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Street food in New York City
Street food in Yangon Chinatown, Myanmar

Street food is ready-to-eat food or drink sold by a hawker, or vendor, in a street or other public place, such as at a market or fair. It is often sold from a portable food booth,[1] food cart, or food truck and meant for immediate consumption. Some street foods are regional, but many have spread beyond their region of origin. Most street foods are classed as both finger food and fast food, and are cheaper on average than restaurant meals. The types of street food varies among regions and cultures in different countries around the world.[2] According to a 2007 study from the Food and Agriculture Organization, 2.5 billion people eat street food every day.[3] A majority of low-and-middle-income consumers[4] rely on the quick access and cheap service of street food for daily nutrition and job opportunities, especially in developing countries.

A video clip of a vendor making churros in Colombia

Today, people may purchase street food for a number of reasons, such as convenience, to get flavourful food for a reasonable price in a sociable setting, to try ethnic cuisines, or for nostalgia.[5]

Rising concerns of street food includes health hazards and sanitation issues, illegal usage of public or private areas, social and ethical problems, and traffic congestion.[4]

History

[edit]
Satay street vendor in Java, Dutch East Indies, c. 1870, using pikulan or carrying baskets using a rod
The presence of street food vendors in New York City throughout much of its history, such as these circa 1906, are credited with helping support the city's rapid growth.

Small fried fish were a street food in ancient Greece;[6] however, Theophrastus held the custom of street food in low regard.[7] Evidence of a large number of street food vendors was discovered during the excavation of Pompeii.[8] Street food was widely consumed by poor urban residents of ancient Rome whose tenement homes did not have ovens or hearths.[9] Here, chickpea soup[10] with bread and grain paste[11] were common meals. In ancient China, street food generally catered to the poor, though wealthy residents would send servants to buy street food and bring it back for them to eat in their homes.[9]

A traveling Florentine reported in the late 14th century that in Cairo, people brought picnic cloths made of rawhide to spread on the streets and sit on while they ate their meals of lamb kebabs, rice, and fritters that they had purchased from street vendors.[12] In Renaissance Turkey, many crossroads had vendors selling "fragrant bites of hot meat", including chicken and lamb that had been spit-roasted.[13] In 1502, Ottoman Turkey became the first country to legislate and standardize street food.[14]

Aztec marketplaces had vendors who sold beverages such as atolli ("a gruel made from maize dough"), almost 50 types of tamales (with ingredients that ranged from the meat of turkey, rabbit, gopher, frog and fish to fruits, eggs and maize flowers),[15] as well as insects and stews.[16] Spanish colonization brought European food stocks like wheat, sugarcane and livestock to Peru, but most commoners continued to primarily eat their traditional diets. Imports were only accepted at the margins of their diet, for example, grilled beef hearts sold by street vendors.[17] Some of Lima's 19th-century street vendors such as "Erasmo, the 'negro' sango vendor" and Na Aguedita are still remembered today.[18]

During the American Colonial period, "street vendors sold oysters, roasted corn ears, fruit, and sweets at low prices to all classes." Oysters, in particular, were a cheap and popular street food until around 1910 when overfishing and pollution caused prices to rise.[19] Street vendors in New York City faced a lot of opposition. After previous restrictions had limited their operating hours, street food vendors were completely banned in New York City by 1707.[20] Many women of African descent made their living selling street foods in America in the 18th and 19th centuries, with products ranging from fruit, cakes, and nuts in Savannah, to coffee, biscuits, pralines, and other sweets in New Orleans.[21] Cracker Jack started as one of many street food exhibits at the Columbian Exposition.[22]

In the 19th century, street food vendors in Transylvania sold gingerbread-nuts, cream mixed with corn, as well as bacon and other meat fried on top of ceramic vessels with hot coals inside.[23] French fries, consisting of fried strips of potato, probably originated as a street food in Paris in the 1840s.[24] Street foods in Victorian London included tripe, pea soup, pea pods in butter, whelk, prawns, and jellied eels.[25] Mumbai, India has more than a half a million of street food vendors.

