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Turkic · Tungusic · Mongolic

This page compares Turkic languages and their conservation status.

Comparison

Merged of Turkic peoples, Turkic languages and List of Turkic languages:

Languages^[1]^[2]								Peoples
Branch	Name	Status	Total Speak.	Scr.	Wiki	Page count	639-1/3	National-state	Ethnonym	Pop.	Religion
Oghuz	Turkish	Normal	85,197,130	Latn	tr:	623,920	tr / tur	Turkey Northern Cyprus	Turkish	75,700,000	Sunni, Alevi
	Turkmen	Normal	6,975,120	Latn	tk:	6,903	tk / tuk	Turkmenistan	Turkmens	8,000,000	Sunni
	Gagauz	Critically endangered	148,720	Latn	gag:	2,808	gag	Gagauzia ( Moldova)	Gagauz	126,000	Orthodox
	Balkan Gagauz	Threatened	331,000	Latn	inc:bgx	1	bgx	Spoken in Turkey	Gagauz	126,000	Orthodox
	Salar	Vulnerable	70,000	Latn	inc:slr	356	slr	Xunhua & Jishishan A.C. ( China)	Salar	104,000	Sunni, Tibetan Buddhism
	Azerbaijani (north)	Normal	9,216,930	Latn	az:	200,244	az / aze / azj	Azerbaijan	Azerbaijanis	31,300,000	Shia, Sunni
	Azerbaijani (south)	Normal	13,924,250	Arab	azb:	243,765	az / aze / azb	Spoken in Iran	Azerbaijanis	31,300,000	Shia, Sunni
	Khorasani Turkic	Vulnerable	916,000	Arab	inc:kmz	10	kmz		Khorasani Turks	1,000,000	Shia
	Qashqai	Normal	974,000	Arab	inc:qxq	26	qxq		Qashqai	949,000	Shia
Arghu Turkic	Khalaj	Vulnerable	52,800	Arab	—	—	klj		Khalaj	42,000	Shia
Karluk	Uzbek (north)	Normal	26,837,820	Latn	uz: (Ltn)	294,757	uz / uzb / uzn	Uzbekistan	Uzbeks	30,700,000	Sunni
	Uzbek (south)	Normal	6,575,700	Arab	inc:uzs	5	uz / uzb / uzs	Spoken in Afghanistan	Uzbeks	30,700,000	Sunni
	Uyghur	Normal	10,405,490	Arab	ug: (Ltn)	8,781	ug / uig	Xinjiang A.R. ( China)	Uyghurs	11,900,000	Sunni
Kipchak	Kazakh	Normal	13,161,980	Latn	kk: (Ltn)	238,133	kk / kaz	Kazakhstan Ili A.P., Aksay, Barkol & Mori A.C. ( China) Altai Republic ( Russia)	Kazakhs	15,100,000	Sunni
	Kyrgyz	Normal	5,010,650	Cyrl	ky:	77,041	ky / kir	Kyrgyzstan Kizilsu A.P. ( China)	Kyrgyz	6,000,000	Sunni
	Karakalpak	Normal	739,270	Latn	kaa:	7,745	kaa	Karakalpakstan ( Uzbekistan)	Karakalpaks	796,000	Sunni
	Karaim	Critically endangered	84	Cyrl	inc:kdr	33	kdr	Spoken in Ukraine and Poland	Crimean Karaites	2,000	Karaite Judaism
	Tatar	Normal	5,283,650	Cyrl	tt: (Ltn)	502,212	tt / tat	Tatarstan	Volga Tatars	6,200,000	Sunni, Orthodox
	Crimean Tatar	Severely endangered	542,740	Latn	crh:	28,436	crh	Crimea	Crimean Tatars	500,000	Sunni
	Siberian Tatar	Definitely endangered	101,000	Cyrl	inc:sty	242	sty	Spoken in Siberia	Siberian Tatars	6,000	Sunni
	Bashkir	Vulnerable	1,235,040	Cyrl	ba:	63,751	ba / bak	Bashkortostan	Bashkirs	1,700,000	Sunni
	Kumyk	Vulnerable	426,000	Cyrl	inc:kum	711	kum	Spoken in Kumykia ( Dagestan)	Kumyks	520,000	Sunni
	Nogai	Definitely endangered	87,100	Cyrl	inc:nog	1,045	nog	Dagestan Karachay-Cherkessia	Nogais	110,000	Sunni
	Karachay-Balkar	Vulnerable	311,700	Cyrl	krc:	2,191	krc	Karachay-Cherkessia	Karachays	346,000	Sunni
	Karachay-Balkar	Vulnerable	311,700	Cyrl	krc:	2,191	krc	Kabardino-Balkaria	Balkars	112,000	Sunni
Oghur	Chuvash	Vulnerable	1,279,650	Cyrl	cv:	56,769	cv / chv	Chuvashia	Chuvashes	1,500,000	Orthodox, Vattisen Yaly
Siberian Turkic	Yakut	Vulnerable	450,000	Cyrl	sah:	17,165	sah	Sakha (Yakutia)	Yakuts (Sakha)	482,000	Orthodox, Tengrism
	Khakas	Definitely endangered	42,610	Cyrl	inc:kjh	1,082	kjh	Khakassia	Khakas	75,000	Orthodox, Tengrism
	Altai (south)	Severely endangered	57,400	Cyrl	alt:	1,105	alt	Altai Republic	Altaians, Telengits, Teleuts	80,593	Burkhanism, Tengrism, Orthodox
	Altai (north)	Severely endangered	57,400	Cyrl	inc:atv	33	atv	Spoken in Altai Republic and Altai Krai	Chelkans, Kumandins, Tubalars	6,038	Burkhanism, Tengrism, Orthodox
	Dolgan	Definitely endangered	1,050	Cyrl	inc:dlg	5	dlg	Spoken in Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District	Dolgans	13,000	Tengrism, Orthodox
	Shor	Severely endangered	2,840	Cyrl	inc:cjs	20	cjs	Spoken in Kemerovo Oblast	Shors	8,000	Orthodox, Tengrism
	Chulym	Critically endangered	44	Cyrl	inc:clw	6	clw	Spoken in Tomsk Oblast and Krasnoyarsk Krai	Chulyms	355	Orthodox
	Tuvan	Vulnerable	297,500	Cyrl	tyv:	3,526	tyv	Tuva	Tuvans	274,858	Tibetan Buddhism, Tengrism
	Tofa (Karagas)	Critically endangered	93	Cyrl	—	—	kim	Spoken in Tofalariya ( Irkutsk Oblast)	Tofalars	800	Tengrism, Orthodox
	Tofa (Karagas)	Critically endangered	93	Cyrl	—	—	kim	Spoken in Khövsgöl ( Mongolia)	Dukha	282	Tengrism
	Western Yugur	Severely endangered	4,600	Latn	inc:ybe	3	ybe	Sunan A.C. ( China)	Yugurs	13,000	Tibetan Buddhism, Tengrism

