List of the most intense tropical cyclones
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This is a list of the most intense tropical cyclones as measured by minimum atmospheric pressure at sea level. Although maximum sustained winds are often used to measure intensity as they commonly cause notable impacts over large areas, and most popular tropical cyclone scales are organized around sustained wind speeds, variations in the averaging period of winds in different basins make inter-comparison difficult. In addition, other impacts like rainfall, storm surge, area of wind damage, and tornadoes can vary significantly in storms with similar wind speeds. The minimum central pressure at sea level is often used to compare tropical cyclones because the measurements are easier and use consistent methodology worldwide, in contrast to difficult-to-estimate maximum sustained winds whose measurement methods vary widely. Tropical cyclones can attain some of the lowest pressures over large areas on Earth. However, although there is a strong connection between lowered pressures and higher wind speeds, storms with the lowest pressures may not have the highest wind speeds, as each storm's relationship between wind and pressure is slightly different.[1]
In the most recent and reliable records, most tropical cyclones which attained a pressure of 900 hPa (mbar) (26.56 inHg) or less have occurred in the Western North Pacific Ocean. The strongest tropical cyclone recorded worldwide, as measured by minimum central pressure, was Typhoon Tip, which reached a pressure of 870 hPa (25.69 inHg) on October 12, 1979.[2] Furthermore, on October 23, 2015, Hurricane Patricia attained the strongest 1-minute sustained winds on record at 185 knots (95 m/s; 215 mph; 345 km/h).[3]
Data for the most intense tropical cyclones globally are provided below, then subdivided by basin. Data listed are provided by the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre, unless otherwise noted.
North Atlantic Ocean
[edit]
Hurricane Allen at peak intensity, peaking with the highest winds in a tropical cyclone ever recorded in the Atlantic basin
Hurricane Wilma at peak intensity, peaking with the lowest pressure in a tropical cyclone ever recorded in the Atlantic basin
The most intense storm in the North Atlantic by lowest pressure was Hurricane Wilma. The strongest storm by 1-minute sustained winds was Hurricane Allen.
Storms which reached a minimum central pressure of 920 millibars (27.17 inHg) or less are listed. Storm information has been compiled back to 1851, though measurements were rarer until aircraft reconnaissance started in the 1940s, and inexact estimates were still predominant until dropsondes were implemented in the 1970s.[4]
| Cyclone | Season | Peak classification | Peak 1-min sustained winds |
Pressure |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| "Cuba" | 1924 | Category 5 hurricane
|
270 km/h (165 mph) | 910 hPa (26.87 inHg) |
| "Cuba" | 1932 | Category 5 hurricane
|
280 km/h (175 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) |
| "Labor Day" | 1935 | Category 5 hurricane
|
295 km/h (185 mph) | 892 hPa (26.34 inHg) |
| "Great Atlantic" | 1944 | Category 5 hurricane
|
260 km/h (160 mph) | 918 hPa (27.11 inHg) |
| Janet | 1955 | Category 5 hurricane
|
280 km/h (175 mph) | 914 hPa (26.99 inHg) |
| Esther | 1961 | Category 5 hurricane
|
260 km/h (160 mph) | 919 hPa (27.14 inHg) |
| Hattie | 1961 | Category 5 hurricane
|
270 km/h (165 mph) | 914 hPa (26.99 inHg) |
| Camille | 1969 | Category 5 hurricane
|
280 km/h (175 mph) | 900 hPa (26.58 inHg) |
| Allen | 1980 | Category 5 hurricane
|
305 km/h (190 mph) | 899 hPa (26.55 inHg) |
| Gloria | 1985 | Category 4 hurricane
|
145 mph (235 km/h) | 919 hPa (27.14 inHg) |
| Gilbert | 1988 | Category 5 hurricane
|
295 km/h (185 mph) | 888 hPa (26.22 inHg) |
| Hugo | 1989 | Category 5 hurricane
|
260 km/h (160 mph) | 918 hPa (27.11 inHg) |
| Opal | 1995 | Category 4 hurricane
|
240 km/h (150 mph) | 916 hPa (27.05 inHg) |
| Mitch | 1998 | Category 5 hurricane
|
285 km/h (180 mph) | 905 hPa (26.72 inHg) |
| Isabel | 2003 | Category 5 hurricane
