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Sweden". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  418. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Lithuania". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  419. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Qatar". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  420. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Iraq". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  421. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Slovakia". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  422. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Georgia". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  423. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Mongolia". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  424. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Estonia". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  425. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Albania". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  426. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Bahrain". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  427. ^ "Presidents' Travels to United Arab Emirates". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  428. ^ "Presidents' Travels to Benin". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
  429. ^ a b Rudin, Ken (December 23, 2009). "Today's Junkie segment on TOTN: a political review Of 2009". Talk of the Nation (Political Junkie blog). NPR. Retrieved April 18, 2010. We began with the historic inauguration on January 20—yes, the first president ever born in Hawaii
  430. ^ Grant Rindner. November 16, 2020. "Who Were Barack Obama's Parents?" The Oprah Magazine. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
  431. ^ "Barack Obama (U.S. Presidents)". History Channel.
  432. ^ "Scout leader of the free world!". Scouts.org. Archived from the original on June 13, 2013. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
  433. ^ Stephanie Dube Dwilson (October 20, 2015). "Joe Biden's Religion: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know". Heavy.com.
  434. ^ Phillips, Kate (January 21, 2009). "Senate Confirms Clinton as Secretary of State". The Caucus. Retrieved November 7, 2017.
  435. ^ U.S. Department of Homeland Security (December 11, 2019). "Secretaries of Homeland Security" Retrieved January 2, 2021.
  436. ^ The United States Department of Justice. "Eric Holder" Retrieved January 2, 2021.
  437. ^ Stein, Sam (May 9, 2012). "Obama Backs Gay Marriage". Huffington Post.
  438. ^ Sharath Ahuja. April 24, 2015. "12 Things You Must Know About The First US Surgeon General Of Indian Origin" The Better India. Retrieved February 1, 2021.
  439. ^ Venkataraman, Nitya (August 6, 2009). "Senate Votes Sonia Sotomayor As First Hispanic Supreme Court Justice". ABC News.
  440. ^ "Obama is the first president to visit a federal prison. Here's why". Vox. July 11, 2015. Retrieved July 20, 2015.
  441. ^ "New official portrait released Wednesday". change.gov, Office of the President-Elect. January 14, 2009.
  442. ^ "Trump Celebrates Diwali, Hindu Festival Lights".
  443. ^ Grim, Ryan; McAuliff, Michael (November 21, 2013). "Senate Votes For Nuclear Option". HuffPost. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  444. ^ The Wall Street Journal. Lee, Carol & Vogt, Heidi (July 28, 2015). "Obama Becomes First U.S. President to Address African Union" Retrieved December 30, 2020.
  445. ^ Welch, Craig (September 1, 2015). "Why Obama Is the First President to Visit the Arctic". National Geographic.
  446. ^ NPR. Hu, Elise & Domonoske, Camila (May 27, 2016). "Obama Makes Historic Visit To Hiroshima Memorial Peace Park" Retrieved December 30, 2020.
  447. ^ Roberts, Jeff (July 11, 2016). "In First for Sitting President, Obama Publishes a Scholarly Article" Fortune. Retrieved December 30, 2020.
  448. ^ Associated Press (November 19, 2012). "President Obama makes history with Myanmar, Cambodia visits" DeseretNews. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
  449. ^ BBC (July 24, 2015). "President Obama starts two-day Kenya visit" Retrieved December 30, 2020.
  450. ^ NPR. Warner, Gregory (July 7, 2015). "Obama Becomes First Sitting U.S. President To Visit Ethiopia" Heard on All Things Considered. Retrieved December 30, 2020.
  451. ^ PBS NewsHour. Hennessey, Kathleen, Lederman, Josh, & Associated Press. (September 5, 2016). "Obama in Laos for first U.S. presidential visit" Retrieved December 30, 2020.
  452. ^ The United States Department of Justice. "Loretta Lynch" Retrieved January 2, 2021.
  453. ^ "Barack Obama Presidential Library About Us". National Archives. October 20, 2016.
  454. ^ "Barack Obama to visit school on Nato summit trip". August 31, 2014.
  455. ^ Carmody, Tim. "(New) Media Event: President Obama on Bill Simmons' ESPN Podcast". Wired.
  456. ^ Kurtzleben, Danielle (June 14, 2016). "It's Trump's Birthday. If He Wins, He'd Be The Oldest President Ever To Take Office". NPR. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
  457. ^ Yomtov, Jesse (November 8, 2016). "Where Trump ranks among least experienced presidents". USA Today. Retrieved February 14, 2017.
