User:LightandDark2000/My Notable Storms

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Hello, I am LightandDark2000. This is the page in which I will post my featured storms. Each storm is categorized by a notable characteristic that sets them apart, and the storms are listed in chronological order in their own respective sections. Note that while some storms may have characteristics that match multiple categories, each storm is only listed once on this page. The contents are subject to change, so please do not be upset if something "disappears." However, if the storm I erased was a major storm, chances are I'll put it back up later. Additionally, if you want to check out active tropical cyclones or the various tropical cyclone basins, see Portal:Tropical cyclones. Enjoy!

Timeline of Unusually occurring & Long-lived storms

Storm of the Year

Featured Storm Number 12 – November 3, 2020

The Storm of the Year – 2020

Hurricane Eta

Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	October 28, 2020 – November 14, 2020
Peak intensity	150 mph (240 km/h) (1-min); 923 mbar (hPa)

Main article: Hurricane Eta

Eta was a powerful and long-lived hurricane that devastated Central America in November 2020. The twenty-ninth tropical depression, record-tying twenty-eighth named storm, twelfth hurricane, and fifth major hurricane of the extremely active 2020 Atlantic hurricane season, Eta originated from a vigorous tropical wave in the eastern Caribbean Sea on October 28. On October 30, the system organized into Tropical Depression Twenty-Nine, before becoming a tropical storm on the next day, at which time it was given the name Eta by the National Hurricane Center (NHC). On November 2, Eta became undergoing rapid intensification over the western Caribbean, as it progressed westward, with the cyclone ultimately becoming a Category 4 hurricane on November 3. Later that day, Eta reached its peak intensity, with 1-minute sustained winds of 150 mph (240 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 923 mbar (hPa; 27.26 inHg), it was the third most intense November Atlantic hurricane on record, behind the 1932 Cuba hurricane, and Hurricane Iota, which struck the same region just two weeks later. However, satellite data suggests that Eta may have reached Category 5 intensity at the time of its peak intensity, since reconnaissance aircraft failed to sample the hurricane's strongest winds at the time of its peak intensity, and multiple meteorologists believed that Eta peaked as a Category 5 hurricane; this possibility is awaiting evaluation from the NHC in their post-storm report, which should be released by Spring 2021. However, six hours after reaching its peak, Eta underwent an eyewall replacement cycle, causing the storm to weaken somewhat. At 21:00 UTC on November 2, Eta made landfall south of Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua, with maximum sustained winds of 140 mph (225 km/h) and a central pressure of 940 mbar (hPa; 27.76 inHg). Following landfall, Eta rapidly weakened to a tropical depression by 00:00 UTC on November 5.

Despite the mountainous terrain, Eta's low-level circulation survived, and Eta retained tropical depression status for the remainder of its two-day trek across Central America, before moving north over water on November 6, and turning towards the northeast. Afterward, Eta reorganized into a tropical storm over the Caribbean on November 7, as it accelerated toward Cuba. On the next day, Eta made landfall on Cuba's Sancti Spíritus Province as a tropical storm, before quickly emerging into the Atlantic and turning westward. Over the next five days, the system moved erratically, making a third landfall on Lower Matecumbe Key in the Florida Keys, on November 9, before slowing down and making a counterclockwise loop in the southern Gulf of Mexico, just off the coast of Cuba, with the storm's intensity fluctuating along the way. Afterward, Eta turned north-northeastward and briefly regained Category 1 hurricane strength on November 11, before weakening back into a tropical storm several hours later. On November 12, Eta made a fourth and final landfall over Cedar Key, Florida. Eta weakened after making landfall, before eventually re-emerging into the Atlantic later that day. Afterward, Eta became extratropical on November 13, before being absorbed into another frontal system off the coast of the Eastern United States on the next day. In all, Hurricane Eta killed at least 211 people, left 120 people missing, and caused at least $7.9 billion (2020 USD) in damages, with the vast majority of the deaths and damages occurring in Central America. Just two weeks later, Central America was struck by Hurricane Iota as a high-end Category 4 hurricane, making landfall near the same location as Eta, which further exacerbated the disaster in the region.

Juggernauts

Super Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda)

Violent typhoon (JMA)
Category 5 super typhoon (SSHWS)
Duration	November 3, 2013 – November 11, 2013
Peak intensity	230 km/h (145 mph) (10-min); 895 hPa (mbar)

Main article: Typhoon Haiyan

On November 3, a low-pressure area formed 45 nautical miles south-southeast of Pohnpei. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert. A few hours later, the JTWC designated the depression as "31W". At 10 AM JST the next day, the JMA named 31W as Haiyan. Haiyan rapidly intensified as it headed towards Palau and the Philippines. Rapid deepening occurred and it became a Category 5 Super Typhoon as it entered the Philippine area of responsibility, and was named Yolanda. Haiyan reached a barometric pressure below 900 mbars (895 mbars), the first since Typhoon Megi in 2010. At one of the evacuation centers the storm brought down the roof of a church in Leyte resulting in at least 20 deaths.

A total of 905,353 people have been affected by the typhoon since late November 7. Later that day, the death toll rose to three. During the afternoon of November 8, the death toll rose to 23. On November 9, it was reported that a total of 56 were dead as Haiyan moved across the central Philippines. Haiyan made landfall in Guiuan, Eastern Samar at 04:45am 2013 (UTC). More than 30 trees were uprooted during that time and no casualties have been reported. State forecasters said that nearly 800,000 people were forced to flee their homes and damage was believed to be extensive. About four million people were affected. In some places in Central Visayas, school will reopen on November 15. It was reported that there was one dead and one injured in Batangas due to high waves which is now a total of 139. A total of 71,623 families (330,914 persons) are being served inside 1,223 evacuation centers during that time. On November 10, 11,000 houses were reported destroyed in Aklan with seven casualties and the death toll rose to 151. The NDRRMC reported that a total of 255 people died from Typhoon Yolanda on November 11. By 0900 UTC, November 11, estimates rose to over 10,000 deaths, with the vast majority in Tacloban.

On November 8, Haiyan weaken to a Category 4 typhoon as it entered the South China Sea. An eyewall replacement cycle occurred to Haiyan as it became a Category 3 typhoon. On November 9, the outer rainbands of the storm was felt in Cambodia and Vietnam. It weaken to a moderate typhoon as it was also felt in Laos. Haiyan rapidly weakened to a severe tropical storm as it killed 12 people in China on November 10. Late on November 11, Haiyan dissipated inland.

• Note: Haiyan was Storm of the Year for 2013.

Super Typhoon Meranti (Ferdie)

Violent typhoon (JMA)
Category 5 super typhoon (SSHWS)
Duration	September 8 – September 17, 2016
Peak intensity	220 km/h (140 mph) (10-min); 890 hPa (mbar)

Main article: Typhoon Meranti

On September 8, 2016, a tropical depression formed in a region of low wind shear, steered by ridges to the north and southwest, with warm water temperatures and outflow from the south. The system reached tropical storm strength by 06:00 UTC on September 10, receiving the name Meranti.

Rainbands and a central dense overcast continued to evolve as the wind shear decreased. By early on September 12, Meranti reached typhoon status. A small eye 9 km (5.6 mi) across developed within the spiraling thunderstorms, and Meranti started rapidly intensifying. Meranti quickly attained estimated 1-minute sustained winds of 285 km/h (180 mph), equivalent to Category 5 on the Saffir–Simpson scale. Meranti gradually reached its peak intensity on September 13 while passing through the Luzon Strait. The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) estimated peak 10-minute sustained winds of 220 km/h (140 mph) and a minimum barometric pressure of 890 hPa (mbar; 26.28 inHg), while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center estimated peak 1-minute sustained winds of 305 km/h (190 mph). Based on the JMA pressure estimate, Meranti was among the most intense tropical cyclones. The JTWC wind estimate made Meranti the strongest tropical cyclone worldwide in 2016, surpassing Cyclone Winston, which had winds of 285 km/h (180 mph) when it struck Fiji in February.

Late on September 13, the storm made landfall on the 83 km² (32 sq mi) island of Itbayat in the Philippine province of Batanes while near its peak intensity. At around 03:05 CST on September 15 (19:05 UTC on September 14), Meranti made landfall over Xiang'an District, Xiamen in Fujian, China with measured 2-minute sustained winds of 173 km/h (108 mph), making it the strongest typhoon to ever make landfall in China's Fujian Province. The system rapidly weakened soon after making landfall, while curving toward the northeast, degenerating into a tropical depression later in the day. On the next day, the system weakened into a remnant low, and re-emerged into the East China Sea. Meranti's remnant low dissipated on September 17.

Super Typhoon Mangkhut (Ompong)

Violent typhoon (JMA)
Category 5 super typhoon (SSHWS)
Duration	September 7 – September 17, 2018
Peak intensity	205 km/h (125 mph) (10-min); 905 hPa (mbar)

Main article: Typhoon Mangkhut

On September 7, a tropical depression formed near the Marshall Islands, and the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) initiated advisories on the system. The JTWC followed suit at 03:00 UTC, and the system was classified as 26W. Late on the same day, the system strengthened into a tropical storm, and the JMA named the system Mangkhut. By September 11, Mangkhut became a typhoon, and made landfall on the islands of Rota, Northern Mariana Islands. On September 12, at 3 pm Philippine Standard Time, Typhoon Mangkhut entered the PAR as a Category 5 super typhoon, and accordingly, PAGASA named the storm Ompong. The JTWC noted additional strengthening on September 12, and assessed Mangkhut to have reached its peak intensity at 18:00 UTC, with maximum one-minute sustained winds of 285 km/h (180 mph). On September 13, the Philippine Government initiated evacuations for residents in the typhoon's expected path. Late on September 14, Mangkhut made landfall on the Philippines as a Category 5-equivalent super typhoon, with 1-minute sustained winds of 165 miles per hour (266 km/h). While moving inland, Mangkhut weakened into a strong Category 4-equivalent super typhoon, and soon weakened further into a Category 2 typhoon. A large eye then appeared and the system slowly strengthened into a Category 3 typhoon, as the storm moved over Hong Kong. As Mangkhut made its final landfall, it weakened into a weak Category 1 typhoon and maintained its intensity inland with deep convection, before subsequently weakening further. Late on September 17, Mangkhut dissipated over Guangxi, China.

As of September 23, 2018, at least 134 fatalities have been attributed to Mangkhut, including 127 in the Philippines, 6 in mainland China, and 1 in Taiwan. As of October 5, the NDRRMC estimated that Mangkhut caused ₱33.9 billion (US$627 million) in damages in the Philippines, with assessments continuing.

Super Typhoon Goni (Rolly)

Violent typhoon (JMA)
Category 5 super typhoon (SSHWS)
Duration	October 26, 2020 – November 6, 2020
Peak intensity	220 km/h (140 mph) (10-min); 905 hPa (mbar)

Main article: Typhoon Goni

The nineteenth named storm, ninth typhoon, and second super typhoon of the 2020 Pacific typhoon season, Goni originated as a tropical depression south portion of Guam on October 26. It was then named as Tropical Storm Goni on October 27. On the next day, Goni explosively intensified over the Philippine Sea, becoming a Category 5–equivalent super typhoon on October 30. Goni maintained Category 5 strength for over a day, before making landfall on Catanduanes at peak intensity, with 10-minute sustained winds of 220 km/h (140 mph), and 1-minute sustained winds of 315 km/h (195 mph), with a minimum central pressure of 905 hPa (mbar; 26.72 inHg). It was the most intense tropical cyclone observed worldwide in 2020, and one of the most intense tropical cyclones on record. Following its first landfall, Goni rapidly weakened while it moved over the Philippines. Over the next day, Goni made three more landfalls over the Philippines, while continuing to weaken. On November 2, Goni moved into the South China Sea and weakened to a tropical storm. It then moved westward towards Vietnam. Late on November 5, Goni made landfall on Vietnam, as a tropical depression, bringing heavy rain and gusty winds.

The storm brought severe flash flooding to Legazpi, as well as lahar flow from the nearby Mayon Volcano. There were widespread power outages as well as damaged power and transmission lines in Bicol. Crops were also heavily damaged. Over 390,000 out of 1 million evacuated individuals have been displaced in the region. Due to the extreme wind speed of the typhoon, two evacuation shelters had their roofing lost. Debris and lahars had also blocked various roads, as well as rendering the Basud Bridge impassible. In Vietnam, where Goni made landfall as a tropical depression, there was flooding in numerous areas, as well as eroded and damaged roads. This exacerbated the 2020 Central Vietnam floods, causing an estiamted ₫543 billion (US$23.5 million). In all, the typhoon killed at least 32 people and caused at least ₱20 billion (US$415 million) worth of damage. The COVID-19 pandemic was also a concern for people in evacuation centers. International relief from several countries as well as the United Nations followed soon after the typhoon moved away from the Philippines. The relief included donations totaling up to $11.48 million and protection from the pandemic, among other items. Due to the damage caused by the typhoon, the names Goni and Rolly were retired.

Monsters of Destruction

Hurricane Mitch (1998)

Category 5 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	October 10, 1998 – November 9, 1998
Peak intensity	180 mph (285 km/h) (1-min); 905 mbar (hPa)

Main article: Hurricane Mitch

Tropical Depression Thirteen was spawned by a tropical wave on October 22, while located offshore Colombia in the Caribbean Sea. Later that day, the depression became Tropical Storm Mitch, and within two days it intensified into a hurricane. While curving westward, the storm rapidly deepened, reaching its peak as a Category 5 hurricane with winds of 180 mph (285 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 905 mbar (26.7 inHg) late on October 26. Mitch weakened significantly while turning to the south, and on October 29 it moved ashore with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h) east of La Ceiba, Honduras. It quickly weakened to a tropical storm, but did not deteriorate into a tropical depression until October 31 while over Central America. Mitch degenerated into a low pressure area on November 2 near the border of Mexico and Guatemala, although it was re-designated a tropical storm on November 3, after emerging into the Bay of Campeche. After turning to the northeast, the storm struck the city of Campeche early on November 4, and Mitch briefly weakened into a tropical depression over the Yucatán Peninsula. The storm re-intensified after reaching the Gulf of Mexico again, and Mitch made its final landfall near Naples, Florida with winds of 65 mph (100 km/h) on November 5. Shortly thereafter the storm became extratropical near the northern Bahamas, which lasted several more days while crossing the Atlantic Ocean.

Heavy rainfall in Jamaica flooded numerous houses and caused three fatalities from mudslides. Strong winds, rough seas, and large amounts of precipitation resulted in minor effects in Cuba and the Cayman Islands. Offshore Honduras, the Fantome sank, drowning all 31 people on board. In Honduras, the large and slow-moving storm dropped 35.89 inches (912 mm) of rain, causing the destruction of at least 70% of the country's crops and an estimated 70-80% of road infrastructure. About 25 villages were completely dismantled, while about 33,000 homes were destroyed and another 50,000 were damaged. Damage totaled about $3.8 billion in Honduras and at least 14,600 fatalities were reported. In Nicaragua, rainfall totals may have reached 50 inches (1,300 mm). Over 1,700 miles (2,700 km) of roads required replacement or repairs, while effects to agriculture were significant. Almost 24,000 houses were destroyed and an additional 17,600 were damaged. About 3,800 deaths and $1 billion in damage were reported in Nicaragua. In Costa Rica, the storm impacted 2,135 homes, of which 241 were destroyed. Extensive road infrastructure and crop damage was also reported. There were 7 people killed and $92 million in damage in Costa Rica.

The storm caused flooding as far south as Panama, where three fatalities occurred. Flash flooding and landslides in El Salvador damaged more than 10,000 homes, 1,200 miles (1,900 km) of roadway, and caused heavy losses to crops and livestock. Damage totaled $400 million and 240 deaths were confirmed. Effects were similar but slightly more significant in Guatemala, where 6,000 houses were destroyed and an additional 20,000 were impacted to some degree. Additionally, 840 miles (1,350 km) of roads were affected, with nearly 400 miles (640 km) of it being major highways. Crop damage in Guatemala alone was nearly $500 million. It was reported that 268 deaths and $748 million in losses occurred in Guatemala. The storm caused relatively minor effects in Mexico and Belize, with 9 and 11 fatalities in both countries, respectively. Mitch brought tropical storm winds to South Florida and rainfall up to 11.20 inches (284 mm). In the Florida Keys, several buildings that were damaged by Georges were destroyed by Mitch. Tornadoes in the state spawned by Mitch damaged or destroyed 645 houses. The storm caused two fatalities and $40 million in damage in Florida. Overall, Mitch caused $6.2 billion in losses and at least 18,974 people were left dead.