|
270 km/h (165 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) |
| Ivan | 2004 | Category 5 hurricane
|
270 km/h (165 mph) | 910 hPa (26.87 inHg) |
| Katrina | 2005 | Category 5 hurricane
|
280 km/h (175 mph) | 902 hPa (26.64 inHg) |
| Rita | 2005 | Category 5 hurricane
|
285 km/h (180 mph) | 895 hPa (26.43 inHg) |
| Wilma | 2005 | Category 5 hurricane
|
295 km/h (185 mph) | 882 hPa (26.05 inHg) |
| Dean | 2007 | Category 5 hurricane
|
280 km/h (175 mph) | 905 hPa (26.72 inHg) |
| Irma | 2017 | Category 5 hurricane
|
285 km/h (180 mph) | 914 hPa (26.99 inHg) |
| Maria | 2017 | Category 5 hurricane
|
280 km/h (175 mph) | 908 hPa (26.81 inHg) |
| Michael | 2018 | Category 5 hurricane
|
260 km/h (160 mph) | 919 hPa (27.14 inHg) |
| Dorian | 2019 | Category 5 hurricane
|
295 km/h (185 mph) | 910 hPa (26.87 inHg) |
| Iota | 2020 | Category 4 hurricane
|
250 km/h (155 mph) | 917 hPa (27.08 inHg) |
| Milton | 2024 | Category 5 hurricane
|
285 km/h (180 mph) | 897 hPa (26.49 inHg)[a] |
| Source: Atlantic Hurricane Best Track File 1851–2023 (NHC) [5] | ||||
Eastern Pacific Ocean
[edit]
Hurricane Patricia shortly after peak intensity, highest global sustained winds and lowest pressure in the Western Hemisphere
Hurricane Ioke at its record peak intensity, also the most intense hurricane ever recorded in the Central Pacific
The most intense storm in the Eastern Pacific Ocean by both sustained winds and central pressure was Hurricane Patricia. Its sustained winds of 345 km/h (215 mph) are also the highest on record globally.
Storms with a minimum central pressure of 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) or less are listed. Storm information was less reliably documented and recorded before 1949, and most storms since are only estimated because landfalls (and related reconnaissance) are less common in this basin.[6]
| Cyclone | Season | Peak classification | Peak 1-min sustained winds |
Pressure |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ava | 1973 | Category 5 hurricane
|
260 km/h (160 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) |
| Annette | 1976 | Category 4 hurricane
|
220 km/h (140 mph) | 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) |
| Trudy | 1990 | Category 4 hurricane
|
250 km/h (155 mph) | 924 hPa (27.29 inHg) |
| Gilma | 1994 | Category 5 hurricane
|
260 km/h (160 mph) | 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) |
| Olivia | 1994 | Category 4 hurricane
|
240 km/h (150 mph) | 923 hPa (27.26 inHg) |
| Guillermo | 1997 | Category 5 hurricane
|
260 km/h (160 mph) | 919 hPa (27.14 inHg) |
| Linda | 1997 | Category 5 hurricane
|
295 km/h (185 mph) | 902 hPa (26.64 inHg) |
| Juliette | 2001 | Category 4 hurricane
|
230 km/h (145 mph) | 923 hPa (27.26 inHg) |
| Elida | 2002 | Category 5 hurricane
|
260 km/h (160 mph) | 921 hPa (27.20 inHg) |
| Hernan | 2002 | Category 5 hurricane
|
260 km/h (160 mph) | 921 hPa (27.20 inHg) |
| Kenna | 2002 | Category 5 hurricane
|
270 km/h (165 mph) | 913 hPa (26.96 inHg) |
| Ioke | 2006 | Category 5 hurricane
|
260 km/h (160 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) |
| Rick | 2009 | Category 5 hurricane
|
285 km/h (180 mph) | 906 hPa (26.75 inHg) |
| Celia | 2010 | Category 5 hurricane
|
260 km/h (160 mph) | 921 hPa (27.20 inHg) |
| Marie | 2014 | Category 5 hurricane
|
260 km/h (160 mph) | 918 hPa (27.11 inHg) |
| Odile | 2014 | Category 4 hurricane
|
220 km/h (140 mph) | 918 hPa (27.11 inHg) |
| Patricia | 2015 | Category 5 hurricane
|
345 km/h (215 mph) | 872 hPa (25.75 inHg) |
| Walaka | 2018 | Category 5 hurricane
|
260 km/h (160 mph) | 921 hPa (27.20 inHg) |
| Willa | 2018 | Category 5 hurricane
|
260 km/h (160 mph) | 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) |
| Otis | 2023 | Category 5 hurricane
|
270 km/h (165 mph) | 922 hPa (27.23 inHg) |
| Source: East Pacific Hurricane Best Track File 1949–2023 (NHC) [7] | ||||
Western Pacific Ocean
[edit]
The most intense storm by lowest pressure and peak 10-minute sustained winds was Typhoon Tip, which was also the most intense tropical cyclone ever recorded in terms of minimum central pressure.