  458. ^ Montanaro, Domenico (April 23, 2017). "Trump's First 100 Days: An 'Entry-Level' Presidency". NPR. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  459. ^ Vinton, Kate (November 9, 2016). "Billionaires React To The Election Of America's First Billionaire President". Forbes.
  460. ^ "Rabbi Hier remembers Zion and Jerusalem in benediction for Pres. Trump – Diaspora – Jerusalem Post". The Jerusalem Post | Jpost.com.
  461. ^ Morrongiello, Gabby (November 10, 2016). "Conway shatters glass ceiling as first woman to run a successful presidential campaign". Washington Examiner.
  462. ^ "Trump pleased Nikki Haley first Indian-American cabinet official". Hindustan Times. January 26, 2017. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
  463. ^ Politi, Daniel (February 26, 2017). "Trump Is First President to Begin Tenure With Net Negative Approval Rating". Slate. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  464. ^ "RealClearPolitics – Election Other – President Trump Job Approval". www.realclearpolitics.com.
  465. ^ "Japan – Travels of the President – Travels – Department History – Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. United States Department of State. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  466. ^ "President Trump becomes 1st president to step inside North Korea ahead of meeting with Kim Jong Un". ABC News. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  467. ^ Thompson, Alex. "Trump deploys YouTube as his secret weapon in 2020". Politico.
  468. ^ "Donald J Trump's YouTube Stats (Summary Profile)". Social Blade.
  469. ^ Dzhanova, Yelena (November 11, 2019). "Watch: Trump becomes first sitting president to attend New York's Veterans Day Parade". CNBC. Retrieved November 12, 2019.
  470. ^ "'Presidential Alert': Trump text slides to October 3". CNN. September 18, 2018.
  471. ^ "The Long, Strange History of the Presidential Text Alert". Wired. October 2018.
  472. ^ "Senate confirms Chassidic Jew for first-ever senior position in US administration". JNS.org. February 20, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2020.
  473. ^ Nahmias, Omri. "First-ever hassidic Jew appointed as US assistant secretary – The Jerusalem Post". The Jerusalem Post | Jpost.com. Jpost.com. Retrieved April 23, 2020.
  474. ^ "After 175 years as a state, Florida has its first president in Donald Trump | Commentary". Orlando Sentinel.
  475. ^ "Donald Trump becomes the first impeached president to run for re-election". The Economist. December 19, 2019.
  476. ^ "Trump's New Space Policy Directive 2 Could Make Life Easier for SpaceX and Others". Space.com. May 31, 2020.
  477. ^ "Remarks by President Trump at Kennedy Space Center after the NASA Space X Crew Dragon Launch". U.S. Embassy to the Holy See. May 30, 2020.
  478. ^ "NASA and SpaceX launch astronauts into new era of private spaceflight". NewScientist. May 30, 2020.
  479. ^ Barnes, Julian; Haberman, Maggie (February 19, 2020). "Trump Names Richard Grenell as Acting Head of Intelligence". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 19, 2020. Retrieved December 21, 2020.
  480. ^ Chappell, Bill. January 13, 2021. "House Impeaches Trump A 2nd Time, Citing Insurrection At U.S. Capitol" NPR. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
  481. ^ Alexandra Hutzler On 1/19/21 at 11:52 am EST (January 19, 2021). "Donald Trump is first president in modern history to never reach 50% approval in Gallup poll". Newsweek. Retrieved April 3, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  482. ^ "Trump won't hand Biden the nuclear football. Here's how the handoff will happen". NBC. January 19, 2021.
  483. ^ Williams, Pete (January 8, 2021). "Can Trump be tried in the Senate on impeachment charges even after he leaves office? Some experts say yes". NBC News. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  484. ^ Feinberg, Andrew (March 30, 2023). "Donald Trump indicted over hush money payments in Stormy Daniels probe". The Independent. Retrieved March 30, 2023.
  485. ^ McCormick, John (January 16, 2021). "Biden to Eclipse Reagan as Oldest President as Washington Leadership Ages". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
  486. ^ Kim, Leena. January 20, 2021. "All of Joe Biden's Homes, In Photos" Town & Country. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
  487. ^ United States Senate. "Senators Who Became President" Retrieved January 23, 2021.
  488. ^ United States Senate. January 3, 2021. "Longest-Serving Senators" Retrieved January 18, 2021.
  489. ^ Shear, Michael D. January 12, 2017. "Obama surprises Biden with Presidential Medal of Freedom" New York Times. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
  490. ^ Joseph Choi. January 25, 2021. "White House commits to sign language interpreter at every press briefing" Retrieved The Hill. February 2, 2021.
  491. ^ "Biden becomes first US president to recognise Armenian genocide". the Guardian. April 24, 2021.