Hurricane Ivan (2004)

Category 5 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	September 2, 2004 – September 24, 2004
Peak intensity	165 mph (270 km/h) (1-min); 910 mbar (hPa)

Main article: Hurricane Ivan

A westward-moving tropical wave developed into a tropical depression on September 2, before becoming Tropical Storm Ivan on the following day. After reaching hurricane intensity on September 5, the storm strengthened significantly, becoming a Category 4 hurricane on September 6. It subsequently weakened, though it reached major hurricane status again the next day. Late on September 7, Ivan passed close to Grenada while heading west-northwestward. While located near the Netherlands Antilles on September 9, Ivan briefly became a Category 5 hurricane. During the next five days, Ivan fluctuated between a Category 4 and 5 hurricane. The storm passed south of Jamaica on September 11 and then the Cayman Islands on the next day. While curving northwestward, Ivan brushed western Cuba as a Category 5 hurricane on September 14.

Shortly after moving to the west of Cuba on September 14, Ivan entered the Gulf of Mexico. Over the next two days, the storm gradually weakened while tracking north-northwestward and northward. At 06:50 UTC on September 16, Ivan made landfall near Gulf Shores, Alabama with winds of 120 mph (195 km/h). It quickly weakened inland, falling to tropical storm status later that day and tropical depression strength by early on September 17. The storm curved northeastward and eventually reached the Delmarva Peninsula, where it became extratropical on September 18. The remnants of Ivan moved southward and then southwestward, crossing Florida on September 21 and re-entering the Gulf of Mexico later that day. Late on September 22, the remnants regenerated into Ivan in the central Gulf of Mexico as a tropical depression, shortly before re-strengthening into a tropical storm. After reaching winds of 65 mph (100 km/h), wind shear weakened Ivan back to a tropical depression on September 24. Shortly thereafter, Ivan made a final landfall near Holly Beach, Louisiana with winds of 35 mph (55 km/h) and subsequently dissipated hours later.

Throughout the Lesser Antilles and in Venezuela, Ivan caused 44 deaths and slightly more than $1.15 billion in losses, with nearly all of the damage and fatalities in Grenada. While Ivan was passing south of Hispaniola, the outer bands of the storm caused four deaths in the Dominican Republic. In Jamaica, high winds and heavy rainfall left $360 million in damage and killed 17 people. The storm brought strong winds to the Cayman Islands, resulting in two deaths and $3.5 billion in damage. In Cuba, a combination of rainfall, storm surge, and winds resulted in $1.2 billion in damage, but no fatalities. Heavy damage was reported along the Gulf Coast of the United States. Along the waterfront of Escambia and Santa Rosa counties in Florida, nearly every structure was impacted. In the former, 10,000 roofs were damaged or destroyed. About 4,600 homes were demolished in the county. Similar impact occurred in Alabama. Property damage was major along Perdido Bay, Big Lagoon, Bayou Grande, Pensacola Bay and Escambia Bay. A number of homes were completely washed away by the high surge. Further inland, thousands of other houses were damaged or destroyed in many counties. Ivan produced a record tornado outbreak, with at least 119 twisters spawned collectively in nine states. Throughout the United States, the hurricane left 54 fatalities and slightly more than $18.8 billion in damage. Six deaths were also reported in Atlantic Canada.

Hurricane Katrina (2005)

Category 5 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	August 23, 2005 – August 31, 2005
Peak intensity	175 mph (280 km/h) (1-min); 902 mbar (hPa)

Main articles: Hurricane Katrina and Meteorological history of Hurricane Katrina

An area of disturbed weather over the Bahamas developed into a tropical depression on August 23, becoming a tropical storm on August 24 and a hurricane on August 25. It made landfall on August 25 in southern Florida, emerging a few hours later into the Gulf of Mexico. Katrina rapidly intensified to Category 5 status on the morning of August 28, becoming the fourth most intense recorded hurricane in the Atlantic basin. The hurricane weakened to a Category 4 as it turned northward, and weakened to a Category 3 hurricane with 125 mph (200 km/h) winds as it made landfall in southeastern Louisiana (as confirmed by the post-storm report; initially it was estimated as a Category 4 landfall). Hours later, it crossed the Breton Sound and held its strength, making its third and final landfall with 120 mph (190 km/h) winds near Pearlington, Mississippi.

The Mississippi and Alabama coastlines suffered catastrophic damage from the storm's 30-foot (9m) storm surge. New Orleans escaped the worst damage from the storm, but levees along the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway and 17th Street and London Avenue Canals were ultimately breached by storm surge, flooding about 80% of the city. 1,836 people were confirmed dead across seven US states. Katrina is the costliest and one of the deadliest natural disasters in U.S. history, with damage totals around US $108 billion ($168 billion 2024 USD). It was the deadliest storm of the 2005 season. The damage and fatality estimates remain incomplete, as of late 2005.

• The NHC's archive on Hurricane Katrina
• The WPC's archive on Hurricane Katrina

Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Nargis (2008)

Extremely severe cyclonic storm (IMD)
Category 4 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
Duration	April 27, 2008 – May 3, 2008
Peak intensity	165 km/h (105 mph) (3-min); 962 hPa (mbar)

Main article: Cyclone Nargis

In late April, the Intertropical Convergence Zone became very active over the Bay of Bengal and later spawned a low-pressure area on April 26. Accompanied by low wind shear, favorable outflow, and over an area of high sea surface temperatures, the system consolidated into a depression the following day. Tracking slowly westward, the depression intensified, becoming Cyclonic Storm Nargis on April 28. That day, steering currents weakened, causing the system to become nearly stationary before a trough influenced more northeasterly, and later easterly, movement. On April 29, the system attained hurricane-force winds. Hours before striking southern Myanmar on May 2, Nargis attained its peak intensity with winds of 165 km/h (105 mph) and an estimated central pressure of 962 mbar (hPa; 28.41 inHg). The JTWC estimated the system to have been somewhat stronger, attaining one-minute sustained winds of 215 km/h (135 mph). Once onshore, the system gradually weakened and dissipated early on May 4.

Striking the Irrawaddy Delta with unprecedented intensity, Nargis produced a devastating 3 to 5 m (9.8 to 16.4 ft) storm surge over the region and a maximum wind speed of 190 km/h (120 mph) was also reported. Approximately 23,500 km² (14,600 mi²) of land was inundated by the storm, affecting roughly 11 million people, 2.4 million severely. Infrastructural impacts were tremendous, with 450,000 homes, 4,000 schools, and 75 percent of healthcare facilities destroyed and 350,000 homes severely damaged. With approximately 138,373 fatalities taking place in Myanmar, Nargis is regarded as the worst disaster in the country's history and ranks as the sixth-deadliest tropical cyclone on record. Damage from the storm amounted to K13 trillion (US$12.9 billion), the majority of which occurred within the private sector.

In the immediate aftermath of the cyclone, numerous members of the international community were prepared to provide Myanmar with aid. For several weeks, the State Peace and Development Council (Myanmar's military junta) insisted that the nation could cope with the disaster and refused aid. This was soon determined to be ignorance of the situation and put millions of lives at risk. Some reports indicated that the army even obstructed private relief, setting up check-points, confiscating goods, and arresting those trying to help. In 2009, it was stated that the actions of the government could be condemned as crimes against humanity for "intentionally causing great suffering, or serious injury to body or to mental or physical health."

Hurricane Matthew (2016)

Category 5 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	September 22, 2016 – October 10, 2016
Peak intensity	165 mph (270 km/h) (1-min); 934 mbar (hPa)

Main article: Hurricane Matthew

A vigorous tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on September 22 and moved rapidly across the Atlantic, being monitored by the National Hurricane Center (NHC) for possible tropical cyclogenesis Despite possessing tropical-storm winds as it approached the Lesser Antilles on September 27, the wave could not initially be classified as a tropical cyclone, as reconnaissance aircraft could not find a closed center. However, on September 28, the tropical wave developed a closed low-level circulation while located near Barbados, and intensified into Tropical Storm Matthew. Continuing westward under the influence of a mid-level ridge, the storm steadily intensified to attain hurricane intensity by 18:00 UTC on September 29. The effects of southwesterly wind shear unexpectedly abated late that day, and Matthew began a period of rapid intensification; during a 24-hour period beginning at 00:00 UTC on September 30, the cyclone's maximum winds more than doubled, from 80 mph (130 km/h) to 165 mph (270 km/h), making Matthew a Category 5 hurricane, the first since Hurricane Felix in 2007. Due to upwelling of cooler waters, Matthew weakened to a Category 4 hurricane later on October 1. Matthew remained a powerful Category 4 hurricane for several days, making landfall near Les Anglais, Haiti, around 11:00 UTC on October 4 with winds of 150 mph (240 km/h). Continuing northward, the cyclone struck Maisí in Cuba early on October 5. Cuba's and Haiti's mountainous terrain weakened Matthew to Category 3 status, as it began to accelerate northwestwards through the Bahamas.

Restrengthening occurred as Matthew's circulation became better organized, with the storm becoming a Category 4 hurricane again while passing Freeport. However, Matthew began to weaken again as an eyewall replacement cycle took place. The storm significantly weakened while closely paralleling the coasts of Florida and Georgia, with the northwestern portion of the outer eyewall coming ashore in Florida while the system was a Category 2 hurricane. Matthew weakened to a Category 3 hurricane late on October 7 and then to a Category 1 hurricane by 12:00 UTC on October 8. About three hours later, the hurricane made landfall at Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge, near McClellanville, South Carolina, with winds of 85 mph (140 km/h). Convection became displaced as Matthew pulled away from land, with NHC declaring the system an extratropical cyclone about 200 mi (320 km) east of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, on October 9. Matthew's remnants persisted for another day, before being absorbed by a cold front on October 10.

Animation of Hurricane Matthew passing through the Bahamas on October 5-6

Heavy rains and strong winds buffeted the Lesser Antilles. The winds caused widespread power outages and damaged crops, particularly in St. Lucia, while flooding and landslides caused by the rainfall damaged many homes and roads. One person died in St. Vincent when he was crushed by a boulder. The storm brought precipitation to Colombia's Guajira Peninsula, which saw its first heavy rain event in three years. One person drowned in a river in Uribia. In Haiti, flooding and high winds disrupted telecommunications and destroyed extensive swaths of land; around 80% of Jérémie sustained significant damage.Jérémie, Matthew left about $1.9 billion in damage and at least 546 deaths. Heavy rainfall spread eastward across the Dominican Republic, where four were killed. Effects in Cuba were most severe along the coast, where storm surge caused extensive damage. Four people were killed due to a bridge collapse, and total losses in the country amounted to $2.58 billion, most of which occurred in the Guantánamo Province. Passing through the Bahamas as a major hurricane, Matthew inflicted severe impacts across several islands, particularly Grand Bahama, where an estimated 95% of homes sustained damage in the townships of Eight Mile Rock and Holmes Rock. In Florida, much of the damage occurred was caused by strong winds and storm surge in the east-central and northeastern portions of the state. About 1 million people lost power. Damage in Florida reached over $2.75 billion and there were 12 deaths. About 478,000 lost electricity in Georgia and South Carolina. Torrential rain caused severe flooding, especially in North Carolina, where some rivers exceed record heights set by Hurricane Floyd. About 100,000 structures were flooded and damage reached $1.5 billion. Overall, Matthew caused at least 603 deaths and about $15.1 billion in damage.

• Note: Matthew was Storm of the Year for 2016.

Hurricane Harvey (2017)

Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	August 13, 2017 – September 3, 2017
Peak intensity	130 mph (215 km/h) (1-min); 938 mbar (hPa)

Main article: Hurricane Harvey

The NHC began monitoring an area of low pressure southwest of Cape Verde on August 13, which was expected to merge with a tropical wave that just emerged off the coast of Africa, within a few days. Instead the two systems remained separate, with the first low pressure area coalescing into a potential tropical cyclone by 15:00 UTC on August 17. A reconnaissance aircraft investigating the system was able to locate a well-defined circulation, and the disturbance was upgraded to Tropical Storm Harvey accordingly, six hours later. On a westward course into the Caribbean Sea, the storm was plagued by relentless wind shear, and it degenerated to an open tropical wave south of Hispaniola, by 03:00 UTC on August 20. Harvey's remnants continued into the Bay of Campeche, where more conducive environmental conditions led to the re-designation of a tropical depression, around 15:00 UTC on August 23, and subsequent intensification into a tropical storm by 04:00 UTC on the next morning. The cyclone began a period of rapid intensification shortly thereafter, attaining hurricane intensity by 17:00 UTC on August 24, Category 3 strength around 19:00 UTC on August 25, and Category 4 intensity by 23:00 UTC on that day. Harvey crossed the shore between Port Aransas and Port O'Connor, Texas around 03:00 UTC on August 26, possessing maximum winds of 130 mph (215 km/h). The storm gradually spun down, becoming a tropical storm around 18:00 UTC on August 26, as it meandered across southeastern Texas.

Map of the total rainfall from Hurricane Harvey in the United States.

Rockport, Fulton, and the surrounding cities bore the brunt of Harvey's eyewall as it moved ashore in Texas. Numerous structures were heavily damaged or destroyed, boats were tossed or capsized, power poles were leant or snapped, and trees were downed. As debris covered roadways and cellphone service was compromised, communication to the hardest-hit locales was severed. One person was killed in Rockport after a fire began in his home, and approximately a dozen people were injured. Farther northeast, dire predictions of potentially catastrophic flooding came to fruition in Houston and nearby locales, where floodwaters submerged interstates, forced residents to their attics and roofs, and overwhelmed emergency lines. The National Weather Service tweeted, "This event is unprecedented & all impacts are unknown & beyond anything experienced..." At least 30 people were killed in the Houston area due to flooding. In addition to the flooding, Harvey spawned several tornadoes around Houston. A preliminary report calculated a total of $198.63 billion (2017 USD) in damages due to Harvey, making Hurricane Harvey the costliest tropical cyclone on record, surpassing Hurricane Katrina, and the second-costliest natural disaster worldwide. Harvey killed 91 people, including 1 in Guyana and 90 in the United States. The storm produced 64.58 in (1,640 mm) of rainfall in Texas, the highest-ever rainfall total for any tropical cyclone in the United States and the third-highest rainfall total for a tropical cyclone in the Atlantic basin.

Harvey is the first major hurricane to strike the United States since Hurricane Wilma in 2005, ending the record-long drought that lasted 4,323 days. It is the most intense tropical cyclone to move ashore the mainland since Hurricane Charley in 2004, the first Category 4 hurricane to make landfall in Texas since Hurricane Carla in 1961, and the wettest hurricane ever to strike the continental United States.

• Note: Harvey was one of 3 Storms of the Year for 2017.

Hurricane Irma (2017)

Category 5 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	August 22, 2017 – September 16, 2017
Peak intensity	180 mph (285 km/h) (1-min); 914 mbar (hPa)

Main article: Hurricane Irma

The NHC began monitoring a tropical wave over western Africa on August 26. The disturbance entered the Atlantic late the next day, gradually organizing into Tropical Storm Irma west of Cabo Verde around 15:00 UTC on August 30. Early on August 31, Irma underwent a remarkable period of rapid intensification, with winds increasing from 70 mph (110 km/h) – a high-end tropical storm – to 115 mph (185 km/h), a major hurricane, in a mere 12 hours. An eyewall replacement cycle then took place shortly thereafter, which caused the storm to fluctuate between Category 2 and 3 intensity. Irma resumed intensifying on September 4, and was upgraded into a Category 4 hurricane by 21:00 UTC. At that time, hurricane warnings were issued for the Leeward Islands. By 11:45 UTC the following day, Irma had become a Category 5 hurricane with 175 mph (280 km/h) winds. Six hours later, its winds further increased to 185 mph (295 km/h), tying Irma with the 1935 Labor Day hurricane, Hurricane Gilbert of 1988, and Hurricane Wilma of 2005 for the second-strongest Atlantic hurricane by wind speed, surpassed only by Hurricane Allen of 1980.