Khotons spoke a Turkic (Uyghur, Uzbek or Kyrgyz) dialect (ru) until 19th century.								Spoken in Uvs ( Mongolia)	Khotons	10,000	Sunni
Soyot language is extinct, but there are revitalization efforts.								Spoken in Buryatia	Soyots	3,608	Tibetan Buddhism

Kipchak	Krymchak	Critically endangered	202	Hebr	inc:jct	29	jct	Spoken in Ukraine and Israel	Krymchaks	1,000	Orthodox Judaism
Oghuz	Urum	Definitely endangered	185,000	Cyrl	—	—	uum	Spoken in Ukraine and Georgia	Urums	185,000	Orthodox
Karluk	Äynu	Critically endangered	12,000	Arab	—	—	aib	Spoken in Xinjiang, China	Äynu	40,000	Shia
Karluk	Ili Turki	Severely endangered	240	Cyrl	inc:ili	2	ili	Spoken in Xinjiang, China	Ili Turks	177	Islam

Karluk	Chagatai	Extinct	0	Arab	inc:chg	1	chg	Spoken in Central Asia between 15th-20th century.
	Karakhanid	Historical	0		—	—	xqa	Spoken in Central Asia between 9th-15th century.
	Khorezmian	Historical	0		—	—	zkh	Spoken in Golden Horde between 13th–14th century.
Oghuz	Ottoman Turkish	Historical	0	Arab	src:ota	56	ota	Spoken in Ottoman Empire from 15th century. Evolved into modern Turkish.
Oghuz	Pecheneg	Historical	0		—	—	xpc	Spoken by Pechenegs in Central and Eastern Europe in 7th–12th century.
Oghur	Bulgar	Historical	0		—	—	xbo	Spoken by Bulgars until 14th century.
Oghur	Khazar	Historical	0	Orkh	—	—	zkz	Spoken by Khazars until 13th century.
Siberian Turkic	Old Turkic	Historical	0	Orkh	inc:otk	15	otk	Spoken in Central Asia and Mongolia between 7th -13th century.
Siberian Turkic	Old Uyghur	Historical	0	Old Uyg	—	—	oui	Spoken in Uyghur Khaganate, Qocho, Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom between 9th–14th century.
Kipchak	Cuman	Extinct	0	Latn	—	—	qwm	Spoken by Cumans and Kipchaks, became extinct in 17th century.
	Turkic languages	Normal	190M			2M	trk		Turkic peoples	193M