Storms with a minimum pressure of 899 hPa (26.55 inHg) or less are listed. Storm information was less reliably documented and recorded before 1950.[6]
| Cyclone | Year | Peak classification | Peak 10-min sustained winds |
Pressure |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unnamed | 1927 | Unknown
|
Not specified | 887 hPa (26.19 inHg)[8] |
| Allyn | 1949 | Violent typhoon
|
Not specified | 884 hPa (26.10 inHg) |
| Clara | 1950 | Violent typhoon
|
Not specified | 899 hPa (26.55 inHg) |
| Marge | 1951 | Violent typhoon
|
Not specified | 886 hPa (26.16 inHg) |
| Wilma | 1952 | Violent typhoon
|
Not specified | 893 hPa (26.37 inHg) |
| Nina | 1953 | Violent typhoon
|
Not specified | 885 hPa (26.13 inHg) |
| Ida | 1954 | Violent typhoon
|
Not specified | 890 hPa (26.28 inHg) |
| Ida | 1958 | Violent typhoon
|
Not specified | 877 hPa (25.90 inHg) |
| Vera | 1959 | Violent typhoon
|
Not specified | 895 hPa (26.43 inHg) |
| Joan | 1959 | Violent typhoon
|
Not specified | 885 hPa (26.13 inHg) |
| Nancy | 1961 | Violent typhoon
|
Not specified | 882 hPa (26.05 inHg) |
| Violet | 1961 | Violent typhoon
|
Not specified | 895 hPa (26.43 inHg) |
| Emma | 1962 | Violent typhoon
|
Not specified | 890 hPa (26.28 inHg) |
| Karen | 1962 | Violent typhoon
|
Not specified | 894 hPa (26.40 inHg) |
| Sally | 1964 | Violent typhoon
|
220 km/h (140 mph) | 895 hPa (26.43 inHg) |
| Wilda | 1964 | Violent typhoon
|
Not specified | 895 hPa (26.43 inHg) |
| Opal | 1964 | Violent typhoon
|
Not specified | 895 hPa (26.43 inHg) |
| Kit | 1966 | Violent typhoon
|
Not specified | 880 hPa (25.99 inHg) |
| Elsie | 1969 | Violent typhoon
|
Not specified | 895 hPa (26.43 inHg) |
| Viola | 1969 | Violent typhoon
|
Not specified | 896 hPa (26.46 inHg) |
| Hope | 1970 | Violent typhoon
|
Not specified | 895 hPa (26.43 inHg) |
| Amy | 1971 | Violent typhoon
|
Not specified | 890 hPa (26.28 inHg) |
| Irma | 1971 | Violent typhoon
|
Not specified | 885 hPa (26.13 inHg) |
| Patsy | 1973 | Violent typhoon
|
Not specified | 895 hPa (26.43 inHg) |
| Nora | 1973 | Violent typhoon
|
Not specified | 875 hPa (25.84 inHg) |
| June | 1975 | Violent typhoon
|
Not specified | 875 hPa (25.84 inHg) |
| Louise | 1976 | Violent typhoon
|
205 km/h (125 mph) | 895 hPa (26.43 inHg) |
| Rita | 1978 | Violent typhoon
|
220 km/h (140 mph) | 880 hPa (25.99 inHg) |
| Tip | 1979 | Violent typhoon
|
260 km/h (160 mph) | 870 hPa (25.69 inHg) |
| Wynne | 1980 | Violent typhoon
|
220 km/h (140 mph) | 890 hPa (26.28 inHg) |
| Elsie | 1981 | Violent typhoon
|
220 km/h (140 mph) | 895 hPa (26.43 inHg) |
| Mac | 1982 | Violent typhoon
|
220 km/h (140 mph) | 895 hPa (26.43 inHg) |
| Abby | 1983 | Violent typhoon
|
220 km/h (140 mph) | 895 hPa (26.43 inHg) |
| Forrest | 1983 | Violent typhoon
|
205 km/h (125 mph) | 885 hPa (26.13 inHg) |
| Marge | 1983 | Violent typhoon
|
205 km/h (125 mph) | 895 hPa (26.43 inHg) |
| Vanessa | 1984 | Violent typhoon
|
220 km/h (140 mph) | 880 hPa (25.99 inHg) |
| Dot | 1985 | Violent typhoon
|
220 km/h (140 mph) | 895 hPa (26.43 inHg) |
| Betty | 1987 | Violent typhoon
|
205 km/h (125 mph) | 890 hPa (26.28 inHg) |
| Flo | 1990 | Violent typhoon
|
220 km/h (140 mph) | 890 hPa (26.28 inHg) |
| Ruth | 1991 | Violent typhoon
|
215 km/h (130 mph) | 895 hPa (26.43 inHg) |
| Yuri | 1991 | Violent typhoon
|
220 km/h (140 mph) | 895 hPa (26.43 inHg) |
| Megi | 2010 | Violent typhoon
|
230 km/h (145 mph) | 885 hPa (26.13 inHg) |
| Haiyan | 2013 | Violent typhoon
|
230 km/h (145 mph) | 895 hPa (26.43 inHg) |
| Meranti | 2016 | Violent typhoon
|
220 km/h (140 mph) | 890 hPa (26.28 inHg) |
| Surigae | 2021 | Violent typhoon
|
220 km/h (140 mph) | 895 hPa (26.43 inHg) |
| Source: Western North Pacific Typhoon Best Track File 1951–2024 (JMA) [9] | ||||
North Indian Ocean
[edit]
Satellite image of the cyclone as it made landfall in Odisha
Cyclone Gonu near peak intensity, also the most intense tropical cyclone in Arabian Sea
The most intense tropical cyclone in the North Indian Ocean by both sustained winds and central pressure was the 1999 Odisha cyclone, with 3-minute sustained winds of 260 km/h (160 mph) and a minimum pressure of 912 hPa (26.93 inHg).