In the aftermath of Irma, development on the islands of Barbuda and Saint Martin was described as being "95% destroyed" by respective political leaders, with 1,400 people feared homeless in Barbuda. So far, Irma has resulted in at least 132 deaths, including 44 across the Caribbean, and 88 in the United States.

Hurricane Irma was also the top Google searched term in the US and globally, in the year 2017.

• Note: Irma was one of 3 Storms of the Year for 2017.

Hurricane Maria (2017)

Category 5 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	September 13, 2017 – October 3, 2017
Peak intensity	175 mph (280 km/h) (1-min); 908 mbar (hPa)

Main article: Hurricane Maria

On September 13, the NHC began monitoring a tropical wave southwest of Cabo Verde. The disturbance moved west, organizing into a potential tropical cyclone at 15:00 UTC on September 16 and Tropical Storm Maria six hours later. On a west-northwest course, Maria intensified at an exceptional rate and attained Category 5 strength around 23:45 UTC on September 18. After striking Dominica at that intensity a little over an hour later, the storm weakened slightly as it entered the eastern Caribbean Sea; amid favorable conditions, however, Maria regained Category 5 intensity and eventually reached peak winds of 175 mph (280 km/h) late on September 19. Around 08:00 UTC on September 20, the eyewall of Maria struck Vieques, and a little over two hours later, the core of the storm made landfall near Yabucoa, Puerto Rico, with winds of 155 mph (250 km/h). Land interaction caused a significant degration in Maria's structure, and it weakened to a Category 2 hurricane while moving offshore. Growing in size and curving north, Maria regained Category 3 strength and maintained this intensity for several days before entering a less conducive environment. After fluctuating between tropical storm and minimal hurricane strength off the coastline of North Carolina, the system turned sharply east away from the United States and ultimately transitioned into an extratropical cyclone over the far northern Atlantic on September 30.

Dominica sustained catastrophic damage from Maria, with nearly every structure on the island damaged or destroyed. Surrounding islands were also dealt a devastating blow, with reports of flooding, downed trees, and damaged buildings. Puerto Rico also suffered catastrophic damage. The island's electric grid was devastated, leaving all 3.4 million residents without power. Many structures were leveled, while floodwaters trapped thousands of citizens. The United States National Guard, Coast Guard, Army Corps of Engineers, and other like units worked to administer aid and assist in search and rescue operations. However, the U.S. federal government response was criticized for its delay in waiving the Jones Act, a statute which prevented Puerto Rico from receiving aid on ships from non-U.S. flagged vessels. Along the coastline of the United States, tropical storm-force gusts cut power to hundreds of citizens; rip currents offshore led to three deaths and numerous water rescues. Estimates of damage from Maria were pegged at $91.61 billion (2017 USD), mainly in Puerto Rico. Hurricane Maria killed at least 3,057 people, with 2,975 killed in Puerto Rico, 65 in Dominica, 5 in the Dominican Republic, 2 in Guadeloupe, 3 in Haiti, 3 in the United States Virgin Islands, and 4 in the Contiguous United States.

• Note: Maria was one of 3 Storms of the Year for 2017.

Super Typhoon Jebi (Maymay)

Violent typhoon (JMA)
Category 5 super typhoon (SSHWS)
Duration	August 25, 2018 – September 9, 2018
Peak intensity	195 km/h (120 mph) (10-min); 915 hPa (mbar)

Main article: Typhoon Jebi (2018)

A low-pressure system formed near the Marshall Islands on early August 25, 2018, developing and being upgraded to a tropical depression on August 27 by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). There was a persistent deep convection in the system which lead to the upgrade to a tropical storm by the JMA and was given the name Jebi. On August 29, the storm abruptly underwent rapid intensification and became the third super typhoon and the second category 5 of the season. On September 4, a weakened but still powerful Jebi made landfall over the southern part of Tokushima Prefecture at around 12:00 JST (03:00 UTC) before moving over Osaka Bay and making another landfall at around Kobe, Hyōgo Prefecture at around 14:00 JST (05:00 UTC). Osaka was hit badly with a maximum wind gust of 209 km/h recorded at Kansai International Airport and 171 km/h at Osaka city's weather station, where the minimum sea level pressure (962 mb) was the lowest since 1961's record of 937 mb (Typhoon Nancy) and the fifth lowest on record. A 3.29 metre storm surge led to flooding along the Osaka Bay, including Kansai International Airport, where the runways were flooded and some airport facilities were damaged by wind and water. Osaka's iconic Universal Studios Japan was also closed during the event of the typhoon. Wakayama also recorded a maximum wind gust of 207 km/h. Jebi then moved over Kyoto which wrecked more havoc. Multiple shrines were closed during the duration of the typhoon. Kyoto Station received a lot of damage, the glass above the atrium covering the central exit, shops and hotel, collapsed, narrowly missing a few by centimeters. The typhoon ultimately emerged into the Sea of Japan shortly after 15:00 JST (06:00 UTC). Simultaneously, a cold front formed southwest of the typhoon, initiating the beginning of an extratropical transition on September 4. On September 5, after JTWC issued a final warning at 00:00 JST (15:00 UTC), Jebi was downgraded to a severe tropical storm at 03:00 JST (18:00 UTC) when it was located near the Shakotan Peninsula of Hokkaido. The storm completely transitioned into a storm-force extratropical cyclone off the coast of Primorsky Krai, Russia shortly before 10:00 VLAT (09:00 JST, 00:00 UTC). Later, the extratropical cyclone moved inland. The terrain of Khabarovsk Krai contributed to the steadily weakening trend as the system moved inland northwestward and then northward; extratropical low passed northeast of Ayan early on September 7. Jebi's extratropical remnant continued northward and then turned northeastward, before dissipating early on September 9, over the Arctic Ocean.

Jebi was the strongest storm to hit Japan since Typhoon Yancy of 1993. In total, Jebi killed 17 people and inflicted over US$13 billion in insured losses, making Jebi the costliest typhoon to strike Japan, in terms of insured losses. 11 deaths were reported from Japan and 6 deaths were reported from Taiwan. Despite the extensive amount of damage caused by the storm, the name Jebi was not retired.

Hurricane Florence (2018)

Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	August 28, 2018 – September 19, 2018
Peak intensity	150 mph (240 km/h) (1-min); 937 mbar (hPa)

Main article: Hurricane Florence

On August 28, 2018, the NHC first mentioned the possibility of tropical cyclone formation from a tropical wave expected to exit western Africa. Two days later, the tropical wave moved off the coast of Senegal, with disorganized thunderstorms and a well-defined low-pressure area. Due to the system's threat to the Cape Verde islands, the NHC initiated advisories on Potential Tropical Cyclone Six at 15:00 UTC on August 30. The system organized into Tropical Depression Six at 21:00 UTC on August 31. Early on September 1, Tropical Depression Six strengthened into Tropical Storm Florence. Gradual intensification occurred as Florence continued west-northwestward across the central Atlantic, and at 15:00 UTC on September 4, it intensified into the third hurricane of the season. On September 5, Florence unexpectedly underwent rapid intensification into a Category 3 major hurricane. Rapid intensification continued and at 21:00 UTC, Florence intensified into a Category 4 hurricane at 22.4°N 46.2°W / 22.4; -46.2 (Florence), farther northeast than any previous Category 4 hurricane in the Atlantic during the satellite era. However, rapid intensification caused the now-stronger storm to veer northwards into a zone of greater vertical wind shear. Over the next 30 hours, Florence rapidly weakened into a tropical storm due to the strong wind shear, with the storm's cloud pattern becoming distorted. After entering a zone of less shear and crossing into warmer waters, Florence restrengthened into a hurricane on September 9. On the next day, Florence underwent a second period of rapid intensification and reintensified into a major hurricane. At 16:00 UTC on the same day, Florence reintensified into a Category 4 hurricane. Florence continued strengthening into the next day, reaching its peak intensity at 18:00 UTC on September 11, with 1-minute sustained winds of 150 mph (240 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 937 millibars (27.7 inHg). Before impacting the coast however, Florence underwent an eyewall replacement cycle and encountered moderate wind shear, weakening it to a Category 2 hurricane. Florence quickly weakened into a tropical depression inland, and the NHC issued its last advisory at 10:00 UTC on September 16, passing on responsibility to the Weather Prediction Center (WPC). At that point, Florence had also begun to gradually accelerate westward. On September 17, Florence slowly turned to the northeast, while continuing to weaken. Late on the same day, Florence weakened into a remnant low, while situated over West Virginia. Florence still posed a threat inland, as it dumped tremendous amounts of rain on the Eastern Seaboard. The system finally dissipated in the open Atlantic on September 19, when the system's remnants were absorbed into a developing extratropical storm. This system later led to the formation of the long-lived Hurricane Leslie.

Florence posed a major threat to the East Coast of the United States, especially North Carolina and South Carolina, which declared states of emergency, along with Virginia, Maryland, and Washington, D.C. The NHC issued its first hurricane watches at 9:00 UTC on September 11.

Hurricane Michael (2018)

Category 5 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	October 1, 2018 – October 16, 2018
Peak intensity	160 mph (260 km/h) (1-min); 919 mbar (hPa)

Main article: Hurricane Michael

On October 1, a broad area of low pressure formed over the southwestern Caribbean Sea, absorbing the remnants of Tropical Storm Kirk by the next day. On October 2, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) began monitoring the system for tropical development. While strong upper-level winds initially inhibited development, the disturbance gradually became better organized as it drifted generally northward and then eastward toward the Yucatán Peninsula. On October 6, the NHC deemed the system an imminent threat to land, and thus initiated advisories on Potential Tropical Cyclone Fourteen. Early on the next morning, the system organized into a tropical depression, before intensifying into Tropical Storm Michael several hours later. Michael quickly became a hurricane around midday on October 8 as a result of rapid intensification. At 21:00 UTC on October 9, while approaching the Gulf Coast, Michael strengthened into a major hurricane, making it the second major hurricane of the season. Michael continued rapidly intensifying the following day, and at 17:30 UTC on October 10, Michael made landfall at its peak intensity, as a low-end Category 5 hurricane with sustained winds of 160 mph (260 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 919 millibars (27.1 inHg), becoming the strongest storm of the season and also the third-strongest landfalling hurricane in the U.S. on record in terms of central pressure. This also made Michael the first Category 5 hurricane to make landfall in the United States since Hurricane Andrew in 1992, and one of only 4 storms known to make landfall at that intensity in the mainland United States in recorded history. At that time, however, Michael was operationally classified as a high-end Category 4 hurricane, prior to the NHC's post-season analysis of data gathered from the storm. After crossing through the southeastern United States, Michael started restrengthening early on October 12, as a result of baroclinic forcing while transitioning into an extratropical cyclone.

The combined effects of the precursor low to Michael and a disturbance over the Pacific Ocean caused significant flooding across Central America. Nearly 2,000 homes in Nicaragua suffered damage and 1,115 people evacuated. A total of 253 and 180 homes were damaged in El Salvador and Honduras, respectively. More than 22,700 people were directly affected throughout the three countries. Catastrophic damage occurred in Mexico Beach, Florida, where the storm made landfall at peak intensity. Michael killed at least 60 people; at least 15 fatalities occurred across Central America: 8 in Honduras, 4 in Nicaragua, and 3 in El Salvador. In the United States, at least 57 were killed across Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and Virginia, mostly in the state of Florida. Michael caused at least $25 billion (2018 USD) in property damage in the U.S., along with an additional $100 million (2018 USD) in damages in Central America.

On March 20, 2019, at the 41st session of the RA IV hurricane committee, the World Meteorological Organization retired the name Michael from its rotating name lists, due to the extreme damage and loss of life it caused along its track, particularly in the Florida Panhandle and southwest Georgia, and its name will never again be used for another Atlantic hurricane. It will be replaced with Milton for the 2024 season.

• Note: Michael was Storm of the Year for 2018.

Typhoon Yutu (2018)

Violent typhoon (JMA)
Category 5 super typhoon (SSHWS)
Duration	October 21, 2018 – November 3, 2018
Peak intensity	215 km/h (130 mph) (10-min); 900 hPa (mbar)

Main article: Typhoon Yutu

Early on October 21, 2018, a tropical depression developed to the east of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands, with the JMA initiating advisories on the system. Shortly afterward, the JTWC assigned the storm the identifier 31W. The system began to strengthen, becoming a tropical storm several hours later, and the JMA named the system Yutu. Favorable conditions, including low wind shear and high ocean-surface temperatures, allowed Yutu to explosively intensify on the following day, with the storm reaching severe tropical storm strength and then typhoon intensity a few hours later. From October 23 to 24, Yutu continued to organize and explosively intensify, reaching Category 5 super typhoon intensity on October 24. The typhoon continued to strengthen and displayed a healthy convective structure, while moving towards the island of Saipan. Later on the same day, Typhoon Yutu made landfall on the island of Tinian while at peak intensity, just south of Saipan, at Category 5 intensity, with 1-minute sustained winds of 285 km/h (180 mph), becoming the most powerful storm on record to impact the northern Mariana Islands.

After making landfall in Saipan, Yutu underwent an eyewall replacement cycle, which it successfully completed on the next day, and the storm strengthened back to Category 5 super typhoon status on October 26, at 15:00 UTC.

On October 27, Yutu's eye became cloud-filled, indicative of weakening, and the storm weakened to a Category 4 super typhoon. On the same day, the storm entered PAGASA's area of responsibility, and Yutu was given the name Rosita by PAGASA. On October 28, Yutu quickly weakened, as ocean sea-surface heat content significantly declined.

After making landfall on October 30, Yutu rapidly weakened, and when it emerged over the South China Sea, low ocean heat content and westerly wind shear caused Yutu to weaken below typhoon status. On November 2, Yutu weakened into a remnant low off the coast of China, before dissipating early on the next day.

On October 25, in Saipan, the typhoon killed a woman when it wrecked the building she was staying in, and injured 133 other people, three of whom were severely injured. On Saipan and nearby Tinian, high winds from Yutu knocked down more than 200 power poles. Most of the buildings in southern Saipan lost their roofs or were destroyed, including a high school that was wrecked.

Intense Tropical Cyclone Idai (2019)

Intense tropical cyclone (MFR)
Category 4 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
Duration	March 4, 2019 – March 21, 2019
Peak intensity	195 km/h (120 mph) (10-min); 940 hPa (mbar)

Main article: Cyclone Idai

Tropical Depression 11 formed off the east coast of Mozambique on March 4, 2019. Afterward, the tropical depression drifted northeastward very slowly, making landfall on Mozambique later that day. On March 6, Tropical Depression 11 was given a yellow tropical cyclone development warning by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC). On March 7, the storm turned west-southwestward, while continuing to retain its tropical identity overland. On March 8, Tropical Depression 11 weakened and turned back towards the east. Early on March 9, the tropical depression emerged into the Mozambique Channel and began to organize. On the same day, the JTWC stated that the system had a high probability for genesis into a tropical cyclone, and later on the same day, the system strengthened into a moderate tropical storm and received the name Idai. On March 10, Idai began to rapidly intensify, strengthening into a tropical cyclone near Madagascar, and the system made yet another turn westward, moving to the southwest. On the next day, the storm intensified into the seventh intense tropical cyclone of the season, and soon reached its peak intensity as a Category 4-equivalent tropical cyclone. On March 12, Idai began to weaken, as the system underwent an eyewall replacement cycle. On March 13, Idai began accelerating westward. At 00:00 UTC on March 15, the MFR reported that Idai had made landfall near Beira, Mozambique, with 10-minute sustained winds of 165 km/h (105 mph). Idai quickly weakened after landfall, degenerating into a tropical depression later that day. Afterward, Idai slowly moved inland while dumping large amounts of rain, resulting in flash flooding. Late on March 16, Idai degenerated into a remnant low, but the storm's remnant continued dumping rain across the region. On March 17, Idai's remnant turned eastward once again, eventually re-emerging into the Mozambique Channel a second time on March 19. On March 21, Idai's remnants dissipated.