A whole street taken up by street food vendors during the Yasothon Rocket Festival in Thailand

Street food culture in China was first developed in the Tang Dynasty and continued to evolve over millennia. Street food continues to play a major role in Chinese cuisine with regional street food generating a strong interest in culinary tourism.[26] Because of the Chinese diaspora, Chinese street food has had a major influence on other cuisines across Asia and even introduced the concept of a street food culture to other countries. The street food culture of Southeast Asia was established by coolie workers imported from China during the late 19th century.[27]

Ramen, originally brought to Japan by Chinese immigrants about 100 years ago, began as a street food for laborers and students. However, it soon became a "national dish" and even acquired regional variations.[28]

In Thailand, street food was commonly sold by the ethnic Chinese population of Thailand. It did not become popular among native Thai people until the early-1960s when, due to urban population growth and rising incomes,[29] it had "displaced home-cooking."[9] About 76% of urban residents in Thailand regularly visit street food vendors. The rise of the country's tourism industry has also contributed to the popularity of Thai street food. Thailand's 103,000 street food vendors alone generated 270 billion baht in revenues in 2017. Suvit Maesincee, Minister of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, expects the Thai street food segment to grow by six to seven percent annually from 2020 forward.[30] Multiple studies showed that contamination of food that street food vendors sell is at the same level as the contamination at restaurants. Street vendors of Bangkok today feed 40% of population of that city.

In Indonesia — especially Java, travelling food and drink vendor has a long history, as they were described in temples bas reliefs dated from 9th century, as well as mentioned in 14th century inscription as a line of work. In Indonesia, street food is sold from carts and bicycles.During colonial Dutch East Indies period circa 19th century, several street food were developed and documented, including satay and dawet (cendol) street vendors. The current proliferation of Indonesia's vigorous street food culture is contributed by the massive urbanization in recent decades that has opened opportunities in food service sectors. This took place in the country's rapidly expanding urban agglomerations, especially in Greater Jakarta, Bandung and Surabaya.[31] Some cultures consider rude walking on the street while eating.[32]

Around the world

[edit]
Main article: Regional street food
See also: List of street foods
Porilainen, a Finnish burger-like sandwich
Food carts lining a street in Jakarta, Indonesia, selling street foods

Street food vending is found all around the world, but varies greatly between regions and cultures.[33] For example, Dorling Kindersley describes the street food of Vietnam as being "fresh and lighter than many of the cuisines in the area" and "draw[ing] heavily on herbs, chile peppers and lime", while street food of Thailand is "fiery" and "pungent with shrimp paste ... and fish sauce." New York City's signature street food is the hot dog, but New York street food also includes everything from "spicy Middle Eastern falafel or Jamaican jerk chicken to Belgian waffles"[34] Falafel is very popular in the Middle East as fast food. Vendors sell it on the street concers is most popular in countries like Israel, Egypt, and Syria. Falafel is also the national dish of Israel. Falafel is a deep-fried ball or patty that is made from chickpeas or fava beans and spices. It is a favorite among vegetarians. Jamaican Jerk Chicken is a traditional dish served in the Caribbean Islands. The original marinade demands authentic Caribbean ingredients such as scotch bonnet peppers, allspice berries and sometimes, wood from laurel trees.[35]

Grilled bread with jam served with sweetened milk in Bangkok

Street food in Thailand offers various selection of ready-to-eat meals, snacks, fruits and drinks sold by hawkers or vendors at food stalls or food carts on the street side. Bangkok is often mentioned as one of the best places for street food.[36][37] Popular street offerings includes pad thai (stir fried rice noodle), som tam (green papaya salad), sour tom yum soup, various selection of Thai curries, to sticky rice mango

Indonesian street food is a diverse mix of local Indonesian, Chinese, and Dutch influences.[38] Indonesian street food often tastes rather strong and spicy. A lot of street food in Indonesia are fried, such as local gorengan (fritters), also nasi goreng and ayam goreng, while bakso meatball soup, skewered chicken satay and gado-gado vegetable salad served in peanut sauce are also popular.[39]