Storms with an intensity of 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) or less are listed.
| Cyclone | Season | Peak classification | Peak 3-min sustained winds |
Pressure | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Two | 1963 | Extremely severe cyclonic storm
|
195 km/h (120 mph) | 947 hPa (27.96 inHg) | |
| Three | 1963 | Super cyclonic storm
|
240 km/h (150 mph) | 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) | |
| 1977 Andhra Pradesh | 1977 | Super cyclonic storm
|
230 km/h (145 mph) | 943 hPa (27.85 inHg) | [10] |
| Unnamed | 1978 | Extremely severe cyclonic storm
|
205 km/h (125 mph) | 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) | [11] |
| 1978 Unnamed | 1978 | Super cyclonic storm
|
220 km/h (140 mph) | 938 hPa (27.70 inHg) | [11] |
| Unnamed | 1979 | Extremely severe cyclonic storm
|
185 km/h (115 mph) | 936 hPa (27.64 inHg) | [12] |
| BOB 01 | 1982 | Extremely severe cyclonic storm
|
215 km/h (130 mph) | 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) | [13] |
| Gay | 1989 | Super cyclonic storm
|
230 km/h (145 mph) | 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) | [13] |
| 1990 Andhra Pradesh | 1990 | Super cyclonic storm
|
235 km/h (145 mph) | 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) | [13] |
| 1991 Bangladesh | 1991 | Super cyclonic storm
|
235 km/h (145 mph) | 918 hPa (27.11 inHg) | [13] |
| 1994 BOB 02 | 1994 | Extremely severe cyclonic storm
|
215 km/h (130 mph) | 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) | [13] |
| 1999 Pakistan | 1999 | Extremely severe cyclonic storm
|
195 km/h (120 mph) | 946 hPa (27.94 inHg) | [13] |
| 1999 Odisha | 1999 | Super cyclonic storm
|
260 km/h (160 mph) | 912 hPa (26.93 inHg) | [13] |
| 2001 India | 2001 | Extremely severe cyclonic storm
|
215 km/h (130 mph) | 932 hPa (27.52 inHg) | [13] |
| Gonu | 2007 | Super cyclonic storm
|
240 km/h (150 mph) | 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) | [13] |
| Sidr | 2007 | Extremely severe cyclonic storm
|
215 km/h (130 mph) | 944 hPa (27.88 inHg) | [13] |
| Giri | 2010 | Extremely severe cyclonic storm
|
195 km/h (120 mph) | 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) | [13] |
| Phailin | 2013 | Extremely severe cyclonic storm
|
215 km/h (130 mph) | 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) | [13] |
| Hudhud | 2014 | Extremely severe cyclonic storm
|
185 km/h (115 mph) | 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) | [13] |
| Nilofar | 2014 | Extremely severe cyclonic storm
|
205 km/h (125 mph) | 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) | [13] |
| Chapala | 2015 | Extremely severe cyclonic storm
|
215 km/h (130 mph) | 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) | [13] |
| Fani | 2019 | Extremely severe cyclonic storm
|
215 km/h (130 mph) | 932 hPa (27.52 inHg) | |
| Kyarr | 2019 | Super cyclonic storm
|
240 km/h (150 mph) | 922 hPa (27.23 inHg) | |
| Amphan | 2020 | Super cyclonic storm
|
240 km/h (150 mph) | 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) | |
| Tauktae | 2021 | Extremely severe cyclonic storm
|
185 km/h (115 mph) | 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) | |
| Mocha | 2023 | Extremely severe cyclonic storm
|
215 km/h (130 mph) | 938 hPa (27.70 inHg) |
South-West Indian Ocean
[edit]
Cyclone Gafilo shortly before peak intensity
Cyclone Fantala shortly after peak intensity
The most intense tropical cyclone in the South-West Indian Ocean was Cyclone Gafilo. By 10-minute sustained wind speed, the strongest tropical cyclone in the South-West Indian Ocean was Cyclone Fantala.