As a tropical depression, Idai affected Malawi and Mozambique, during its first landfall. At least 56 people died, and 577 others were injured due to flooding in Malawi. About 83,000 people were displaced. The southern districts of Chikwawa and Nsanje became isolated by floodwaters. In Mozambique, 66 people were killed by the flooding, and affected 141,000 people. The Council of Ministers required 1.1 billion metical (US$17.6 million) to help those who were affected by the flooding. In total, Idai killed at least 1,303 people and left thousands more missing, becoming one of the deadliest tropical cyclones in the modern history of Africa and the Southern Hemisphere as a whole. With this death toll, Idai is the deadliest tropical cyclone recorded in the South-West Indian Ocean basin, and the second-deadliest tropical cyclone overall in the Southern Hemisphere, behind only Cyclone Flores in 1973. In addition, the total damages from the cyclone are expected to exceed US$2.2 billion (2019 USD), which would make Idai the costliest cyclone on record in the basin.

Hurricane Dorian (2019)

Category 5 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	August 19, 2019 – September 9, 2019
Peak intensity	185 mph (295 km/h) (1-min); 910 mbar (hPa)

Main article: Hurricane Dorian

A tropical wave exited the west coast of Africa on August 19 and organized as it moved westward, becoming a tropical depression early on August 24 approximately 805 mi (1,295 km) east-southeast of Barbados. The depression quickly developed curved banding features and intensified into Tropical Storm Dorian later that day while heading west-northwestward. Dry air prevented any significant further intensification and organization for several days. Early on August 27, Dorian struck Barbados as a very compact cyclone with winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) and then passed over Saint Lucia later that day. The mountainous terrain of Saint Lucia disrupted the storm's circulation, though a new circulation formed farther to the north. Dorian resumed organizing while moving northeastward over the Caribbean, with a partial eyewall and inner core developing by August 28. The cyclone reached hurricane intensity at 15:30 UTC on August 28 while striking the eastern tip of Saint Croix in the U.S. Virgin Islands; another landfall occurred on Saint Thomas a few hours later. After emerging into the Atlantic on August 28, Dorian eventually began moving west-northwestward due to an upper-level low moving to the south and a subtropical ridge expanding westward.

Encountering very warm water temperatures, ample moisture, and low wind shear, Dorian began rapidly intensifying on August 30, reaching major hurricane intensity around 18:00 UTC that day. Strengthening further, the cyclone became a Category 5 hurricane at 12:00 UTC on September 1, a few hours prior to making landfall on Elbow Cay in the Abaco Islands with winds of 185 mph (295 km/h); Dorian became the strongest tropical cyclone on record to strike the Bahamas. A weakening high pressure area to the north and collapsing steering currents caused Dorian to move very slowly. The cyclone struck Grand Bahama early on September 2 while still a Category 5 hurricane, and the storm stalled just north of Grand Bahama for about a day. The storm weakened due to land interaction and upwelling, falling below major hurricane late on September 3. An eastward-moving, large mid-level trough forced Dorian to move north-northwestward and then northward, causing it to remain offshore Florida. The cyclone re-strengthened into a Category 3 hurricane over the Gulf Stream on September 5, but weakened back to a Category 2 later that day. Dorian then curved northeastward and scraped the Outer Banks of North Carolina on September 6 before moving ashore at Cape Hatteras with winds of 100 mph (155 km/h). Embedded within the mid-latitude flow, the cyclone accelerated northeastward and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone late on September 7. The remnant extratropical storm struck Nova Scotia and later Newfoundland, before being absorbed by another extratropical cyclone on September 9.

Throughout the Windward Islands, the storm produced wind gusts up to 61 mph (98 km/h), observed on Martinique. Approximately 4,000 homes lost electricity and many streets became impassable due to flooding. Mostly minor damage occurred in Barbados. Some areas of the U. S. Virgin Islands reported hurricane-force winds, with Buck Island observing sustained winds of 82 mph (132 km/h). Winds from Dorian left island-wide blackouts on Saint Thomas and Saint John, while 25,000 customers lost power on Saint Croix. In the British Virgin Islands, the storm caused flood and wind damage in the outskirts of Road Town. One death occurred in Puerto Rico during preparations for the storm. Gusty winds left roughly 23,000 households without electricity across the island. Dorian inflicted catastrophic damage in some regions of the Bahamas. Approximately 87 percent of the damage nationwide occurred in the Abaco Islands, where the storm struck at peak intensity and generated winds of at least tropical storm-force for more than three days. Around 75 percent of homes there were damaged to some degree. Further, Dorian damaged about 90 percent of infrastructure in Marsh Harbour and obliterated shanty-type homes in the town. Grand Bahama also experienced extreme impacts, with storm surge submerging at least 60 percent of the island. The hurricane severely damaged or destroyed around 300 homes on the island. Throughout the Bahamas, an estimated 13,000 homes suffered severe damage or were completely destroyed, while at least 70,000 people were left homeless. Dorian killed at least 70 people and caused at least $3.4 billion in damage, making it the costliest hurricane in the country's history.

Over 160,000 electrical customers in Florida lost power during the storm. Dorian caused coastal flooding in some areas, especially in immediate oceanfront or riverfront sections of St. Augustine and Jacksonville. Six deaths occurred in the state. Strong winds in South Carolina downed numerous trees and power lines, leaving more than 270,000 residences and workplaces without power. Coastal flooding and flash flooding impacted the Charleston and Georgetown areas. Three tornadoes in Horry County also caused damage. The eastern portions of the state experienced storm surge ranging from 4 to 7 ft (1.2 to 2.1 m), wind gusts up to 110 mph (180 km/h), rainfall totals between 5 and 10 in (130 and 250 mm), and 25 tornadoes. Dare County was particularly hard hit, with 1,126 structures damaged. The storm also destroyed 20-25 percent of the state's tobacco crop. Three deaths were reported in North Carolina. Gusty winds and beach erosion occurred in other states along the East Coast, especially in Delaware and New Jersey. Damage in the United States totaled roughly $1.6 billion. In Canada, the extratropical remnants of Dorian left about 412,000 customers without power in Nova Scotia and another 80,000 in New Brunswick, with the former representing approximately 80 percent of the province. The storm damaged homes, buildings, and boats, as well as downed trees, across Canadian Maritimes, though the worst impacts occurred in Halifax, Moncton, and much of Prince Edward Island. Insured damage alone reached $78.9 million. Dorian caused at least $5.07 billion (2019 USD) in damages, and the storm likely killed at least 329 people, as 245 residents of the Bahamas still remain missing as of July 2020.

• Note: Dorian was Storm of the Year for 2019.

Super Typhoon Hagibis (2019)

Violent typhoon (JMA)
Category 5 super typhoon (SSHWS)
Duration	October 2, 2019 – October 22, 2019
Peak intensity	195 km/h (120 mph) (10-min); 915 hPa (mbar)

Main article: Typhoon Hagibis

Hagibis developed from a tropical disturbance located a couple hundred miles north of the Marshall Islands on October 2, 2019. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center issued a red tropical cyclone formation alert - noting that the disturbance could undergo rapid intensification upon being identified as a tropical depression. On the next day, October 3, both the Japan Meteorological Agency and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center began issuing advisories on Tropical Depression 20W. The depression stayed at the same intensity as it travelled west toward the Mariana Islands on October 4, but on October 5, 20W began undergoing rapid intensification and early that day, the system was issued with the name "Hagibis" by the JMA, which means speed in Filipino. Sea surface temperatures and wind shear became extremely favourable for tropical cyclogenesis and Hagibis started extremely rapid intensification on October 6, and became a Category 5 super typhoon in under 12 hours - the second of the 2019 Pacific typhoon season. Edging closer to the uninhabited areas of the Mariana Islands, Hagibis displayed excellent convection as well as a well-defined circulation. The system developed a pinhole eye and made landfall on the Northern Mariana Islands at peak intensity, with 10-minute sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph) and a central pressure of 915 hPa (27.02 inHg).

Land interaction did not affect Hagibis much, but as the system continued to move westward, it underwent an eyewall replacement cycle, which is usual for all tropical cyclones of a similar intensity. The inner eyewall was robbed of its needed moisture and Hagibis began to weaken, but it formed a large and cloud-filled eye, which then became clear, and Hagibis reached its second peak. Travelling toward Japan, Hagibis encountered high vertical wind shear and its inner eyewall began to degrade, and the outer eyewalls rapidly eroded as its center began to be exposed. On October 12, Hagibis made landfall on Japan at 19:00 p.m JST (10:00 UTC) on the Izu Peninsula near Shizuoka. Then, an hour later at 20:00 p.m. JST, (11:00 UTC), Hagibis made its second landfall on Japan in the Greater Tokyo Area. Wind shear was now at 60 knots (69 mph; 111 km/h), and Hagibis' structure became torn apart as it sped at 34 knots (39 mph; 63 km/h) north-northeast toward more hostile conditions. On October 13, Hagibis became an extratropical low and the JMA and JTWC issued their final advisories on the system. However, the extratropical remnant of Hagibis persistent for more than a week, before dissipating on October 22. Hagibis caused catastrophic destruction across much of eastern Japan. Hagibis spawned a large tornado on October 12, which struck the Ichihara area of Chiba Prefecture during the onset of Hagibis,; the tornado, along with a 5.7 magnitude earthquake off the coast, caused additional damage those areas that were damaged by Hagibis. Hagibis caused $15 billion (2019 USD) in damages, making it the costliest typhoon on record.

Super Cyclonic Storm Amphan (2020)

Super cyclonic storm (IMD)
Category 5 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
Duration	May 16, 2020 – May 20, 2020
Peak intensity	240 km/h (150 mph) (3-min); 920 hPa (mbar)

Main article: Cyclone Amphan

At 00:00 UTC on May 16, 2020, a depression formed in the southeast Bay of Bengal and was identified as BOB 01. Six hours later, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) upgraded the system to a deep depression. The system began bringing torrential rainfall to Sri Lanka and Southern India. Around 15:00 UTC, the system further developed into Cyclonic Storm Amphan. That morning, landslide and flooding warnings were hoisted for parts of eastern Sri Lanka and the Indian state of Kerala were given expectations of torrential rainfall in the coming days. By 09:00 UTC on May 17, Amphan had intensified into a very severe cyclonic storm. Within 12 hours, the storm had developed an eye and started to rapidly intensify, becoming an extremely severe cyclonic storm. According to the JTWC, it explosively intensified from a Category 1-equivalent cyclone to a Category 4-equivalent cyclone in just 6 hours. The following morning around 10:30 UTC, the IMD upgraded Amphan to a super cyclonic storm with 3-minute sustained winds of 240 km/h (150 mph) and a minimum pressure of 920 hectopascals (27.17 inHg). This marked the second year in a row featuring a super cyclonic storm, the previous year seeing Kyarr in the Arabian Sea. On May 20, at approximately 17:30 IST, the cyclone made landfall near Bakkhali, West Bengal after weakening subsequently. It rapidly weakened once inland, and dissipated on the next day. Amphan killed a total of 128 people and left behind a trail of catastrophic damage, causing $13.7 billion (2020 USD) in damages, making the cyclone the costliest storm ever recorded in the basin.

Wintry Hell

Winer Storm Jonas (2016)

Category 5 "Extreme" (RSI/NOAA: 20.14)
Duration	January 19–29, 2016
Lowest pressure	983 mb (29.03 inHg)
Maximum snow	42 in (110 cm)
Fatalities	55 fatalities
Damage	$500 million – $3 billion (2016 USD)

Main article: January 2016 United States blizzard

The development of the winter storm was anticipated by forecasters for at least a week. It originated in a shortwave trough—a weather disturbance in the upper atmosphere—that came ashore at the Pacific Northwest on January 19. The trough strengthened as it moved southeastward through the Great Plains, and on January 21 it spawned a weak low-pressure area over central Texas. The incipient storm system began to intensify as it tracked eastward through the Gulf Coast states, triggering a line of strong to severe thunderstorms and multiple tornado warnings.

During the mid-afternoon hours of January 22, a new low-pressure area began to develop over the coast of the Carolinas, as the former storm tracked into central Georgia. Owing to uncertainty in short-range guidance but a high confidence of a sharp northern edge of precipitation, many forecasts were predicting 12" of snow or less until just hours before snowfall began, from Allentown, Pennsylvania, toward New York City and the southern coast of New England. As the storm moved further north and rapidly strengthened, it became apparent that snowfall would be much higher farther north, and forecasters quickly began upgrading their totals. Early on January 24, as the storm was leaving New England, the system began to become elongated, as a secondary low developed to the southwest of the storm's central low. On January 25, the blizzard left the East Coast of the United States; on the same day, the system was named Karin by the University of Berlin.

Accompanied by a strong jet stream in the Atlantic, the remnants of the storm crossed the British Isles on January 26. The wind and rain associated with the low was forecast to have the potential to cause disruption in the United Kingdom, and indeed there were areas that saw severe weather. During the next few days, the system accelerated towards the northeast. On January 29, the storm system was absorbed by Windstorm Leone, over Finland.

The storm was given various unofficial names, including Winter Storm Jonas, Blizzard of 2016, and Snowzilla among others. The highest reported snowfall was 40 inches (100 cm) in Glengary, West Virginia. Locations in five states exceeded 30 inches of snow. The storm dropped 18 inches of snow in Washington, D.C., 22 inches in Philadelphia, 26 inches in Baltimore, 30.5 inches in New York City. States of emergency were declared in Maryland, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, West Virginia, Virginia, Delaware, New York, and Washington, D.C. The storm also caused coastal flooding in Delaware and New Jersey. Cape May, New Jersey set a record high water level at 8.98 feet, higher than the 8.90 feet seen during Hurricane Sandy. High winds led to blizzard conditions in many areas. Sustained winds of 59 miles per hour (95 km/h) with gust of 72 mph were recorded in Delaware. 70 miles per hour (110 km/h) gusts were also recorded in Massachusetts.

Winter Storm Uri (2021)

Category 3 "Major" (RSI/NOAA: 8.048)
Duration	February 13–17, 2021
Lowest pressure	960 mb (28.35 inHg)
Maximum snow	26 in (66 cm)
Fatalities	≥ 302 fatalities
Damage	≥ $196.5 billion (2021 USD)

Main article: February 13–17, 2021 North American winter storm

On February 13, a frontal storm developed off the coast of the Pacific Northwest and moved ashore, before moving southeastward, with the storm becoming disorganized in the process. During this time, the storm reached a minimum pressure of 992 millibars (29.3 inHg) over the Rocky Mountains. On the same day, The Weather Channel gave the storm the unofficial name Winter Storm Uri, due to the expected impacts from the storm; the Federal Communications Commission later adopted the name in their reports after February 17. From February 12 to 13, a trough dipped southward from Northern California into northern Mexico, which channeled moisture from Texas towards the storm, as the system moved southeastward. Over the next couple of days, the storm began to develop as it entered the Southern United States and moved into Texas. From February 13 to 14, a second, much larger trough developed over Central United States, aided by a southward shift from the polar vortex, while the winter storm moved into Texas. The trough became fully developed by February 15, channeling significant amounts of moisture into the winter storm and also contributing to a historic cold wave that affected most of the Central and Eastern United States. Winds in the jet stream reached 170 mph (275 km/h) around the trough. On February 15, the system developed a new surface low off the coast of the Florida Panhandle, as the storm turned northeastward and expanded in size.

On February 16, the storm developed another low-pressure center to the north as the system grew more organized, while moving towards the northeast. Later that day, the storm broke in half, with the newer storm moving northward into Quebec, while the original system moved off the East Coast of the U.S. By the time the winter storm exited the U.S. late on February 16, the combined snowfall from the multiple winter storms within the past month had left nearly 75% of the contiguous United States covered by snow, which was the largest amount of snow cover seen in the United States since early 2003. On February 17, the storm's secondary low dissipated as the system approached landfall on Newfoundland, intensifying in the process. At 12:00 UTC that day, the storm's central pressure reached 985 millibars (29.1 inHg), as the center of the storm moved over Newfoundland. On the same day, the storm was given the name Belrem by the Free University of Berlin. The storm continued to strengthen as it moved across the North Atlantic, with the storm's central pressure dropping to 960 millibars (28 inHg) by February 19. On February 20, the storm developed a second-low pressure area and gradually began to weaken, as it moved northwestward towards Iceland. Afterward, the storm turned westward and moved across southern Greenland on February 22, weakening even further as it did so. The storm then stalled south of Greenland, while continuing to weaken, before dissipating on February 24.