in

Russia

Tree

Turkic

Common Turkic

Southwest (Oghuz)

West

	Turkish (tur)

	Ottoman Turkish (ota) †

Azerbaijani (aze)

	North Azerbaijani (azj)

	South Azerbaijani (azb)

	Gagauz (gag)

	Balkan Gagauz (bgx)

Pecheneg (xpc) †

East

	Turkmen (tuk)

	Khorasani Turkic (kmz)

South

Qashqai (qxq)

Salar (slr)

Arghu

Khalaj (klj)

Northwest (Kipchak)

West

	Kumyk (kum)

	Karachay-Balkar (krc)

	Crimean Tatar (crh)

	Urum (uum)

	Krymchak (jct)

	Karaim (kdr)

	Cuman (qwm) †

North

	Tatar (tat)

	Bashkir (bak)

South

	Kazakh (kaz)

	Karakalpak (kaa)

	Siberian Tatar (sty)

	Nogai (nog)

East

	Kyrgyz (kir)

	Altai (south) (alt)

Southeast (Karluk)

West

	Uzbek (north) (uzn)

	Uzbek (south) (uzs)

Uzbek (uzb)

East

	Uyghur (uig)

	Äynu (aib)

	Ili Turki (ili)

	Chagatai (chg) †

	Khorezmian (zkh) †

	Karakhanid (xqa) †

Northeast (Siberian)

North

	Yakut (Sakha) (sah)

	Dolgan (dlg)

South

Sayan

	Tuvan (tyv)

	Tofa (Karagas) (kim)

Yenisei

	Khakas (kjh)

	Shor (cjs)

	Western Yugur (ybe)

Chulym (clw)

Altai (north) (atv)

	Old Turkic (otk) †

	Old Uyghur (oui) †

Oghur Turkic

	Chuvash (chv)

	Khazar (zkz) †

	Bulgar (xbo) †

Wikimedia projects

Purge

Wikipedia
Edition	Page count	Active users
Turkish	623,920	2,340
Tatar	502,212	63
Uzbek (north)	294,757	627
Azerbaijani (south)	243,765	98
Kazakh	238,133	242
Azerbaijani (north)	200,244	571
Kyrgyz	77,041	86
Bashkir	63,751	68
Chuvash	56,769	59
Crimean Tatar	28,436	39
Yakut (Sakha)	17,165	34
Turkmen	6,903	39
Uyghur	8,781	34
Karakalpak	7,745	47
Tuvan	3,526	17
Gagauz	2,808	17
Karachay-Balkar	2,191	14
Altai (south)	1,105	14
Total	2,379,252	4,409

Wikiquote
Edition	Page count	Active users
Turkish	5,729	24
Azerbaijani (north)	5,438	12
Yakut	1,078	4
Uzbek (north)	670	12
Kyrgyz	1	3

Wiktionary
Edition	Page count	Active users
Turkish	379,736	48
Uzbek (north)	117,612	36
Azerbaijani (north)	56,029	25
Kyrgyz	31,927	10
Kazakh	14,313	10
Turkmen	4,713	7
Tatar	2,192	8
Uyghur	1,585	7
Karakalpak	408	2

Wikibooks
Edition	Page count	Active users
Azerbaijani (north)	3,375	16
Bashkir	1,216	5
Turkish	975	14
Tatar	271	4
Kazakh	155	5
Chuvash	67	5
Kyrgyz	14	4

Wikisource
Edition	Page count	Active users
Turkish	19,432	19
Azerbaijani (north)	10,831	14
Yakut	601	6

Wikivoyage
Edition	Page count	Active users
Turkish	468	22

Wikipedia Incubator Projects

Page count^[3]	Languages
1,000+	Khakas, Nogai
100+	Kumyk , Siberian Tatar, Salar

Conservation status

Ethnologue classification

Size and Vitality according to Ethnologue 2024th edition:

Size	Institutional	Stable	Endangered	Extinct
1M to 1B	Turkish, Azerbaijani (north / south), Turkmen, Uzbek (north / south), Uyghur, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Bashkir	Khorasani Turkic, Qashqai
10K to 1M	Yakut, Tuvan, Altai (south)	Khakas, Gagauz, Karakalpak, Crimean Tatar, Siberian Tatar, Kumyk, Karachay-Balkar	Chuvash, Khalaj, Nogai, Balkan Gagauz Turkish, Salar, Altai (north), Äynu
Less than 10K			Urum, Karaim, Krymchak, Dolgan, Shor, Western Yugur, Ili Turki
None			Tofa, Chulym	Chagatai

Glottolog classification

AES according to Glottolog Edition 5.0:^[4]

Status	Language
Not endangered	Turkish, Azerbaijani (north / south), Uzbek (north / south), Uyghur, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Turkmen, Tatar, Tuvan, Qashqai, Karakalpak, Siberian Tatar
Threatened	Bashkir, Yakut, Khorasani Turkic, Chuvash, Gagauz, Kumyk, Karachay-Balkar, Khalaj, Crimean Tatar
Shifting	Altai (south / north), Nogai, Khakas, Balkan Gagauz Turkish, Salar, Urum, Dolgan, Western Yugur, Äynu
Moribund	Shor, Chulym
Nearly Extinct	Karaim, Krymchak, Tofa (Karagas), Ili Turki
Extinct	Chagatai, Ottoman Turkish, Pecheneg, Bulgar, Old Uyghur

ECRML

The following languages are protected by European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages as of 1 November 2022.^[5]

Language	Country	Part
Crimean Tatar	Ukraine	II-III
Gagauz	Ukraine	II-III
Karaim	Poland	II-III
Karaim	Ukraine	II
Krymchak	Ukraine	II
Tatar	Finland	II
	Poland	II-III
	Romania	II
Turkish	Bosnia and Herzegovina	II-III
Turkish	Romania	II-III

Automatic Translation

Language	Google Translate^[6]	Microsoft Translator^[7]	Yandex Translate^[8]	Meta AI NLLB^[9]
Azerbaijani	Latin
Bashkir	Cyrillic
Crimean Tatar	Cyrillic	—	—	Latin
Chuvash	Cyrillic	—	Cyrillic	—
Kazakh	Cyrillic & Latin			Cyrillic
Kyrgyz	Cyrillic & Latin		Cyrillic (in Beta)	Cyrillic
Tatar	Cyrillic	Cyrillic & Latin	Cyrillic
Turkish	Latin
Turkmen	Latin		—	Latin
Tuvan	Cyrillic	—	—	—
Uyghur	Arabic		—	Arabic
Uzbek	Latin		Cyrillic & Latin	Latin
Yakut	Cyrillic	—	Cyrillic (in Beta)	—
Gagauz	in development	—	—	—
Karakalpak	in development	—	—	—
Karachay-Balkar	in development	—	—	—
Khakas	in development	—	—	—
Khorasani Turkic	in development	—	—	—
Kumyk	in development	—	—	—
Qashqai	in development	—	—	—
Salar	in development	—	—	—
Shor	in development	—	—	—
Siberian Tatar	in development	—	—	—
Southern Altai	in development	—	—	—
Urum	in development	—	—	—
Balkan Gagauz	future^[10]	—	—	—
Nogai	future^[10]	—	—	—
South Azerbaijani	—	—	—	Arabic