Storms with an intensity of 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) or less are listed. Storm information was less reliably documented and recorded before 1985.[6]
| Cyclone | Season | Peak classification | Peak 10-min sustained winds |
Pressure | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chris–Damia | 1981–82 | Intense tropical cyclone
|
215 km/h (130 mph) | 898 hPa (26.52 inHg) | [14] |
| Geralda | 1993–94 | Intense tropical cyclone
|
205 km/h (125 mph) | 905 hPa (26.72 inHg) | [15] |
| Litanne | 1993–94 | Intense tropical cyclone
|
195 km/h (120 mph) | 910 hPa (26.87 inHg) | [15] |
| Marlene | 1994–95 | Intense tropical cyclone
|
185 km/h (115 mph) | 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) | [16] |
| Bonita | 1995–96 | Intense tropical cyclone
|
185 km/h (115 mph) | 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) | [17] |
| Daniella | 1996–97 | Intense tropical cyclone
|
195 km/h (120 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) | [18] |
| Hudah | 1999–2000 | Very Intense tropical cyclone
|
220 km/h (140 mph) | 905 hPa (26.72 inHg) | [19] |
| Dina | 2001–02 | Intense tropical cyclone
|
215 km/h (130 mph) | 910 hPa (26.87 inHg) | [20] |
| Guillaume | 2001–02 | Intense tropical cyclone
|
205 km/h (125 mph) | 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) | [20] |
| Hary | 2001–02 | Very Intense tropical cyclone
|
220 km/h (140 mph) | 905 hPa (26.72 inHg) | [20] |
| Kalunde | 2002–03 | Intense tropical cyclone
|
215 km/h (130 mph) | 905 hPa (26.72 inHg) | |
| Gafilo | 2003–04 | Very Intense tropical cyclone
|
230 km/h (145 mph) | 895 hPa (26.43 inHg) | [21] |
| Adeline–Juliet | 2004–05 | Very Intense tropical cyclone
|
220 km/h (140 mph) | 905 hPa (26.72 inHg) | [22] |
| Bento | 2004–05 | Intense tropical cyclone
|
215 km/h (130 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) | [23] |
| Carina | 2005–06 | Intense tropical cyclone
|
205 km/h (125 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) | [24] |
| Hondo | 2007–08 | Intense tropical cyclone
|
215 km/h (130 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) | [25] |
| Edzani | 2009–10 | Very Intense tropical cyclone
|
220 km/h (140 mph) | 910 hPa (26.87 inHg) | [26] |
| Bruce | 2013–14 | Very Intense tropical cyclone
|
220 km/h (140 mph) | 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) | |
| Colin | 2013–14 | Intense tropical cyclone
|
205 km/h (125 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) | |
| Hellen | 2013–14 | Very Intense tropical cyclone
|
230 km/h (145 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) | |
| Bansi | 2014–15 | Very Intense tropical cyclone
|
220 km/h (140 mph) | 910 hPa (26.87 inHg) | |
| Eunice | 2014–15 | Very Intense tropical cyclone
|
230 km/h (145 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) | |
| Fantala | 2015–16 | Very Intense tropical cyclone
|
250 km/h (155 mph) | 910 hPa (26.87 inHg) | |
| Darian | 2022–23 | Very Intense tropical cyclone
|
220 km/h (140 mph) | 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) |
Australian region
[edit]
The most intense tropical cyclone(s) in the Australian Region were cyclones Gwenda and Inigo. By 10-minute sustained wind speed, the strongest were Cyclone Orson, Cyclone Monica and Cyclone Marcus.