The storm resulted in over 170 million Americans being placed under various winter weather alerts being issued by the National Weather Service in the United States across the country and caused blackouts for over 9.9 million people in the U.S. and Mexico, most notably the 2021 Texas power crisis. The blackouts were the largest in the U.S. since the Northeast blackout of 2003. The storm contributed to a severe cold wave that affected most of North America. The storm also brought severe destructive weather to Southeastern United States, including several tornadoes. On February 16, there were at least 20 direct fatalities and 13 indirect fatalities attributed to the storm; by July 14, the death toll had risen to at least 302, including 288 people in the United States and 14 people in Mexico. The damages from the blackouts are estimated to be at least $196.5 billion (2021 USD), making the system the costliest winter storm on record. It is also the deadliest winter storm in North America since the 1993 Storm of the Century, which killed 318 people.

Record-Breakers

Super Typhoon Nancy (1961)

Category 5 super typhoon (SSHWS)
Duration	September 7, 1961 – September 17, 1961
Peak intensity	345 km/h (215 mph) (1-min); 882 hPa (mbar)

Main article: Typhoon Nancy (1961)

Tropical Storm Nancy, having developed on September 7, 1961, in the open West Pacific, rapidly intensified to reach super typhoon status early on the 9th. Nancy continued to strengthen, and reached peak winds of 215 mph (187 knots) on the 12th. Such intensity is speculative, as Reconnaissance Aircraft was in its infancy and most intensities were estimates. Furthermore, later analysis indicated that equipment likely overestimated Nancy's wind speed; if the measurements were correct, Nancy would have had the highest wind speeds of any tropical cyclone by 25 mph. Nancy held this record unofficially until October 2015, when Hurricane Patricia surpassed the storm in both intensity and peak sustained winds. Regardless, Nancy was a formidable typhoon, and retained super typhoon status until the 14th as it neared Okinawa. The typhoon turned to the northeast, and made landfall on southern Japan on the 16th with winds of 100 mph. It continued rapidly northeastward, and became extratropical on the 17th in the Sea of Okhotsk. Well executed warnings lessened Nancy's potential major impact, but the typhoon still caused 172 fatalities and widespread damage.

Super Typhoon Tip (Warling)

Violent typhoon (JMA)
Category 5 super typhoon (SSHWS)
Duration	October 1, 1979 – October 24, 1979
Peak intensity	260 km/h (160 mph) (10-min); 870 hPa (mbar)

Main article: Typhoon Tip

Typhoon Tip, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Warling, was the largest and most intense tropical cyclone ever recorded. The forty-third tropical depression, nineteenth tropical storm, twelfth typhoon, and third super typhoon of the 1979 Pacific typhoon season, Tip developed out of a disturbance within the monsoon trough on October 4, 1979 near Pohnpei in Micronesia. Initially, a tropical storm to the northwest hindered the development and motion of Tip, though after the storm tracked farther north, Tip was able to intensify. After passing Guam, Tip rapidly intensified and reached peak sustained winds of 305 km/h (190 mph) and a worldwide record-low sea-level pressure of 870 hPa (25.69 inHg) on October 12. At its peak strength, Tip was the largest tropical cyclone on record, with a wind diameter of 2,220 km (1,380 mi). Tip slowly weakened as it continued west-northwestward and later turned to the northeast, in response to an approaching trough. The typhoon made landfall in southern Japan on October 19, and became an extratropical cyclone shortly thereafter. Tip's extratropical remnants continued moving east-northeastward, until they dissipated near the Aleutian Islands on October 24.

Hurricane Patricia (2015)

Category 5 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	October 11, 2015 – October 24, 2015
Peak intensity	215 mph (345 km/h) (1-min); 872 mbar (hPa)

Main article: Hurricane Patricia

On October 11, 2015, an area of disturbed weather traversed Central America and emerged over the eastern Pacific Ocean. The disturbance moved slowly over the next few days, later merging with a tropical wave on October 15. The merger of these systems and the effects of a concurrent Tehuantepec gap wind event spurred the formation of a broad area of low pressure. On October 20, this system strengthened into Tropical Depression Twenty-E, off the southwestern coast of Mexico. It only slowly intensified at first, becoming Tropical Storm Patricia later that day. It organized rapidly, beginning early on October 21, and became a hurricane late that day, in an atmosphere highly conducive to rapid deepening. On October 22, explosive intensification occurred, and in only 24 hours, Patricia became a Category 5 hurricane with 175 mph (280 km/h) winds. The intensification rate rivaled those of Hurricane Linda in 1997 and Hurricane Wilma in 2005. Patricia subsequently attained winds of 215 mph (345 km/h) and a central pressure of 872 mbar (hPa; 25.75 inHg), becoming the strongest tropical cyclone ever recorded in the Western Hemisphere, surpassing both the previous central pressure record set by Hurricane Wilma and the previous 1-minute sustained wind record set by Hurricane Allen. Patricia weakened even more rapidly than it intensified; just 30 hours after peaking in intensity, it was downgraded to a remnant low at 16:00 CDT on October 24. The system completely dissipated soon afterward. However, Patricia's landfall in Western Mexico as a Category 4 hurricane with winds of 150 mph (240 km/h), was still sufficient to qualify as the strongest landfall by any Pacific hurricane.

• Note: Hurricane Patricia was Storm of the Year for 2015 (retroactively assigned).

Superstorm Sandy (2012)

Main article: Hurricane Sandy

Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	October 4, 2012 – November 2, 2012
Peak intensity	115 mph (185 km/h) (1-min); 940 mbar (hPa)

On October 4, 2012, a tropical wave developed over East Tropical Africa. During the next week, the tropical wave slowly organized while moving westward, before emerging into the Atlantic Ocean on October 11. On October 22, at 1200 UTC, the tropical wave developed into Tropical Depression Eighteen, while located about 350 miles (560 km) south-southwest of Kingston, Jamaica. Six hours later, it strengthened into Tropical Storm Sandy. Initially, the tropical storm headed southwestward, but re-curved to the north-northeast due to mid to upper-level trough in the northwestern Caribbean Sea. A gradual increase in organization and deepening occurred, with Sandy becoming a hurricane on October 24. Several hours later, it made landfall near Bull Bay, Jamaica as a moderate Category 1 hurricane. In that country, there was 1 fatality and damage to thousands of homes, resulting in about $100 million in losses. After clearing Jamaica, Sandy began to strengthen significantly. At 0525 UTC on October 25, it struck near Santiago de Cuba in Cuba, with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h); this made Sandy the second major hurricane of the season. In the province of Santiago de Cuba alone, 132,733 homes were damaged, of which 15,322 were destroyed and 43,426 lost their roofs. The storm resulted in 11 deaths and $2 billion in damage in Cuba. It also produced widespread devastation in Haiti, where over 27,000 homes were flooded, damaged, or destroyed, and 40% of the corn, beans, rice, banana, and coffee crops were lost. The storm left $750 million in damage, 54 deaths, and 21 people missing.

The storm weakened slightly while crossing Cuba and emerged into the southwestern Atlantic Ocean as a Category 2 hurricane late on October 25. Shortly thereafter, it moved through the central Bahamas, where three fatalities and $300 million in damage was reported. Early on October 27, it briefly weakened to a tropical storm, before re-acquiring hurricane intensity later that day. In the Southeastern United States, impact was limited to gusty winds, light rainfall, and rough surf. The outerbands of Sandy impacted the island of Bermuda, with a tornado in Sandys Parish damaging a few homes and businesses. Movement over the Gulf Stream and baroclinic processes caused the storm to deepen, with the storm becoming a Category 2 hurricane again at 1200 UTC on October 29. Although it soon weakened to a Category 1 hurricane, the barometric pressure decreased to 940 mbar (28 inHg). At 2100 UTC, Sandy became extratropical, while located just offshore New Jersey. The center of the now extratropical storm moved inland near Brigantine late on October 29. After moving ashore, Sandy continued moving to the west, weakening below hurricane force by the time it reached Pennsylvania. Because the system was non-tropical, the Weather Prediction Center (WPC) – known at the time as the Hydrometeorogical Prediction Center (HPC) –took over the responsibility of issuing advisories on the low. The remnants of Sandy brought heavy snow and high winds to the central Appalachian Mountains, resulting in blizzard warnings being issued. The system continued to weaken as it moved across western Pennsylvania, and by 0300 UTC on October 31, the storm's movement had shifted to the northwest. Blizzard conditions continued in the Appalachians, bringing more snow to the region that had already seen high amounts the day before. By 0900 UTC on October 31, the circulation degenerated into a trough of low pressure, with no discernible center of low pressure. Later that day, the remnants of Sandy spread into the Great Lakes, and the WPC issued its last advisory. By the time the system had moved out of the region, nearly three feet of snow had fallen in some areas of West Virginia, Tennessee, and Maryland, with lesser amounts elsewhere in the region. During the next 2 days, the remnants of Sandy crossed the Great Lakes and moved into Canada, while weakening rapidly. On November 2, the remnants of Sandy were absorbed by a larger extratropical cyclone to the north, over Eastern Canada.

In the Northeastern United States, damage was most severe in New Jersey and New York. Within the former, 346,000 houses were damaged or destroyed, while nearly 19,000 businesses suffered severe losses. In New York, an estimated 305,000 homes were destroyed. Severe coastal flooding occurred in New York City, with the hardest hit areas being New Dorp Beach, Red Hook, and the Rockaways; eight tunnels of the subway systems were inundated. Heavy snowfall was also reported, peaking at 36 inches (910 mm) in West Virginia. Additionally, the remnants of Sandy left 2 deaths and $100 million in damage in Canada, with Ontario and Quebec being the worst impacted. Overall, 286 fatalities were attributed to Sandy. Damages totaled $65 billion in the United States and $68 billion overall, making Sandy the second-costliest Atlantic hurricane in recorded history, behind only Hurricane Katrina in 2005.

• Note: Sandy was Storm of the Year for 2012.

Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston (2016)

Category 5 severe tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Category 5 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
Duration	February 7, 2016 – March 3, 2016
Peak intensity	280 km/h (175 mph) (10-min); 884 hPa (mbar)

Main article: Cyclone Winston

Tropical Disturbance 09F developed on February 7, 2016, to the northwest of Port Vila, Vanuatu. Over the next few days, the system gradually developed as it moved southeastward, acquiring gale-force winds by February 11. The following day it underwent rapid intensification and attained ten-minute maximum sustained winds of 175 km/h (110 mph). Less favourable environmental conditions prompted weakening thereafter. After turning northeast on February 14, Winston stalled to the north of Tonga on February 17. Regaining strength, the storm doubled back to the west, achieving Category 5 status on both the Australian tropical cyclone scale and the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale on February 19. It reached its record intensity the next day with ten-minute sustained winds of 280 km/h (175 mph) and a pressure of 884 hPa (mbar; 26.10 inHg), shortly before making landfall on Viti Levu, Fiji. This made it the strongest storm to ever strike the nation, as well as the strongest tropical cyclone of the Southern Hemisphere in history.

On February 26, Winston exited the South Pacific basin and entered the Australian region basin.

In advance of the storm's arrival in Fiji, numerous shelters were opened, and a nationwide curfew was instituted during the evening of February 20. Striking Fiji at Category 5 intensity on February 20, Winston inflicted extensive damage on many islands and killed at least 44 people. Communications were temporarily lost with at least six islands. Total damage from Winston amounted to $FJ 2.98 billion ($1.4 billion 2016 USD), making it the costliest cyclone on record in the basin.

Hurricane Ophelia (2017)

Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	October 6, 2017 – October 22, 2017
Peak intensity	115 mph (185 km/h) (1-min); 960 mbar (hPa)

Main article: Hurricane Ophelia (2017)

On October 6, a circulation developed at the end of a cold front in the northeast Atlantic, with a low pressure area developing within the circulation on the same day. While the low drifted slowly to the northeast, it began to lose its frontal system and acquire subtropical characteristics by October 7. The next day, the storm encountered stronger wind shear, removing some of its convection, and slightly weakening the system; however, the storm eventually grew better organized and developed more convection around its low pressure center later in the day. Early on October 9, the system fully transitioned into a tropical cyclone, prompting the NHC to begin issuing advisories on Tropical Depression Seventeen. The tropical depression continued to strengthen, becoming Tropical Storm Ophelia later that day. Ophelia continued to strengthen due to low wind shear and on October 11, the National Hurricane Center upgraded it to a hurricane, making it the tenth consecutive storm this season to reach hurricane strength. Ophelia became a Category 2 hurricane on October 12 at 5:00 p.m. AST (21:00 UTC). On October 14 at 11:00 a.m. AST (15:00 UTC), Ophelia unexpectedly intensified to a Category 3 hurricane, making Ophelia the sixth major hurricane of the season and the easternmost storm of such strength in the Atlantic basin on record. On October 15, Ophelia began to weaken, while accelerating northeastward towards Ireland and Great Britain, with the storm's wind field also expanding. Early on October 16, Ophelia transitioned into a hurricane-strength extratropical cyclone, as it began impacting Ireland and Britain. Ophelia made landfall on Ireland and then Britain on the same day, as a strong hurricane-force extratropical cyclone. Ophelia weakened afterward, continuing eastward and making landfall on Norway on October 18. Ophelia's remnant continued traveling eastward across Scandinavia and then Russia, before finally dissipating on October 22.

In County Waterford, a woman was killed when a tree fell on her car, caused by the winds from Ophelia's remnants. In County Tipperary, a man was killed while clearing a fallen tree with a chainsaw. Another person was killed in Dundalk when a tree fell on his car. Two other men died after suffering fatal injuries while carrying out repairs to damage caused by Ophelia and Storm Brian. Hurricane Ophelia also fanned wildfires in Portugal and Spain, killing 49 people.

Hurricane Lane (2018)

Main article: Hurricane Lane (2018)

Category 5 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	August 15, 2018 – August 29, 2018
Peak intensity	160 mph (260 km/h) (1-min); 922 mbar (hPa)

A tropical depression formed well southwest of Baja California around 03:00 UTC on August 15, from an area of disturbed weather the NHC had been monitoring for days. Steered due west amid favorable environmental conditions, the system intensified into Tropical Storm Lane by 15:00 UTC on the next day, and further strengthened to a hurricane around 03:00 UTC on August 17 as an eye became apparent. Following the formation of an inner core, Lane began a period of rapid intensification that brought the system to its initial peak intensity as a Category 4 hurricane early on August 18. It crossed into the Central Pacific thereafter, where strong westerly wind shear caused a substantial degradation in satellite presentation. Upper-level winds gradually slackened, allowing Lane to regain Category 4 intensity late on August 20. Despite forecasts calling for the storm to weaken, Lane continued to strengthen. By 04:30 UTC on August 22, data from a reconnaissance aircraft measured maximum 1-minute sustained winds near 160 mph (260 km/h), and Lane was upgraded to a Category 5 hurricane as it maintained a distinct eye surrounded by deep convection. However, shear increased weakening Lane to a Category 4 as it traveled towards Hawaii, guided by a strengthening ridge. Rapid weakening ensued thereafter, weakening Lane from a Category 2 to a tropical storm in 6 hours due to 35 to 40 knots of wind shear impacting Lane's core convection. Early on August 26, Lane made the turn west that it had been predicted to make as it was embedded in the trade winds. At 15:00 UTC August 26, Lane weakened into a tropical depression as its low level center was nearly entirely exposed. However, at 15:00 UTC on August 27, Lane re-intensified into a tropical storm as a convective bursts partially covered the low level center. However, this re-intensification would be short lived, as 18 hours later, Lane weakened back into a tropical depression, as its low-level circulation center was once again exposed, due to constant wind shear. Finally, at 3:00 UTC on August 29, Lane degenerated into a remnant low, as its circulation became elongated and cloud tops near the center warmed and were displaced from the center. Later on the same day, the remnant low of Lane was absorbed by another developing non-tropical low in the area, which eventually developed into a subtropical storm on August 31.

Hurricane Lane dropped a maximum of 52.02 inches (1,321 mm) of rain in Mountain View, Hawaii, breaking the previous record set by Hurricane Hiki in 1950 to become Hawaii's wettest tropical cyclone, and also becoming the second-wettest tropical cyclone recorded in the US. Hurricane Lane caused over $200 million dollars (2018 USD) in damages in Hawaii, mostly in Hawaii County, and also killed 1 person.