Map

Turkic languages

Wikidata

Name	Speakers	UNESCO status	Ethnologue status	Country	Peoples	Pop.
Altai (north)		4 severely endangered	6b Threatened	Russia	Chelkans (Q2632800)	1,290
					Kumandins (Q1556876)	2,408
					Tubalar (Q1313979)	3,620
Altai (south)	55,720	3 definitely endangered	2 Provincial	Russia	Altai people (Q244735)	78,125
					Telengits (Q1377301)	2,730
					Teleuts (Q1123129)	2,217
Äynu	12,000		6b Threatened	People's Republic of China	Äynu people (Q307559)
Azerbaijani (north)	9,220,610		1 National	Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia	Azerbaijanis (Q482942)
Azerbaijani (south)	13,800,000		3 Wider Communication	Iran, Turkey	Azerbaijanis (Q482942)
Balkan Gagauz Turkish	464,000		7 Shifting	Turkey, North Macedonia, Bulgaria	(no entity)
Bashkir	1,200,000	2 vulnerable	2 Provincial	Russia, Estonia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan	Bashkir people (Q485348)	1,700,000
Chulym	44	5 critically endangered	8a Moribund	Russia	Chulyms (Q979326)	382
Chuvash	738,070	3 definitely endangered	2 Provincial	Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan	Chuvash people (Q253410)	1,509,300
Crimean Tatar	552,740	4 severely endangered	5 Developing	Ukraine, Turkey, Romania, Bulgaria, Russia, Uzbekistan	Crimean Tatars (Q117458)	257,592, 2,902
Dolgan	1,054	3 definitely endangered	6b Threatened	Russia	Dolgans (Q368879)	8,157
Gagauz	148,720		5 Developing	Moldova	Gagauz (Q180361)	126,010, 9,272, 31,900
Ili Turki	120	4 severely endangered	8a Moribund	People's Republic of China	Ili Turks (Q66887629)	600
Karachay-Balkar	305,364, 310,400	2 vulnerable	5 Developing	Russia	Karachays (Q243274)	226,271
Karachay-Balkar	305,364, 310,400	2 vulnerable	5 Developing	Russia	Balkars (Q192604)	125,044
Karaim	80		8a Moribund	Lithuania, Poland, Crimea	Crimean Karaites (Q720982)	2,000
Karakalpak	583,410		5 Developing	Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Afghanistan, Russia, Turkey	Karakalpaks (Q276315)	752,646, 838
Kazakh	12,900,000	1 safe	1 National	Kazakhstan, Russia, People's Republic of China, Mongolia, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Germany, Kyrgyzstan, Turkey, Iran, Azerbaijan, Ukraine	Kazakhs (Q80040)	16,000,000
Khakas	42,604	3 definitely endangered, 2 vulnerable	2 Provincial	Russia	Khakas people (Q240293)	61,365
Khalaj	53,900	2 vulnerable	6a Vigorous	Iran	Khalaj people (Q2977219)
Khorasani Turkic	886,000	2 vulnerable	6a Vigorous	Iran	Khorasani Turks (Q7408116)	12,000,000
Krymchak	785		8b Nearly Extinct	Russia, Ukraine	Krymchaks (Q1140111)	954
Kumyk	426,212	2 vulnerable	5 Developing	Russia	Kumyks (Q211018)	565,830
Kyrgyz	4,568,480		1 National	People's Republic of China, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan	Kyrgyz people (Q484479)	6,000,000
Nogai	87,119		6b Threatened	Russia	Nogais (Q192616)	109,042
Nogai	87,119		6b Threatened	Russia	Karagash (Q2024808)	218
Qashqai	995,000		6a Vigorous	Iran	Qashqai people (Q249893)	959,000
Salar	70,000	2 vulnerable	6b Threatened	People's Republic of China	Salar people (Q336258)	165,159
Shor	2,839	4 severely endangered	7 Shifting	Russia	Shors (Q874363)	10,507, 177
Siberian Tatar	101,000		6a Vigorous, 5 Developing	Russia, Turkey	Siberian Tatars (Q1983600)	6,297
Tatar	5,200,000		2 Provincial	Russia	Volga Tatars (Q1484689)
Tatar	5,200,000		2 Provincial	Russia	Nağaybäk (Q1480718)	5,719
Tofa (Karagas)	93	5 critically endangered	8a Moribund	Russia	Tofalar (Q655404)	719
Tofa (Karagas)	93	5 critically endangered	8a Moribund	Russia	Dukha (Q2604698)	208
Turkish	82,231,620, 5,870,300	1 safe	1 National	Bulgaria, Cyprus, Greece, Turkey, Northern Cyprus	Turks (Q84072)	65,000,000, 81,000,000
Turkmen	6,975,120, 16,000,000		1 National	Afghanistan, Iran, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Pakistan	Turkmens (Q484472)
Tuvan	297,000	2 vulnerable	2 Provincial	Mongolia, Russia, People's Republic of China	Tuvans (Q193067)	295,384
Tuvan	297,000	2 vulnerable	2 Provincial	Mongolia, Russia, People's Republic of China	Tozhu Tuvans (Q2045605)	7,278
Urum	185,000	3 definitely endangered	6b Threatened	Ukraine, Greece, Georgia	Urums (Q2502272)
Uyghur	10,400,000		2 Provincial	People's Republic of China, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, Mongolia, Albania, Turkey	Uyghurs (Q46118)	12,314,800
Uzbek (north)	25,100,000		1 National	Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan	Uzbeks (Q483047)	30,000,000
Uzbek (south)	4,165,700		2 Provincial	Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan	Uzbeks (Q483047)	30,000,000
Western Yugur	4,600	4 severely endangered	8a Moribund	People's Republic of China	Yugurs (Q34283)	14,706
Yakut	450,000	2 vulnerable	2 Provincial	Russia	Yakuts (Q486316)	478,409
					Khotons (Q3875052)	12,057
					Soyot (Q1185225)	4,368