Storms with an intensity of 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) or less are listed. Storm information was less reliably documented and recorded before 1985.[6]
| Cyclone | Season | Peak classification | Peak 10-min sustained winds |
Pressure |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mahina | 1898–99 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
|
Unknown | 880 hPa (25.99 inHg)[nb 1][27][28] |
| Joan | 1975–76 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
|
215 km/h (130 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) |
| Amy | 1979–80 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
|
215 km/h (130 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) |
| Kathy | 1983–84 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
|
205 km/h (125 mph) | 916 hPa (27.05 inHg) |
| Orson | 1988–89 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
|
250 km/h (155 mph) | 904 hPa (26.70 inHg) |
| Graham | 1991–92 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
|
205 km/h (125 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) |
| Rewa | 1993–94 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
|
205 km/h (125 mph) | 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) |
| Theodore | 1993–94 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
|
205 km/h (125 mph) | 910 hPa (26.87 inHg) |
| Chloe | 1994–95 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
|
220 km/h (140 mph) | 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) |
| Pancho-Helinda | 1996–97 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
|
215 km/h (130 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) |
| Thelma | 1998–99 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
|
220 km/h (140 mph) | 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) |
| Vance | 1998–99 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
|
215 km/h (130 mph) | 910 hPa (26.87 inHg) |
| Frederic-Evrina | 1998–99 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
|
205 km/h (125 mph) | 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) |
| Gwenda | 1998–99 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
|
220 km/h (140 mph) | 900 hPa (26.58 inHg) |
| John | 1999–2000 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
|
205 km/h (125 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) |
| Paul | 1999–2000 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
|
220 km/h (140 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) |
| Chris | 2001–02 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
|
205 km/h (125 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) |
| Inigo | 2002–03 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
|
230 km/h (145 mph) | 900 hPa (26.58 inHg) |
| Fay | 2003–04 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
|
215 km/h (130 mph) | 910 hPa (26.87 inHg) |
| Floyd | 2005–06 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone
|
195 km/h (120 mph) | 916 hPa (27.05 inHg) |
| Glenda | 2005–06 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
|
205 km/h (125 mph) | 910 hPa (26.87 inHg) |
| Monica | 2005–06 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
|
250 km/h (155 mph) | 916 hPa (27.05 inHg) |
| George | 2006–07 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
|
205 km/h (125 mph) | 902 hPa (26.64 inHg) |
| Marcus | 2017–18 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
|
250 km/h (155 mph) | 905 hPa (26.72 inHg) |
| Darian | 2022–23 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
|
230 km/h (145 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) |
| Ilsa | 2022–23 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
|
230 km/h (145 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) |
| Source: Database of past tropical cyclone tracks (BOM)[29] | ||||
South Pacific Ocean
[edit].jpg)
Cyclone Winston at peak intensity
Cyclone Zoe at peak intensity and also the second most intense tropical cyclone in the Southern Hemisphere.
A total of 16 cyclones are listed down below reaching/surpassing an intensity of 920 hPa (27.17 inHg), with most of them occurring during El Niño seasons. Tropical cyclones that have been recorded since the start of the 1969–70 Tropical Cyclone year and have reached their peak intensity to the west of 160E are included in the list. The most intense tropical cyclone in the south Pacific, Cyclone Winston of 2016, is also the most intense storm in the Southern Hemisphere.
Storms with an intensity of 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) or less are listed.
| Cyclone | Season | Peak classification | Peak 10-min sustained winds |
Pressure |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oscar | 1982–83 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone
|
185 km/h (115 mph) | 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) |
| Hina | 1984–85 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
|
220 km/h (140 mph) | 910 hPa (26.87 inHg) |
| Fran | 1991–92 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
|
205 km/h (125 mph) | 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) |
| Ron | 1997–98 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
|
230 km/h (145 mph) | 900 hPa (26.58 inHg) |
| Susan | 1997–98 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
|
230 km/h (145 mph) | 900 hPa (26.58 inHg) |
| Beni | 2002–03 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
|
205 km/h (125 mph) | 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) |
| Dovi | 2002–03 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
|
205 km/h (125 mph) | 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) |
| Erica | 2002–03 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
|
215 km/h (130 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) |
| Zoe | 2002–03 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
|
240 km/h (150 mph) | 890 hPa (26.28 inHg) |
| Heta | 2003–04 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
|
215 km/h (130 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) |
| Meena | 2004–05 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
|
215 km/h (130 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) |
| Olaf | 2004–05 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
|
215 km/h (130 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) |
| Percy | 2004–05 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
|
230 km/h (145 mph) | 900 hPa (26.58 inHg) |
| Ului | 2009–10 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
|
215 km/h (130 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) |
| Pam | 2014–15 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
|
250 km/h (155 mph) | 896 hPa (26.46 inHg) |
| Winston | 2015–16 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
|
280 km/h (175 mph) | 884 hPa (26.10 inHg) |
| Harold | 2019–20 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
|
230 km/h (145 mph) | 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) |
| Yasa | 2020–21 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
|
230 km/h (145 mph) | 917 hPa (27.08 inHg) |
| Kevin | 2022–23 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
|
230 km/h (145 mph) | 913 hPa (26.96 inHg) |
South Atlantic Ocean
[edit]
Until recently, it was not known that tropical cyclones could exist in the southern Atlantic. However, Hurricane Catarina in 2004, to date the only hurricane in the south Atlantic, brought additional review. A subsequent study found that there was an average of 1–2 subtropical or tropical cyclones per year in the Southern Atlantic in recent decades.[30] No official database of South Atlantic cyclones exists, but a partial list of notable tropical and subtropical systems is listed.