Hurricane Iota (2020)

Category 5 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	November 13, 2020 – November 18, 2020
Peak intensity	160 mph (260 km/h) (1-min); 917 mbar (hPa)

Main article: Hurricane Iota

Tropical Depression Thirty-One developed in the central Caribbean around midday on November 13. Six hours later, the system strengthened into Tropical Storm Iota. Iota began to rapidly intensify on November 14, as convection started to wrap around its center, and by 06:00 UTC the next day, it reached hurricane strength. At 06:00 UTC on November 16, hurricane hunters aircraft reported that Iota had become a Category 3 hurricane. Later that day, at 15:00 UTC, Iota reached Category 5 intensity, and also attained its peak intensity with winds of 160 mph (260 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 917 mb (27.08 inHg). This made the latest Atlantic hurricane to attain Category 5 intensity and only the second recorded Category 5 Atlantic hurricane to occur within the month of November (possibly the third, if Hurricane Eta is confirmed as a Category 5 hurricane in reanalysis)—the other being the 1932 Cuba hurricane. Iota caused severe damage to areas of Central America already devastated by Hurricane Eta just less than two weeks prior. As Iota was nearing its peak intensity, it passed very close to the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina, with its eye missing Providencia by only 11 miles (18 km). Iota weakened to a high-end Category 4 hurricane at 03:00 UTC on November 17 as it approached the coast of Nicaragua. At 03:40 UTC, the hurricane made landfall near the town of Haulover, Nicaragua (in Pearl Lagoon municipality), with sustained winds of 155 mph (250 km/h) and a pressure of 920 mb (27.17 inHg); its landfall location was approximately 15 miles (25 km) south of where Hurricane Eta made landfall 13 days earlier. Iota then steadily weakened as it pushed westward over Central America, falling below hurricane status at 18:00 UTC. By 09:00 UTC on November 18, Iota weakened to a tropical depression over El Salvador, before dissipating later on that day.

The government of Colombia issued a hurricane warning for Providencia and a hurricane watch for the island of San Andrés on November 14; and a few hours later, hurricane warnings were issued for portions of the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua and of Honduras. Iota damaged much of the infrastructure of Providencia, and caused widespread damaging flooding in Nicaragua, Honduras and Guatemala. There were at least 61 storm-related fatalities in the region, which was still recovering from the impacts of Hurricane Eta. The storm caused at least $1.4 billion (2020 USD) in damages.

Long-Lived Storms

Typhoon Wayne (1986)

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 2 typhoon (SSHWS)
Duration	August 16, 1986 – September 6, 1986
Peak intensity	140 km/h (85 mph) (10-min); 955 hPa (mbar)

Main article: Typhoon Wayne (1986)

One of the longest lasting Western Pacific system on record began its long life on August 16 in the South China Sea, having formed from the monsoon trough. It drifted to the southwest, then looped back to the northwest, becoming a tropical storm on August 18. Wayne turned to the northeast and became a typhoon on August 19. In Hong Kong, winds gusted to 78 knots (144 km/h) at Tate's Cairn. The typhoon passed offshore of southeastern China and hit western Taiwan on August 22. Wayne turned back to the south and southwest. Vertical shear caused Wayne to weaken to a depression on August 25. Wayne turned back to the northeast, rotating around Vera. Once Vera accelerated away, Wayne drifted northeastward through the South China Sea, becoming a tropical storm on August 27.

Wayne turned southward, becoming a typhoon again on August 30. Wayne passed close to northern Luzon on September 2 before turning back to the west. Two days later while moving quickly westward through the South China Sea, Wayne reached a peak of 85 knots (157 km/h) winds. During its various passages of Hong Kong, a total of 295 millimetres (11.6 in) of rainfall accumulated at Sai Kung. The cyclone hit northern Hainan on September 5, entered the Gulf of Tonkin, and made its final landfall on northern Vietnam later that day as a 60 knots (110 km/h) tropical storm. The next day, Wayne dissipated over Vietnam, after 85 advisories and being the longest lasting Western Pacific system in history. Wayne brought torrential rains through its path to the Philippines, Taiwan, southeastern China, Hainan Island, and Vietnam. Because of this, 490 fatalities (most in Vietnam), tens of thousands left homeless, and US$399 million (1986 dollars) in damage can be attributed to Typhoon Wayne.

Cyclone Katrina–Victor–Cindy

Category 4 severe tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Category 2 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
Duration	December 30, 1997 – February 19, 1998
Peak intensity	165 km/h (100 mph) (10-min); 940 hPa (mbar)

Main page: Cyclone Katrina–Victor–Cindy

Severe Tropical Cyclone Katrina–Victor–Cindy was a long lived and erratic tropical cyclone, which moved around Australia during parts of December 1997, January 1998, and February 1998. The initial system developed on 2 January and meandered within the Coral Sea between the Queensland coast and Vanuatu for the next three weeks. After its decay the remnants of Katrina moved westward over Cape York Peninsula, past the Northern Territory and into the Indian Ocean where it developed into tropical cyclone Victor during February. Victor was then renamed Cindy by the Mauritius Meteorological Service as it moved into the South-West Indian Ocean.

Hurricane John (1994)

Category 5 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	August 11, 1994 – September 10, 1994
Peak intensity	175 mph (280 km/h) (1-min); 929 mbar (hPa)

Main article: Hurricane John (1994)

Tropical Depression Ten-E formed on August 11 south of Mexico. It headed generally westward, and was upgraded into a tropical storm twelve hours after it formed and was named John. John fluctuated in strength as it headed west, always managing to stay at tropical storm strength. On August 20, steady intensification began, and John was a major hurricane when it entered the central Pacific. It continued westward, reaching Category 5 intensity on August 23. It passed around 245 miles (394 km) south of Hawaii, and passed just north of Johnston Atoll on August 26. John stayed at hurricane intensity until it crossed the International Date Line on August 28, becoming a typhoon of the 1994 Pacific typhoon season.

While west-southwest of Midway John started to weaken. This marked the beginning of another intensification period, during which John recrossed the dateline, this time heading east, and out of the Western North Pacific. Two ship reports, at 1500 UTC and 1800 UTC on September 4, indicated that John had sustained winds of 55 knots (102 km/h). No damage from John was reported in the Western North Pacific, although damage was reported from John on Johnston Atoll in the Central Pacific. After weakening into a tropical storm, John recurved, looped, and recurved again. John reintensified, and was a hurricane when it recrossed the dateline to reenter the central Pacific. John headed north-northeast until it went extratropical on September 10, thirty one days after it formed.

Ahead of the hurricane, the 1100 people at Johnston Atoll evacuated. On the atoll, John caused $15 million (1994 USD; $30.8 million 2024 USD) in damage. No deaths were reported. Other than on Johnston, Hurricane John had minor effects in Hawaii. Its remnants also affected Alaska.

Hurricane John was the longest lasting and farthest traveling tropical cyclone on Earth, in recorded history. It is also one of six tropical cyclones to exist in all three basins of the Pacific Ocean, an uncommon west-to-east dateline crosser, and one of the few tropical cyclone to cross the dateline more than once.

Hurricane Nadine (2012)

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	September 10, 2012 – October 4, 2012
Peak intensity	90 mph (150 km/h) (1-min); 978 mbar (hPa)

Main article: Hurricane Nadine

A tropical wave developed into Tropical Depression Fourteen on September 10, while located about 885 miles (1,425 km) west of Cape Verde. Initially, it moved west-northwest, intensifying into Tropical Storm Nadine early on September 12. During the next 24 hours, the storm intensified quickly, reaching winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) by early on September 13; Nadine maintained this intensity for the next 36 hours. A break in the subtropical ridge caused the storm to curved northwestward, followed by a turn to the north on September 14. Later that day, the storm was upgraded to a hurricane. On September 15, it turned eastward to the north of the ridge. By the following day, Nadine began weakening and was downgraded to a tropical storm early on September 17. The storm then curved east-northeastward and eventually northeastward, posing a threat to the Azores. Although Nadine veered east-southeastward, it did cause relatively strong winds on the islands.

Late on September 21, Nadine curved southward, shortly before degenerating into non-tropical low-pressure area. After moving into an area of more favorable conditions, it regenerated into Tropical Storm Nadine early on September 23. The storm then drifted and moved aimlessly in the northeastern Atlantic, turning west-northwestward on September 23 and southwestward on September 25. Thereafter, Nadine curved westward on September 27 and northwestward on September 28. During that five-day period, minimal change in intensity occurred, with Nadine remaining a weak to moderate tropical storm. However, by 1200 UTC on September 28, the storm re-strengthened into a hurricane. Slow intensification continued, with Nadine peaking with winds of 90 mph (150 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 978 mbar (28.9 inHg) on September 30. Thereafter, Nadine began weakened after turning southward, and was downgraded to a tropical storm on October 1. The storm then curved southeastward and then east-northeastward ahead of a deep-layer trough. After strong wind shear and cold waters left Nadine devoid of nearly all deep convection, the storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone at 0000 UTC on October 4, while located about 195 miles (315 km) southwest of the central Azores. The low moved rapidly northeastward, degenerated into a trough of low pressure, and was absorbed by a cold front later that day.

Hurricane Genevieve (2014)

Violent typhoon (JMA)
Category 5 super typhoon (SSHWS)
Duration	July 17, 2014 – August 15, 2014
Peak intensity	205 km/h (125 mph) (10-min); 915 hPa (mbar)

Main article: Hurricane Genevieve (2014)

Tropical Depression Seven-E formed on July 25. The NHC and JTWC made their final advisories on Genevieve on July 27 as it became a remnant low. Just after two days of being a remnant low, it reorganized to a tropical depression, before dissipating again the next day. As it entered favorable conditions again, the remnants regenerated into a tropical depression for a second time on August 2. It regained tropical storm intensity later that day. As Genevieve continued westward on August 6, the CPHC noted that the cyclone had strengthened into a hurricane after almost two weeks of being weak. Due to explosive intensification, Genevieve strengthened into a Category 4 hurricane as it neared the International Date Line. Early on August 7, the hurricane crossed the date line and became Typhoon Genevieve.

On August 7, Hurricane Genevieve entered the West Pacific basin at Category 4 super typhoon status. Later that day, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) upgraded the system to a Category 5 super typhoon. Genevieve entered an area of favorable conditions and low vertical windshear, as it continued to intensify. Later on August 7, Genevieve reached its peak intensity, with maximum 1-minute sustained winds of 130 mph (210 km/h), and with this, it became the strongest storm within the North Pacific in 2014. On August 9, Genevieve started to move in a northward direction, towards low to moderate vertical windshear. Later that day, the JTWC downgraded the system to a category 3 typhoon. Later that day, Genevieve rapidly weakened to a strong Category 2 typhoon, as it began to encounter increasing windshear and drier inflow, to the south of the system. At the same time, the eye of the typhoon began to shrink. On August 10, Genevieve weakened to a minimal typhoon, as it began to develop a secondary eye, but the secondary eye soon disappeared, due to the storm moving over cooler waters.

Unusual Storms

Hurricane Alice (December 1954)

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	December 28, 1954 – January 6, 1955
Peak intensity	90 mph (150 km/h) (1-min); 980 mbar (hPa)

Main article: Hurricane Alice (December 1954)

The final storm of the season, Alice, developed on December 30 from a trough of low pressure in the central Atlantic Ocean, in an area of unusually favorable conditions. The storm moved southwestward and gradually strengthened to reach hurricane status. It persisted into the following calendar year, passing through the Leeward Islands on January 2. Alice reached peak winds of 90 mph (150 km/h) before encountering cold air and turning to the southeast. It dissipated on January 6 over the southeastern Caribbean Sea.

Alice produced heavy rainfall and moderately strong winds across several islands along its path. Saba and Anguilla were affected the most, with total damage amounting to $623,500 (1955 USD). Operationally, lack of definitive data prevented the U.S. Weather Bureau from declaring the system a hurricane until January 2. It received the name Alice in early 1955, though re-analysis of the data supported extending its track to the previous year, resulting in two tropical cyclones of the same name in one season. It was one of only two storms to span two calendar years, along with Tropical Storm Zeta in 2005-06.

The Perfect Storm (1991)

Main article: 1991 Perfect Storm

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	October 28, 1991 – November 2, 1991
Peak intensity	75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min); 980 mbar (hPa)

The origins of the Perfect Storm were from an area of low pressure that developed off Atlantic Canada on October 28. It moved southward and westward as an extratropical cyclone due to a ridge to its north, and reached its peak intensity. The storm lashed the East Coast of the United States with high waves and coastal flooding, before turning to the southwest and weakening. Moving over warmer waters, the system transitioned into a subtropical cyclone before becoming a tropical storm. It executed a loop off the Mid-Atlantic states and turned toward the northeast. On November 1 the system evolved into a full-fledged hurricane with peak winds of 75 mph (120 km/h). The tropical system weakened, striking Nova Scotia as a tropical storm before dissipating.

Damage totaled over $200 million (1991 USD) and the death toll was thirteen. Most of the damage occurred while the storm was extratropical, after waves up to 30 ft (9.1 m) struck the coastline from Canada to Florida and southeastward to Puerto Rico. In Massachusetts, where damage was heaviest, over 100 homes were destroyed or severely damaged. To the north, more than 100 homes were affected in Maine, including the vacation home of George H.W. Bush, the president at the time. More than 38,000 people were left without power, and along the coast high waves inundated roads and buildings. In portions of New England, damage was worse than had occurred from Hurricane Bob two months prior. However, aside from tidal flooding along rivers, the storm's effects were primarily along the coastline. A buoy off the coast of Nova Scotia reported a wave height of 100.7 ft (30.7 m), the highest ever recorded in the province's offshore waters. In the middle of the storm, the Andrea Gail sunk, killing its crew of six and inspiring the book and later movie The Perfect Storm. Off the coast of New York, a Coast Guard helicopter lost fuel and crashed, and although four members of its crew were rescued, one was killed. Two people died after their boat sank off Staten Island. High waves swept a person to their death in both Rhode Island and Puerto Rico, and another person was blown off a bridge in New York. The tropical cyclone that formed late in the storm's duration caused little impact, limited to power outages and slick roads; one person was killed in Newfoundland from a traffic accident related to the storm.

Had this storm been named, it would have been named Hurricane Henri.

Hurricane Catarina (2004)

Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	March 12, 2004 – March 28, 2004
Peak intensity	155 km/h (100 mph) (1-min); 972 hPa (mbar)

Main article: Hurricane Catarina

Hurricane Catarina was an extraordinarily rare tropical cyclone, forming in the southern Atlantic Ocean in March 2004. Just after becoming a hurricane, it hit the southern coast of Brazil in the state of Santa Catarina on the evening of March 28, with winds estimated near 155 kilometres per hour (96 mph), making it a Category 2-equivalent on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. The cyclone killed 3 to 10 people and caused millions of dollars in damage in Brazil.

At the time, the Brazilians were taken completely by surprise, and were at first in utter disbelief that an actual tropical cyclone could have formed in the South Atlantic despite the insistence of the Miami National Hurricane Center otherwise. Later, they were convinced, and adopted the name "Catarina" for the storm, after Santa Catarina state. This event is considered by some meteorologists to be a nearly once-in-a-lifetime occurrence.

Tropical Storm Zeta (2005)

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	December 28, 2005 – January 6, 2006
Peak intensity	65 mph (100 km/h) (1-min); 994 mbar (hPa)

Main article: Tropical Storm Zeta

Late on December 29, more than four weeks after the official end to the season, a tropical disturbance developed in the east-central Atlantic. It quickly became more organized and was declared Tropical Depression Thirty on December 30. The next day, Thirty was declared a tropical storm naming it Zeta. Zeta made a turn toward the west but stalled and gradually weakened until dissipating on January 6, 2006.

Zeta is one of the latest-forming tropical cyclones ever to develop in the recorded history of the Atlantic hurricane seasons; the only later storm was Hurricane Alice of 1954-55, which is estimated to have become tropical on December 30, 1954 at 1:00 a.m. EST (0600 UTC). It is also the second recorded North Atlantic tropical cyclone (after Alice) to exist in two calendar years. In addition, Zeta surpassed Alice as the longest-lived tropical cyclone to form in December and cross over into the next year, and it was also the longest-lived January tropical cyclone. Zeta finally dissipated on January 6, 2006.