Indian street food is as diverse as Indian cuisine. Every place has its own specialties to offer. Some of the more popular street food dishes are Vada pav, Misal pav, Chole bhature, Parathas, Bhel Puri, Sev Puri, Gol Gappa, Aloo tikki, Kebabs, Tandoori chicken, Samosa, Kachori, rolls, Idli, pohe, Bread omelette, Egg bhurji, Pav bhaji, pulaw, kachchhi dabeli, Pakora, bhutta, barf gola, cold coffee, lassi, badam shake, Kulfi, and Falooda. In Hindi speaking regions of India, street food is popularly known as nukkadwala food ("corner" food). In South India, foods like Mirchi Bajji, Punugulu, Chitti Garelu/Mini Vada,Chicken Pakodi, Mokkajonna (Corn roasted on coal) are famous street foods along with breakfast items like Idli, Vada, Dosa, Poori, Bonda etc. While some vendors streamline the recipes of popular dishes to sell them on the street, several restaurants have taken their inspiration from the vibrant street food of India.[40]

Street food in Hyderabad, Telangana, India

In Hawaii, the local street food tradition of "plate lunch" (rice, macaroni salad, and a portion of meat) was inspired by the bento of the Japanese who had been brought to Hawaii as plantation workers.[41] In Denmark, sausage wagons allow passersby to purchase sausages and hot dogs.

In Egypt, a food sold commonly on the street is ful, a slow-cooked fava bean dish.[42]

Mexican street food is known as "antojitos" (translated as "little cravings") which include several varieties of tacos, such as tacos al pastor, huaraches and other maize based foods

There is a stigma in Japan that is against eating on the move. However, during special occasions such as festivals, the streets of Tokyo are filled with vendors that serve food such as odango, sashimi, oyster, and octopus.

In Korea, the most popular food that are seem on the streets are crispy pancakes, pork belly, pork steamed buns, fried seafood, and rice cakes. These food vendors are mainly positioned around residential areas where students would frequently visit. [43]

Cultural and economic aspects

[edit]
Street vendor of snack foods in Nepal

Because of differences in culture, social stratification and history, the ways in which family street vendor enterprises are traditionally created and run vary in different areas of the world.[44] Often, women's success in the street food market depends on trends of gender equality. This is evidenced in Bangladesh, where few women are street vendors. However, in Nigeria and Thailand, women dominate the street food trade.[45] Doreen Fernandez says that Filipino cultural attitudes towards meals is one "cultural factor operating in the street food phenomenon" in the Philippines because eating "food out in the open, in the market or street or field" is "not at odds with the meal indoors or at home" where "there is no special room for dining".[23]

Other cultural phenomenon that affect the street food market depend on the cultural implications of walking down the street. In some cultures, this is considered to be rude,[46] such as Japanese[47] or Swahili cultures. Despite not being allowed for adults, it is culturally acceptable for children to do.[48] In India, Henrike Donner wrote about a "marked distinction between food that could be eaten outside, especially by women," and the food prepared and eaten at home, with some non-Indian food being too "strange" or tied too closely to non-vegetarian preparation methods to be made at home.[49]

In Indian and South Korea, they have formed alliances due to government disagreement with vendors. South Korea formed the National Federation of Korean Street Vendors (NFKSV) to protect themselves from government issued orders. During the years of 1988, the rise of unemployment has caused the rise of citizens moving to the informal sector of the economy. It became a cultural aspect to see street vendors on the side of the road in South Korea. With the increase of government pressure of eviction, South Korean has been gaining members where they have negotiated their co-existence and be part of the economy. [50]

Similarly in China, 89% of street food vendors consists of female. Its operations are universal where mainly the vendor is ran by family members. It may range from people's first job to the result of termination from their former jobs. Women tend to dominates this type of work due to the cultural aspect of male working a blue-collared job. To maximize profit on a daily sale, workers would spend long hours everyday of every week on the street. As a street food vendor, it circulates in the low- to middle- income areas. [51]

In Tanzania's Dar es Salaam region, street food vendors produce economic benefits beyond their families. Because street food vendors purchase local fresh foods, urban gardens and small-scale farms in the area have expanded.[52] In the United States, street food vendors are credited with supporting New York City's rapid growth by supplying meals for the city's merchants and workers.[53] Proprietors of street food in the United States have had a goal of upward mobility, moving from selling on the street to their own shops.[5] However, in Mexico, an increase in street vendors has been seen as a sign of deteriorating economic conditions in which food vending is the only employment opportunity that unskilled labor who have migrated from rural areas to urban areas are able to find.[16]

In 2002, Coca-Cola reported that China, India, and Nigeria were some of its fastest-growing markets: markets where the company's expansion efforts included training and equipping mobile street vendors to sell its products.[52]