| Cyclone | Season | Peak classification | Peak 1-min sustained winds |
Pressure |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unnamed | 1991 | Tropical storm
|
65 km/h (40 mph) | Unknown (Unknown) |
| Catarina | 2004 | Category 2 hurricane
|
155 km/h (100 mph) | 972 hPa (28.70 inHg) |
| Anita | 2010 | Tropical storm
|
85 km/h (50 mph) | 995 hPa (29.38 inHg) |
| Arani | 2011 | Subtropical storm
|
85 km/h (50 mph) | 989 hPa (29.21 inHg) |
| Bapo | 2015 | Subtropical storm
|
65 km/h (40 mph) | 992 hPa (29.29 inHg) |
| Cari | 2015 | Subtropical storm
|
65 km/h (40 mph) | 998 hPa (29.47 inHg) |
| Deni | 2016 | Subtropical storm
|
75 km/h (45 mph) | 998 hPa (29.47 inHg) |
| Eçaí | 2016 | Subtropical storm
|
100 km/h (65 mph) | 992 hPa (29.29 inHg) |
| Guará | 2017 | Subtropical storm
|
75 km/h (45 mph) | 996 hPa (29.41 inHg) |
| Iba | 2019 | Tropical storm
|
85 km/h (50 mph) | 1,006 hPa (29.71 inHg) |
| Jaguar | 2019 | Subtropical storm
|
65 km/h (40 mph) | 1,010 hPa (29.83 inHg) |
| Kurumí | 2020 | Subtropical storm
|
65 km/h (40 mph) | 998 hPa (29.47 inHg) |
| Mani | 2020 | Subtropical storm
|
65 km/h (40 mph) | 1,004 hPa (29.65 inHg) |
| Oquira | 2020 | Subtropical storm
|
65 km/h (40 mph) | 998 hPa (29.47 inHg) |
| 01Q | 2021 | Tropical storm
|
65 km/h (40 mph) | 990 hPa (29.23 inHg) |
| Potira | 2021 | Subtropical storm
|
75 km/h (45 mph) | 1,006 hPa (29.71 inHg) |
| Raoni | 2021 | Subtropical storm
|
95 km/h (60 mph) | 986 hPa (29.12 inHg) |
| Ubá | 2021 | Subtropical storm
|
65 km/h (40 mph) | 995 hPa (29.38 inHg) |
| Yakecan | 2022 | Subtropical storm
|
95 km/h (60 mph) | 990 hPa (29.23 inHg) |
| Akará | 2024 | Tropical storm
|
85 km/h (50 mph) | 994 hPa (29.35 inHg) |
See also
[edit]
- Atlantic hurricane season
- Australian region tropical cyclone
- List of the wettest tropical cyclones
- North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone
- Notable non-tropical pressures over the North Atlantic
- Pacific hurricane
- Pacific typhoon season
- South Atlantic tropical cyclone
- South Pacific tropical cyclone
- South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone
Notes
[edit]- ^ Officially listed by the BoM as 914 mbar, pending review.
- ^ Data is preliminary.
References
[edit]- ^ Kossin, James (February 2015). "Hurricane Wind–Pressure Relationship and Eyewall Replacement Cycles". Weather and Forecasting. 30 (1): 177–181. Bibcode:2015WtFor..30..177K. doi:10.1175/WAF-D-14-00121.1. S2CID 123146418.
- ^ Dunnavan, George M; Diercks, John W (November 1, 1980). "An Analysis of Super Typhoon Tip (October 1979)". Monthly Weather Review. 108 (11): 1915–1923. Bibcode:1980MWRv..108.1915D. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108<1915:AAOSTT>2.0.CO;2.
- ^ Sanchez, Ray (October 23, 2015). "Hurricane Patricia weakens, but still 'extremely dangerous'". CNN. Retrieved October 10, 2018.
- ^ Mirnane, Richard; Liu, Kam-Biu (2004). Hurricanes and Typhoons: Past, Present, and Future (PDF). Columbia University Press.
- ^ "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. April 5, 2023. Retrieved November 18, 2024.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ a b c d "ATCR report plan". www.usno.navy.mil. Retrieved 2017-10-21.
- ^ National Hurricane Center; Hurricane Research Division; Central Pacific Hurricane Center (April 26, 2024). "The Northeast and North Central Pacific hurricane database 1949–2023". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Archived from the original on May 29, 2024. A guide on how to read the database is available here. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ C. L. Jordan (September 1959). "A Reported Sea Level Pressure of 877 MB" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 87 (9): 365–366. Bibcode:1959MWRv...87..365J. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1959)087<0365:wnarsl>2.0.co;2. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
- ^ "Western North Pacific Typhoon best track file 1951–2024". Japan Meteorological Agency. 2010-01-13. Retrieved 2010-01-13.