• The NHC's archive on Tropical Storm Zeta

Tropical Storm Thirteen (2011)

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	August 28, 2011 – September 8, 2011
Peak intensity	45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min); 1002 mbar (hPa)

Main page: Tropical Storm Thirteen (2011)

As part of their routine post-season analysis, the National Hurricane Center identified an Unnamed Tropical Storm that formed near 0000 UTC, on September 1, roughly 290 mi (470 km) north of Bermuda. On August 31, a disturbance formed north of Bermuda, and the NHC classified it as Invest 94L, as they tracked the storm. On September 1, the storm organized into a tropical depression, very early that morning. Despite being embedded within an environment of moderate wind shear, the depression quickly intensified into a tropical storm, although it was not assigned a name, because it was not recognized operationally. The system reached a peak intensity of 45 mph (75 km/h) early on September 2, prior to its transition into an extratropical cyclone later that day. However, the extratropical remnant of the system continued to move east-northeast, and later eastward, as it slowly weakened. On September 4, at 0000 UTC, the extratropical remnant of the unnamed tropical storm dissipated to a weak surface trough.

If this storm had been assigned a name, it would have been known as Tropical Storm Lee, instead of the next tropical storm.

Subtropical Storm Fifteen (2013)

Subtropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	December 3, 2013 – December 7, 2013
Peak intensity	50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min); 997 mbar (hPa)

See also: 2013 Atlantic hurricane season

In early December 2013, an upper-level trough stalled to the south of a ridge in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean. Late on December 3, an extratropical storm formed about 415 mi (260 km) south of the Azores, and with the ridge to the north it executed a cyclonic loop to the south. Amplified by an upper-level low to the west, the storm produced a large area of gale-force winds, reaching peak winds of 65 mph (100 km/h). Early on December 4 the winds began to decrease. With low wind shear and water temperatures of 72 ºF (22 ºC), the system developed an area of convection near the center. At around 1800 UTC on December 4, the NHC noted in a tropical weather outlook that further development was possible before encountering unfavorable conditions. By 0000 UTC on December 5, the associated frontal features had dissipated and the convection became better organized, while the center was warm-core and co-located with an upper-level low. Based on the observations, it was estimated that the system had transitioned into a subtropical storm at that time with winds of 50 mph (85 km/h). While the system was active, the NHC treated the system as a non-tropical low, but as part of a post-season review, the agency re-classified the system in February 2014.

After becoming subtropical, the storm turned northward due to an upper-level system to the west. The wind field gradually became smaller while the convection organized into weak rainbands. Separating from the upper-level low aloft, the storm became more tropical in nature, although it was unable to complete the transition. On December 6, the storm turned sharply eastward under the influence of increased upper-level flow, which also increased wind shear. The circulation became exposed from the convection, resembling a sheared tropical storm, before all thunderstorms decreased. After turning back to the north, the storm weakened further due to cooler water temperatures, degenerating into a remnant low on December 7. The weakening storm produced sustained winds of 37 mph (59 km/h) on Santa Maria Island in the Azores, with gusts to 54 mph (87 km/h). Late on December 7, the circulation degenerated into a trough about 110 mi (180 km) south of the Azores. A few hours later, the remnants of the unnamed tropical storm were absorbed by an extratropical cyclone approaching from the west-southwest, which bombed out shortly afterwards.

Had this storm been named upon its intensification into a subtropical storm, it would have been assigned the name Nestor.

Hurricane Pali (2016)

Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	January 7, 2016 – January 15, 2016
Peak intensity	100 mph (155 km/h) (1-min); 977 mbar (hPa)

Main article: Hurricane Pali

At the onset of 2016, the dissipating Tropical Depression Nine-C left behind a large area of moisture across the equatorial Pacific. A powerful westerly wind burst—a feature commonly associated with strong El Niño events—spurred cyclogenesis within the disturbance, resulting in the formation of an area of low pressure. Fueled by unusually high sea surface temperatures, estimated at 29.5 °C (85.1 °F), the system gradually coalesced into a tropical depression on January 7. This marked the earliest formation of a tropical cyclone on record in the Central Pacific, surpassing 1989's Tropical Storm Winona by six days. It soon strengthened into a tropical storm, receiving the name Pali, becoming the earliest such system in the northeastern Pacific on record. Then, on January 11, Pali strengthened into a Category 1 hurricane, becoming the earliest hurricane on record in the northeast Pacific basin, beating the previous record set by Hurricane Ekeka in 1992. Pali reached a minimum latitude of 2.0°N, making it the lowest latitude tropical cyclone on record in the Western Hemisphere, surpassing Tropical Depression Nine-C which attained a minimum latitude of 2.2°N just two weeks prior. On January 12, Pali strengthened further into a Category 2 hurricane. During the next few days, Pali rapidly weakened while turning back towards the south-southeast, before weakening into a remnant low early on January 15.

Unrelated to Pali, Hurricane Alex developed over the Atlantic during the last few days of Pali's existence. This marked the first known occurrence of simultaneous January tropical cyclones between the two basins.

Hurricane Alex (2016)

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	January 6, 2016 – January 17, 2016
Peak intensity	85 mph (140 km/h) (1-min); 981 mbar (hPa)

Main article: Hurricane Alex (2016)

A weak area of low pressure developed over northwestern Cuba in association with a stationary front on January 6. The frontal wave intensified as it moved into the central Atlantic, temporarily attaining hurricane-force winds by January 10. Steered by anomalous high pressure, the disturbance turned southeast and tracked over warmer waters. Its associated fronts dissipated, its wind field became more symmetric, and convection increased near the center, leading to the formation of Subtropical Storm Alex by 18:00 UTC on January 12. Despite marginal ocean temperatures, Alex benefited from rapidly cooling upper-air temperatures, and it intensified quickly while turning northeast. The presence of deeper convection and an eye on conventional satellite showcased the storm's transition into a fully tropical cyclone and intensification into a hurricane by 06:00 UTC on January 14. Six hours later, it peaked with maximum sustained winds of 85 mph (140 km/h). Alex turned north after peak, and the storm weakened to a tropical storm before making landfall on Terceira Island, Azores. With decreasing core convection and an impinging warm front, Alex transitioned into an extratropical cyclone by 18:00 UTC on January 15 and was absorbed by a larger extratropical low two days later.

The precursor disturbance to Hurricane Alex produced gusts up to 60 mph (97 km/h) on Bermuda, as well as swells up to 20 ft (6 m) offshore; this disrupted air travel, downed trees, caused sporadic power outages, and suspended ferry services. In the Azores, the cyclone produced maximum rainfall accumulations up to 4.04 in (103 mm) in Lagoa. Peak gusts of 57 mph (92 km/h) affected Ponta Delgada, causing minor to moderate damage. Landslides also contributed to minor damage. One death occurred when a victim that suffered a heart attack was unable to be airlifted to a hospital due to unsettled conditions.

Tropical Storm Arlene (2017)

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	April 15, 2017 – April 23, 2017
Peak intensity	50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min); 993 mbar (hPa)

See also: List of off-season Atlantic hurricanes

In mid-April 2017, a cold front was draped across the Atlantic Ocean. An extratropical cyclone formed along this front on April 15, well southwest of the Azores (an example of a cut-off low). The system initially did not organize much during the next day; however, by April 17, sporadic convection was beginning to be produced in and around the circulation, which was increasingly becoming better defined. However, a lack of sufficient convection prevented classification of the system as a tropical cyclone, as well as evidence of fronts beginning to dissipate. Convection waxed and waned a few times, before the storm significantly organized in the early morning hours of April 19; only a small increase in organization remained until it could be classified. A curved banding feature wrapped around the well-defined center, prompting the National Hurricane Center (NHC) to upgrade the low to Subtropical Depression One at 15:00 UTC that day, as it was interacting with an upper-level low. Little change in strength occurred throughout the day, nor was any expected due to another large system approaching the depression, although the wind field had contracted slightly.

Convection became more concentrated during the early morning hours of April 20, and the system transitioned to a fully tropical cyclone at 15:00 UTC that day. Six hours later, despite forecasts predicting it would dissipate, the storm unexpectedly strengthened into Tropical Storm Arlene at 21:00 UTC, becoming only the second named storm on record to exist in the month of April, the other being Ana in 2003. Referring to the unexpected intensification, NHC forecaster Lixion Avila stated "[I] have to add one more surprise to my long hurricane forecasting career". Revolving around a newly-forming low just to its west that it was forecast to be absorbed into, Arlene defied forecasts again and attained a peak intensity of 50 mph (85 km/h) at 03:00 UTC on April 21, despite a deteriorating satellite presentation. Twelve hours later, Arlene became embedded within the larger extratropical cyclone, and lost its identity as a tropical cyclone, even as its deep convection diminished. Arlene's extratropical remnant was forecasted to be absorbed by the larger extratropical cyclone within a day. However, Arlene's remnant persisted for another day, making a counterclockwise loop around the larger extratropical cyclone, while in the process of merging with it. Early on April 23, Arlene's remnant fully merged into the larger extratropical system.

Prior to becoming a subtropical cyclone, the precursor to Arlene produced waves as high as 40 feet (12 m), which was analysed by the Ocean Prediction Center on April 17.

When Arlene was upgraded to a tropical storm on April 20, it marked the sixth recorded time that a subtropical or tropical cyclone formed in the month of April, after Ana in 2003, a subtropical storm in April 1992, and three tropical depressions in 1912, 1915, and 1973, respectively. Additionally, it formed at an unusually high latitude, being designated at around 37°N, one of the northernmost formations for a storm so early in the year. Furthermore, it was the strongest Atlantic storm recorded in the month of April, with a central pressure of 993 millibars (29.3 inHg), surpassing Ana's previous record of 994 millibars (29.4 inHg).

Potential Tropical Cyclone Ten (2017)

Potential tropical cyclone
Duration	August 13, 2017 – September 3, 2017
Peak intensity	80 mph (130 km/h) (1-min); 971 mbar (hPa)

Main article: Potential Tropical Cyclone Ten

A long-tracked tropical wave was designated as Potential Tropical Cyclone Ten on August 27, while it was located northeast of Florida. The NHC gave this disturbance a 90% chance of becoming a tropical cyclone within the next 48 hours. However, the system failed to attain any more tropical characteristics, and began to undergo an extratropical transition. Consequently, the NHC issued its last advisory on the system on August 29, and declared the system to be an extratropical low.

Tropical Storm Iba (2019)

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	March 23, 2019 – March 28, 2019
Peak intensity	85 km/h (55 mph) (1-min); 1006 hPa (mbar)

A tropical depression formed within a monsoon trough on March 23, 2019, off the coast of Bahia. On the next day, the system intensified into a tropical storm, receiving the name Iba from the Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center. After moving southwestward for a couple of days, on March 26, Iba turned southeastward. Afterward, the storm began to weaken due to strong wind shear. On March 27, Iba weakened into a tropical depression and turned to the east, before dissipating on March 28.

Iba was the first tropical storm to develop in the basin since Anita in 2010, as well as the first fully-tropical system to be named from the Brazilian naming list.

Tropical Storm 01Q (2021)

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	February 4, 2021 – February 6, 2021
Peak intensity	65 km/h (40 mph) (1-min); 990 hPa (mbar)

See also: List of unnamed tropical cyclones

On February 4, 2021, an extratropical storm off the coast of Rio Grande do Sul developed into a bomb cyclone. On February 6, the storm began separating from its weather fronts and developed subtropical characteristics, before fully separating from the frontal zone and transitioning into a fully-tropical storm later that day. As a result, the NOAA classified the system as a tropical storm at 17:30 UTC, with the system being designated as Tropical Storm 01Q. However, the storm was short-lived, as it lost its tropical characteristics several hours later, with the NOAA issuing their final bulletin on the storm at 23:30 UTC that day. The storm dissipated soon afterward. Although the NOAA issued bulletins on the storm, the Hydrographic Center of the Brazilian Navy did not monitor it.

Freaks of Nature

Hurricane Huron (1996)

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	September 11 – September 16, 1996
Peak intensity	75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min); 993 mbar (hPa)

Main article: 1996 Lake Huron cyclone

Hurricane Huron was an unusual tropical cyclone that developed over Lake Huron during mid-September 1996. The true nature of the storm remains controversial, and how the system managed to obtain tropical characteristics while it was situated over land is still not fully known.

Tropical Storm 91C (2006)

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	October 28, 2006 – November 4, 2006
Peak intensity	65 mph (100 km/h) (1-min); 991 mbar (hPa)

Main article: 2006 Central Pacific cyclone

The 2006 Central Pacific cyclone was an extremely unusual system that acquired tropical characteristics over the northeast Pacific Ocean. On October 28, 2006, a cut-off extratropical cyclone stalled over the northeast Pacific Ocean and began to strengthen. By October 31, the storm had acquired tropical characteristics, including an eye, convection, and a warmer-than-average core. The system reached peak intensity on November 1, before slowly weakening and looping towards the Pacific Northwest. The system made landfall on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington State, on November 3, before rapidly weakening and dissipating on the next day. During the duration of the storm, the system was known as Storm 91C (or INVEST 91C). The storm's true nature still remains controversial among meteorologists today, due to disputes over the storm's exact structure and whether or not it had obtained tropical or subtropical characteristics. Because the storm was not within the area of responsibility of the National Hurricane Center or the Central Pacific Hurricane Center, the storm was never assigned a name.

Tropical Storm Rolf (2011)

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	November 4, 2011 – November 10, 2011
Peak intensity	50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min); 991 mbar (hPa)

Main article: Tropical Storm Rolf

On November 4, an extratropical disturbance was spawned just off the coast of western France, within a cold front, by another extratropical cyclone to the north, named "Quinn." On the next day, a low pressure area formed over western France, and the system was named Rolf by the Free University of Berlin, which names all significant low pressure systems affecting Europe. On November 6, the system moved into the western Mediterranean Sea and stalled off the coast of Liguria, while slowly strengthening. On the same day, torrential rainfall from the storm began to cause flooding in Liguria. On November 7, 2011, the extratropical system slowly transitioned into a subtropical low over the warm waters of the Mediterranean Sea. The storm was then given the identification Invest 99L, by the United States Naval Research Laboratory (the NRL). As the storm slowly moved westwards, it caused flooding in the Balearic Islands. As the storm continued its westward movement, it slowly organized, and convection began to increase. Over the next few days, the storm looped to the east, as it continued to organize. On November 7, the NOAA began watching the subtropical area of low pressure, which was now located in the Gulf of Lions, which NOAA identified as INVEST 99L, as the storm organized into a subtropical disturbance. Later that day, the subtropical disturbance transitioned and strengthened into a tropical depression, off the coast of France. The storm was then given the identification 01M/99L by NOAA. Late on November 7, the storm was upgraded to tropical storm status as it strengthened significantly. At that time, the Satellite Services Division and NESDIS both classified the storm as Tropical Storm 01M. The storm then began to impact and bring heavy rainfall, to other nearby countries, including Northern Italy and Eastern Spain. On November 8, the storm continued to strengthen (45 kt), as it came closer to France. At peak intensity, the storm had a minimum low pressure of 991 mb (29.3 inHg), and the storm had peak winds of 51 mph (82 km/h). On November 9, however, the storm made landfall on the island of Île du Levant, France, and soon afterwards on Southeastern France, near Hyères. Tropical Storm Rolf (01M) dissipated completely after the second landfall, early on November 10.

The storm caused severe flooding, in parts of Italy, Switzerland, and France. From November 6–8, the storm dropped a total of 23.62 in (60.0 cm) of rain in about 72 hours over southwestern Europe. About 12 people total died from the storm; 6 people were Italian, and 5 were French. The storm caused at least $1.25 billion dollars in damages. On December 16, 2011, the NOAA declared that they would no longer be monitoring storms in the Mediterranean Sea, possibly due to economic reasons and budget cuts. However, in 2015, the NOAA resumed services in the Mediterranean region, and by 2016, they were issuing new advisories on Tropical Storm 90M.