  492. ^ ""Of course it's genocide": How Biden fulfilled a promise to Armenians that Obama wouldn't". www.msn.com.
  493. ^ Arakelian, Chris (April 24, 2021). "Statement by President Joe Biden on Armenian Remembrance Day". The White House. Retrieved April 24, 2021.
  494. ^ "Biden honours Black victims of Tulsa race massacre, 100 years on". France 24. June 1, 2021.
  495. ^ Delkic, Melina (October 11, 2021). "Indigenous Peoples' Day, Explained". The New York Times.
  496. ^ Lewis, Sophie (December 7, 2020). "Joe Biden breaks Obama's record for most votes ever cast for a U.S. presidential candidate". CBS News. Retrieved November 25, 2021.
  497. ^ "Biden is first US president to attend Maccabiah 'Jewish Olympics'". July 15, 2022.
  498. ^ "Joe Biden celebrates his 80th birthday". CNN. November 20, 2022.
  499. ^ Honderich, Holly and Dissanayake, Samanthi. November 8, 2020. "Kamala Harris: The many identities of the first woman vice-president" .BBC. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
  500. ^ Brakkton Booker. January 22, 2021. "Lloyd Austin Confirmed As Defense Secretary, Becomes 1st Black Pentagon Chief" NPR. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
  501. ^ Dorf-Kamienny, Sophie (December 9, 2020). "Janet Yellen Accepts Nomination as First Woman Treasury Secretary: "It's Essential We Move With Urgency" – Ms. Magazine". msmagazine.com. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
  502. ^ Chabeli Carrazana. January 25, 2021. "Janet Yellen becomes the first woman to serve as Treasury secretary" The 19th News. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  503. ^ "Meet the cabinet: Xavier Becerra to be first Latino to lead HHS with Biden nomination". NBC News.
  504. ^ Stolberg, Sheryl Gay; Shear, Michael D. (December 6, 2020). "Biden Picks Xavier Becerra to Lead Health and Human Services". The New York Times.
  505. ^ Ramirez, Marc (December 16, 2020). "In stirring speech, Pete Buttigieg makes history again for LGBTQ Americans as first gay cabinet nominee". USA Today. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
  506. ^ Leslie Josephs. February 2, 2021. "Senate confirms Pete Buttigieg as Transportation secretary" CNBC. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
  507. ^ Ben Fox. Feb 2. 2021. "Senate confirms Mayorkas as Biden’s homeland security chief" AP News. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
  508. ^ Dlouhy, Jennifer A.; Epstein, Jennifer (December 17, 2020). "Biden Picks Deb Haaland to Be First Native American Secretary of Interior". Bloomberg. Retrieved December 17, 2020.
  509. ^ Rott, Nathan (December 17, 2020). "In Historic Move, Biden To Pick Native American Rep. Haaland As Interior Secretary". NPR. Retrieved December 17, 2020.
  510. ^ Ortiz, Erik (December 18, 2020). ""They feel hope": Why Rep. Haaland, nominated as first Native American interior secretary, is meaningful". NBC News. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
  511. ^ Stark, Liz (March 10, 2021). "Senate confirms Michael Regan as head of Environmental Protection Agency". CNN. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
  512. ^ Barbara Sprunt. January 20, 2021. "Senate Confirms Avril Haines As Director Of National Intelligence" NPR. Retrieved 20, 2021.
  513. ^ Katherine Tai unanimously confirmed as first Asian American US trade representative, The Guardian, March 17, 2021.
  514. ^ Tankersley, Jim (March 2, 2021). "Senate confirms Cecilia Rouse as the first Black chair of White House economic council". The New York Times. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
  515. ^ Max Kozlov. January 18, 2021."Biden Names Geneticist Eric Lander as Top Science Adviser" The Scientist. Retrieved January 23, 2021.
  516. ^ Rao, Ankita (January 19, 2021). "Biden health pick Rachel Levine set to become first trans Senate confirmee". The Guardian. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
  517. ^ Smith, Allan; Bennett, Geoff; Lee, Carol and Welker, Kristen. November 23, 2020. "Biden picks John Kerry as climate czar, Janet Yellen as treasury secretary" NBC Universal. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
  518. ^ Natural Resources Defense Council. December 17, 2020. "NRDC CEO & President Gina McCarthy to Join Biden Administration" Retrieved January 29, 2021.
  519. ^ "Senate confirms Zahid Quraishi as first Muslim federal judge in U.S. History". CBS News.
  520. ^ "Ketanji Brown Jackson becomes the first Black woman elevated to the Supreme Court". PBS NewsHour. April 7, 2022. Retrieved April 8, 2022.

Sources

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Uuu00001a/sandbox&oldid=1148248932"