Samples

Name	UDHR	Archive.org
Altai (south)	Cryl	Altaic
Altai (north)		Altaic
Äynu
Azerbaijani (north)	Latn Cryl	Azerbaijani
Azerbaijani (south)		Azerbaijani
Balkan Gagauz
Bashkir		Bashkir
Chulym
Chuvash	Cryl	Chuvash
Crimean Tatar	Latn	Crimean Tatar
Dolgan		Dlg
Gagauz	Latn	Gagauz
Ili Turki
Karachay-Balkar		Karachay-Balkar
Karaim
Karakalpak	Cryl	Karakalpak
Kazakh	Cryl	Kazakh
Khakas	Cryl
Khalaj
Khorasani Turkic
Krymchak
Kumyk		Kumyk
Kyrgyz	Cryl	Kyrgyz
Nogai		Nogay
Qashqai		Qashqai
Salar	Latn	Salar
Shor	Cryl	Cjs
Siberian Tatar
Tatar	Cryl	Tatar
Tofa (Karagas)
Turkish	Latn	Turkish
Turkmen	Latn Cryl	Turkmen
Tuvan	Cryl	Tuvan
Urum
Uyghur	Arab	Uyghur
Uzbek (north)	Latn Cryl	Uzbek
Uzbek (south)		Uzbek
Western Yugur
Yakut	Cryl	Yakut

Organizations

Organization		Abbreviation	Founded	Website
Organization of Turkic States		OTS	2009	https://www.turkicstates.org/
	International Organization of Turkic Culture	TURKSOY	1993	https://www.turksoy.org/
	Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic States	TURKPA	2008	https://turkpa.org/
	Turkic Academy	TWESCO	2012	https://turkicacademy.org/
	Turkic Culture and Heritage Foundation (wikidata)	ITCHF	2015	https://itchf.org/
	The Union of Turkic Chamber of Commerce and Industry	TCCI	2019	TCCI on Twitter
	Turkic University Union	TURKUNIB	2013	http://www.turkunib.org/
	Geographical Council of Turkic States		2023
	Alliance of Cultural Capitals of the Turkic World	TURKBIR	2023
	The Union of Filmmakers of Turkic Countries	TÜRKFİLM	2023
Union of Turkish World Municipalities		TDBB	2003	https://www.tdbb.org.tr/
Union of Engineers and Architects of Turkic World		TDMMB	2002	https://www.tdmmb.org.tr/

^ Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2020). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (23rd ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
^ For test wikis, as of 28 October 2023.
^ As of 26 December 2020.
^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
^ "Languages covered by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages". 1 November 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
^ "Diller - Google Çeviri". translate.google.com. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Language support - Translator - Azure Cognitive Services". docs.microsoft.com. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
^ "Supported languages". yandex.com. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
^ "Meta AI Research Topic - No Language Left Behind". ai.meta.com. Retrieved 10 September 2023.
^ "Unlocking Zero-Resource Machine Translation to Support New Languages in Google Translate". Google AI Blog. Retrieved 23 July 2022.

[1] Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2020). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (23rd ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.

[2] For test wikis, as of 28 October 2023.

[3] As of 26 December 2020.

[4] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[5] "Languages covered by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages". 1 November 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2023.

[6] "Diller - Google Çeviri". translate.google.com. Retrieved 23 January 2021.

[7] "Language support - Translator - Azure Cognitive Services". docs.microsoft.com. Retrieved 23 July 2022.

[8] "Supported languages". yandex.com. Retrieved 6 February 2021.

[9] "Meta AI Research Topic - No Language Left Behind". ai.meta.com. Retrieved 10 September 2023.

[zeroresource-10] "Unlocking Zero-Resource Machine Translation to Support New Languages in Google Translate". Google AI Blog. Retrieved 23 July 2022.

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