• Official Track Data

Subtropical Cyclone Julia (2012)

Subtropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	February 2, 2012 – February 11, 2012
Peak intensity	60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min); 982 mbar (hPa)

Main page: Cyclone Julia

On January 31, 2012, an extratropical storm developed over western France, which was named Julia by the Free University of Berlin. Within the next couple of days, the storm moved quickly southeastward into the Mediterranean Sea, but the system split in half on February 2, with the new low pressure center developing off the east coast of Spain, which was subsequently identified as Julia II. Over the next couple of days, Julia II moved westward while strengthening, before absorbing the original low pressure area of Julia I on February 4, near Italy. The storm weakened while passing to the south of Italy, before reorganizing on February 6. Afterward, Julia began to rapidly intensify, reaching peak intensity late on February 6, with a minimum low pressure of 982 mbar (29.0 inHg) and peak sustained winds at 61 mph (98 km/h). Around the same time, the system briefly lost its cold front, and became a powerful subtropical storm. On February 7, Julia began to weaken and regained its frontal system, as the storm moved towards the Peloponnese. Later on the same day, Julia made landfall on the Peloponnese, bringing hurricane-force wind gusts and torrential rainfall. After landfall, Julia rapidly weakened, with the system becoming disorganized, while gradually moving eastward. On February 9, Julia made landfall in Turkey and began to accelerate eastward, while continuing to weaken. Julia continued to accelerate eastward over the next couple of days, before being absorbed into another extratropical system on February 11.

Tropical Cyclone Julia caused severe flooding and hurricane-force gusts in the Mediterranean and North Africa, especially in Greece. At least 12 people were killed in Greece and Bulgaria, and the storm caused at least $6.4 million (2012 USD) in damages. In addition, the storm worsened the effects of the Early 2012 European cold wave.

Medicane Qendresa (2014)

Subtropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	November 3, 2014 – November 11, 2014
Peak intensity	75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min); 978 mbar (hPa)

Main article: Cyclone Qendresa

On November 5, 2014, a low-pressure system formed near northern Italy. Shortly afterwards, the system split, with the storm in the south, located just west of northern Italy, receiving the designation Qendresa I from the Free University of Berlin. On November 7, Qendresa I briefly lost its cold front and acquired a closed low-level circulation, while located over the western Mediterranean, developing into a Medicane. Qendresa transitioned into a subtropical cyclone around the time of its peak intensity. The subtropical cyclone moved across the island of Malta, producing sustained winds of 75 mph (120 km/h), gusts up to 96 mph (154 km/h), and a minimum barometric pressure of 978 mb (hPa; 28.88 inHg). Farther west, the island of Lampedusa was reported as devastated, with dozens of ships capsized. On November 8, as the system continued to move eastward, the storm regained its cold front, while maintaining it's intensity. On November 9, Qendresa I re-acquired tropical characteristics in the southern Mediterranean, but by then, the storm was weakening. On November 10, the system continued to decay, while moving over the island of Crete. On November 11, Qendresa I dissipated.

Subtropical Cyclone Stephanie (2016)

Subtropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	September 12 – September 16, 2016
Peak intensity	95 km/h (60 mph) (1-min); 998 hPa (mbar)

Main page: Cyclone Stephanie (2016)

On September 12, 2016, a cold front was draped across the Bay of Biscay in the far northeastern Atlantic. Over the next 12–24 hours, a non-tropical area of low pressure formed along this front and began to condense into an extratropical cyclone. On September 14, the system acquired some characteristics resembling that of subtropical cyclones. Later on that day, the system began to drift towards Spain and France. Early on September 15, the storm developed an eye, and Météo-France began monitoring the cyclone in the Bay of Biscay, which they claimed was subtropical, having apparently possessing an asymmetric wind field of tropical-storm force winds and a warm thermal core. The system drifted southeastwards, attaining a peak intensity of 996 millibars (29.4 inHg), and eventually made landfall near the border of Spain and France, rapidly weakening and eventually dissipating shortly thereafter early on September 16. The Free University of Berlin, in accordance with their naming of cyclones that affect their area, named the cyclone "Stephanie". In some areas along the coastline, winds gusted up to 120 km/h (75 mph); however, damage was relatively minimal.

Tropical Storm Trixi/90M (2016)

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	October 27, 2016 – November 3, 2016
Peak intensity	60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min); 1005 mbar (hPa)

On October 27, 2016, an extratropical storm formed over Corsica, in the Mediterranean Sea. During the next 2 days, the storm moved southeastward, while slowly strengthening. On October 29, while located east of Malta, the storm turned to the southwest, and weakened below gale-force intensity. On October 30, the storm turned to the northeast and re-organized, with the system's convection clustering around its center of circulation, and transitioned into a subtropical storm. The storm was assigned the identifier Invest 90M by the NOAA at this time. The storm continued to intensify as it moved eastward, before fully transitioning into a tropical storm later on the same day, developing a distinctive, spiral cloud structure and an eye. Early on October 31, Tropical Storm 90M reached its peak intensity, with peak sustained winds of 62.1 mph (99.9 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of around 1,005 mb (29.7 inHg). Around this time, Tropical Storm 90M lashed Crete and Greece with gale-force winds and heavy rain. Tropical Storm 90M was also nicknamed "Medicane Trixi" by some media outlets in Europe during its duration. Later on October 31, the storm began to be sheared by the jet stream, and it also began to merge with a cold front near Greece, causing 90M to transition back into an extratropical storm. On November 1, 90M linked with the cold front, while located over Cyprus. The storm continued moving eastward while continuing to merge into the larger frontal system, before being fully absorbed on November 3.

Subtropical Storm Numa (2017)

Subtropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	November 11, 2017 – November 20, 2017
Peak intensity	70 mph (110 km/h) (1-min); 995 mbar (hPa)

Main article: Cyclone Numa

On 11 November 2017, the remnant of Tropical Storm Rina from the Atlantic contributed to the formation of a new extratropical cyclone, east of the British Isles, which later absorbed Rina on the next day. On 12 November, the new storm was named Numa and began undergoing a subtropical transition. On 14 November 2017, extratropical cyclone Numa emerged into the Adriatic Sea. On the following day, while crossing Italy, Numa began to gain subtropical characteristics, though the system was still extratropical by 16 November. The storm began to impact Greece as a strong storm on 16 November. Some computer models forecasted that Numa could transition into a warm-core subtropical or tropical cyclone within the next few days. On 17 November, Numa completely lost its frontal system. On the afternoon of the same day, Météo France tweeted that Numa had attained the status of a subtropical Mediterranean depression. During the next several hours, Numa continued to strengthen, before reaching its subtropical peak intensity on 18 November. Around the time of Numa's subtropical peak, the storm had a clear, well-defined eye structure, and sustained winds of 115 km/h (71 mph), equivalent to the strength of a strong subtropical storm. Later on the same day, Numa made landfall in Greece, and rapidly weakened into a low-pressure area, before emerging into the Aegean Sea on 19 November. On 20 November, the remnant low of Numa was absorbed into another extratropical system approaching from the north.

Numa caused heavy flooding in central mainland Greece and killed at least 22 people, which became the deadliest weather event in Greece since 1977. Numa caused around $100 million (2017 USD) in damages.

Medicane Zorbas (2018)

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	September 27, 2018 – October 2, 2018
Peak intensity	75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min); 987 mbar (hPa)

Main article: Cyclone Zorbas

A first outlook about the possible development of a shallow warm-core cyclone in the Mediterranean was issued by ESTOFEX on September 25, 2018, and a second extended outlook was issued on September 26, 2018. On September 27, 2018, an extratropical storm developed in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Water temperatures of around 27° C (81° F) supported the storm's transition into a hybrid cyclone, with a warm thermal core in the center. The storm moved northeastward toward Greece, gradually intensifying and developing characteristics of a tropical cyclone. On September 29, the storm made landfall at peak intensity in the Peloponnese, west of Kalamata, where 1-minute sustained winds of 65 miles per hour (105 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 989.3 mbar (29.21 inHg) were reported. ESTOFEX reported Zorbas as "Mediterranean Cyclone 2018M02", with the same pressure of 989 mbar (29.2 inHg) at Kalamata, further estimating the minimum central pressure of the cyclone to be 987 mbar (29.1 inHg), with maximum sustained winds of 120 kilometres per hour (75 mph) and a Dvorak number of T4.0, which all translate into marginal Category 1 hurricane characteristics for the cyclone. It is unknown who named the system Zorbas, but the name is officially recognized for a medicane by the Deutscher Wetterdienst. Other possible unofficial names for the storm include Xenophon and Zorba. Afterward, Zorbas moved across the Peloponnese and the eastern outskirts of Central Greece, while gradually weakening. Early on October 1, Zorbas emerged into the Aegean Sea, while accelerating northeastward. On October 2, Zorbas moved over northwestern Turkey and dissipated.

During its formative stages, the storm caused flash flooding in Tunisia and Libya, with around 200 mm (8 in) of rainfall observed. The floods killed five people in Tunisia, while also damaging homes, roads, and fields. The Tunisian government pledged financial assistance to residents whose homes were damaged. In advance of the storm's landfall in Greece, the Hellenic National Meterological Office issued a severe warning. Several flights were canceled, and schools were closed. The offshore islands of Strofades and Rhodes reported gale force winds during the storm's passage. A private weather station in Voutsaras measured wind gusts of 105 km/h (65 mph). The storm spawned a waterspout that moved onshore. Gale force winds in Athens knocked down trees and power lines. A fallen tree destroyed the roof of a school in western Athens. Dozens of roads were closed due to flooding. In Ioannina, the storm damaged the minaret on the top of the Aslan Pasha Mosque, which dates to 1614. From September 29 to 30, Zorbas produced flash flooding in Greece and parts of western Turkey, with the storm dropping as much as 8 inches (20 cm) in Greece and spawning multiple waterspouts. Three people were reporting missing in Greece after the flash floods; one person was found but the other two individuals remained missing, as of October 3.

Medicane Ianos (2020)

Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	September 15, 2020 – September 21, 2020
Peak intensity	100 mph (155 km/h) (1-min); 984 mbar (hPa)

Main article: Cyclone Ianos

On 14 September 2020, a low-pressure area began to develop over the Gulf of Sidra, quickly developing in the coming hours while slowly moving northwest with a wind speed of around 50 kilometres per hour (31 mph). By 15 September, it had intensified to 65 kilometres per hour (40 mph) with a minimum pressure of 1010 hPa, with further development predicted over the coming days. The cyclone had strong potential to become tropical over the next several days due to warm sea temperatures of 27 to 28 °C (81 to 82 °F) in the region. Weather models predicted that it would likely hit the west coast of Greece on 17 or 18 September. The Greek Government named the storm Ianos, while the NOAA gave the storm the designation 01M. Ianos gradually intensified over the Mediterranean Sea, acquiring an eye-like feature. Ianos made landfall on Greece at peak intensity on 03:00 UTC on September 18, with winds peaking near 160 km/h (86 kn; 99 mph) and a minimum central pressure estimated at 984.3 hPa (29.07 inHg), equivalent to a minimal Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson scale.

Greece assigned the system the name "Ianos" (Ιανός), sometimes anglicized to "Janus", while the German weather service used the name "Udine"; the Turkish used "Tulpar", and the Italians "Cassilda"; adopted from the unofficial Mediterranean Cyclone Centre. As Ianos passed to the south of Italy on 16 September, it produced heavy rain across the southern part of the country and in Sicily. As much as 35 mm (1.38 inches) of rain was reported in Reggio Calabria, more than the city's normal monthly rainfall.

Ianos left four dead people and one missing, in addition to strong tides in Ionian islands such as Kefalonia, Zakynthos, Ithaca and Lefkada, and 120 kilometres per hour (75 mph) winds at Karditsa which brought down trees and power lines, and caused landslides.

Unlikely Existence

Subtropical Cyclone Katie (2015)

Subtropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	April 29, 2015 – May 6, 2015
Peak intensity	75 km/h (45 mph) (1-min); 993 hPa (mbar)

Main article: Subtropical Cyclone Katie

After the 2014–15 South Pacific cyclone season had ended, a rare subtropical cyclone was identified outside of the basin near Easter Island, during early May, and was unofficially dubbed Katie by researchers. This storm is currently the one of the only few tropical or subtropical cyclones ever observed in the far Southeast Pacific Ocean, to the east of 120°W, and the only one of two storms observed at its intensity.

Subtropical Cyclone Lexi (2018)

Subtropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	May 1, 2018 – May 10, 2018
Peak intensity	95 km/h (60 mph) (1-min); 992 hPa (mbar)

Main page: Subtropical Cyclone Lexi

On May 4, 2018, a subtropical cyclone formed east of 120°W, just a few hundred miles off the coast of Chile, near 80°W. The cyclone formed in an area without a Regional Specialized Meteorological Center, so it was not officially classified. Researchers unofficially named the storm Lexi. On May 9, the satellite services division of the NOAA classified Lexi as a weak subtropical storm, despite occurring in cooler than expected (below 20°C) sea surface temperatures. Later on the same day, Lexi weakened into a remnant low, while slowly drifting towards the Chilean coast. On May 10, Lexi dissipated.

Subtropical Storm 96C (2018)

Subtropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	August 29, 2018 – September 4, 2018
Peak intensity	50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min); 1000 mbar (hPa)

See also: 2018 Pacific hurricane season

Early on August 29, 2018, a non-tropical low developed in the north Central Pacific, before absorbing the remnants of Hurricane Lane to the south. The system subsequently developed into a well-defined extratropical cyclone, while moving northward. The storm was assigned the designation 96C by the United States Naval Research Laboratory (NRL). Traversing an area with sea surface temperatures 2 °C (3.6 °F) above-normal, the system coalesced into a subtropical storm by August 31. However, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Satellite Products and Service Division analyzed it as a tropical storm through the Dvorak technique. At 23:30 UTC that day, Scatterometer data revealed that 96C attained peak winds of 45 mph (75 km/h) about 980 mi (1,575 km) south of Adak, Alaska. Early on September 2, the storm reached its peak intensity, with a minimum central pressure of 1,000 millibars (30 inHg), displaying a structure similar to that of tropical cyclones, including an eye. Afterward, 96C slowly began to weaken, while accelerating northward into colder waters. On September 3, 96C weakened below tropical depression intensity, back into an extratropical low. On September 4, the system was absorbed into a larger extratropical storm in the Bering Sea, just north of the western Aleutian Islands.

Subtropical Cyclone Humberto (2022)

Subtropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	January 12, 2022 – January 13, 2022
Peak intensity	100 km/h (65 mph) (1-min); 1004 hPa (mbar)

On January 12, 2022, the United States' Weather Prediction Center (WPC) noted a subtropical storm near 34°S 89°W, east of the basin's official boundary of 120°W.. Researchers unofficially named the storm Humberto The storm peaked with maximum 1-minute sustained winds of 65 mph (100 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 1,004 millibars (29.65 inHg). The small storm dissipated the next day.

See also

• Super Typhoon Ida (1958)
• 1858 San Diego hurricane
• 1939 California tropical storm
• Hurricane Gordon (1994) – Was not retired
• Hurricane Linda (1997)
• Hurricane Isabel (2003)
• Hurricane Wilma (2005)
• Tropical Storm Hermine (2010)
• Hurricane Irene (2011)
• Hurricane Katia (2011)
• Tropical Storm Sean (2011)
• Hurricane Rafael (2012)
• Hurricane Otto (2016)
• Cyclone Gita (2018)
• Hurricane Leslie (2018)
• Tropical Storm Imelda (2019) – Was not retired
• Potential Tropical Cyclone Seventeen-E (2019)
• Tropical storms Amanda and Cristobal (2020)
• Hurricane Isaias (2020) – Was not retired
• Hurricane Sally (2020) – Was not retired
• Cyclone Yasa (2020)
• Typhoon Surigae (2021)
• 2013 Atlantic hurricane season
• 2015 Pacific hurricane season
• 2016 Atlantic hurricane season
• 2016 Pacific hurricane season
• South Atlantic tropical cyclone
• Mediterranean tropical cyclone

Notes

References

External Links

• National Hurricane Center Tropical Weather Outlook
• National Hurricane Center's Eastern Pacific Tropical Weather Outlook
• NOAA Northern Hemisphere Satellite Imagery Loops
• Japan Meteorological Agency Marine warnings