- ^ Pant, P S; Ramakrishnan, A R; Jamdunathan, R (1980). "Cyclones and Depressions over the Indian Seas in 1977" (PDF). Mausam. 31 (3): 337–356. doi:10.54302/mausam.v31i3.3533. S2CID 246784388.
- ^ a b Srinivasan, V; Ramakrishnan, A R; Jamdunathan, R. "Cyclones and Depressions over the Indian Seas in 1978" (PDF). Mausam. 31 (4): 495–506. doi:10.54302/mausam.v31i4.3444. S2CID 246781079.
- ^ Mukherjee, A K; Ramakrishnan, A R; Jamdunathan, R (1981). "Cyclones and Depressions over the Indian Seas in 1979" (PDF). Mausam. 32 (2): 115–126. doi:10.54302/mausam.v32i2.3398. S2CID 246848511.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "IMD Best track data 1982-2022" (xls). India Meteorological Department. A guide on how to read the database is available here.
- ^ "Cyclone Damia Best track". Météo-France. 2001-05-16. Retrieved 2010-01-08.
- ^ a b La Réunion Tropical Cyclone Centre. Cyclone Season 1993–1994 in the South-West Indian Ocean (in French). Météo France. pp. 42, 65. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
- ^ La Réunion Tropical Cyclone Centre. Cyclone Season 1994–1995 in the South-West Indian Ocean (in French). Météo France. p. 67. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
- ^ La Réunion Tropical Cyclone Centre. Cyclone Season 1995–1996 in the South-West Indian Ocean (in French). Météo France. p. 25. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
- ^ La Réunion Tropical Cyclone Centre. Cyclone Season 1996–1997 in the South-West Indian Ocean (in French). Météo France. p. 33. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
- ^ La Réunion Tropical Cyclone Centre (2001). Cyclone Season 1999–2000 in the South-West Indian Ocean (in French). Météo France. p. 72. ISBN 2-9511665-3-2. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
- ^ a b c La Réunion Tropical Cyclone Centre (2004). Cyclone Season 2001–2002 in the South-West Indian Ocean (in French). Météo France. p. 4. ISBN 2-9511665-6-7. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
- ^ La Réunion Tropical Cyclone Centre (2006). Cyclone Season 2003–2004 in the South-West Indian Ocean (in French). Météo France. p. 67. ISBN 2-9511665-8-3. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
- ^ La Réunion Tropical Cyclone Centre (November 27, 2009). "Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Adeline-Juliet". Météo France. Archived from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
- ^ La Réunion Tropical Cyclone Centre (November 27, 2009). "Intense Tropical Cyclone Bento". Météo France. Archived from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
- ^ La Réunion Tropical Cyclone Centre (2006). South-West Indian Ocean Cyclone Season 2005–2006 (in French). Météo France. p. 6. ISBN 2-9511665-9-1. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
- ^ La Réunion Tropical Cyclone Centre (November 27, 2009). "Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Hondo". Météo France. Archived from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
- ^ La Réunion Tropical Cyclone Centre (August 31, 2010). "Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Edzani". Météo France. Archived from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
- ^ Kerr, Jack (26 December 2014). "Tropical Cyclone Mahina: Bid to have deadly March 1899 weather event upgraded in record books". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
- ^ Masters, Jeffrey. "World Storm Surge Records". Weather Underground. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
- ^ "Australian Tropical Cyclone Database" (CSV). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 2023-06-30. Retrieved 2023-06-30. A guide on how to read the database is available here.
- ^ Evans, Jenny L; Braun, Aviva J (2012). "A Climatology of Subtropical Cyclones in the South Atlantic". Journal of Climate. 25 (21). American Meteorological Society: 7328–7340. Bibcode:2012JCli...25.7328E. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00212.1.
External links
[edit]Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers
- US National Hurricane Center – North Atlantic, Eastern Pacific
- Central Pacific Hurricane Center Archived 2011-09-23 at the Wayback Machine – Central Pacific
- Japan Meteorological Agency – North West Pacific
- India Meteorological Department – North Indian Ocean
- Météo-France – La Reunion – South-West Indian Ocean from 30°E to 90°E
- Fiji Meteorological Service – South Pacific west of 160°E, north of 25° S
Tropical Cyclone Warning Centers
- Indonesian Meteorological Department – South Indian Ocean from 90°E to 125°E, north of 10°S
- Australian Bureau of Meteorology (TCWC's Perth, Darwin & Brisbane) Archived 2008-07-23 at the Wayback Machine – South Indian Ocean & South Pacific Ocean from 90°E to 160°E, south of 10°S
- Meteorological Service of New Zealand Limited – South Pacific west of 160°E, south of 25°S