The libertarian Reason magazine states that in US, cities, food trucks are subject to regulations designed to prevent them from competing with bricks and mortar restaurants. For example, in Chicago, a regulation prevents food trucks "...from selling food within 200 feet of brick-and-mortar restaurants and, hence, prohibit them from operating throughout the city's downtown area", which critics have called an "anti-competitive" rule for food truck operators.[54]

Since 1984, Folsom Street Fair in San Francisco is home of one of the most diverse street food fair.[55] In addition to much leather, and people in various states of dress and undress, the event features an outdoor food court serving a variety of street food. For $10 or more donations visitors get $2 discount for each drink purchased at the fair.

In 2018, the street photographer Michael Rababy documented on his book, Folsom Street Food Court[55], the world infamous street food festival Folsom Street Fair.[56]

Netflix has also featured the street foods of the world through its popular tv series Street Food, with the first volume focusing on Asia, and second volume on Latin America.[57][58][59]

Health and safety

[edit]

As early as the 14th century, government officials oversaw street food vendor activities.[12] With the increasing pace of globalization and tourism, the safety of street food has become one of the major concerns of public health, and a focus for governments and scientists to raise public awareness.[60][61][62][63] However, despite concerns about contamination at street food vendors, the incidence of such is low, with studies showing rates comparable to restaurants.[64]

In 2002, a sampling of 511 street foods in Ghana by the World Health Organization showed that most had microbial counts within the accepted limits,[65] and a different sampling of 15 street foods in Calcutta showed that they were "nutritionally well balanced", providing roughly 200 kcal (Cal) of energy per rupee of cost.[66]

In the United Kingdom, the Food Standards Agency has provided comprehensive guidance of food safety for the vendors, traders and retailers of the street food sector since 2000.[67] Other effective ways of enhancing the safety of street foods include: mystery shopping programs, training, rewarding programs to vendors, regulatory governing and membership management programs, and technical testing programs.[68][69][70][71][72]

Despite knowledge of the risk factors, actual harm to consumers’ health is yet to be fully proven and understood. Due to difficulties in tracking cases and the lack of disease-reporting systems, follow-up studies proving actual connections between street food consumption and food-borne diseases are still very few. Little attention has been devoted to consumers and their eating habits, behaviors and awareness. The fact that social and geographical origins largely determine consumers’ physiological adaptation and reaction to foods—whether contaminated or not—is neglected in the literature.[73]

In the late 1990s, the United Nations and other organizations began to recognize that street vendors had been an underused method of delivering fortified foods to populations, and in 2007, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization recommended considering methods of adding nutrients and supplements to street foods that are commonly consumed by the particular culture.[64]

In Indian, the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation investigates the Chinese vendors. The vendors' supplies its food at a lower cost due to its position in the lower income group. Majority of the food was prepared at the home and brought to the market for sale. The ready-to-eat food chain generates income for the owner. However, it raises the concern of food borne illnesses. The handling of food, adequate reheating, raw food, improper cleaning, and possibility of cross-contamination are all part of the issue. Due to the limited knowledge within the low income population, food hygiene and proper containment has been neglected. [74]

New policies and regulations are made all the time to make sure each vendor is selling safe and healthy food to the rest of society. Street food is worldwide and the amount of different kinds of food trucks is never ending. Most street food vendors do not provide many healthy options on their menu, about 70% of vendors said they only have one item that is considered to be healthy on the entire menu. In some cities one may see one or more food trucks parked on every street. There are many varieties of trucks such as burgers, falafel, sandwiches, pizza, smoothies, and many more.[75]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Artemis P. Simopoulos, Ramesh Venkataramana Bhat (2000). Street Foods. Karger Publishers, 2000. p. vii. ISBN 9783805569279. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
  2. ^ Wanjek, Christopher; Office, International Labour (2005). Food at Work: Workplace Solutions for Malnutrition, Obesity and Chronic Diseases. International Labour Organization. ISBN 978-92-2-117015-0.
  3. ^ "Spotlight: School Children, Street Food and Micronutrient Deficiencies in Tanzania". Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. February 2007. Archived from the original on 9 April 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2008.
  4. ^ a b "Food for the Cities: Street foods". www.fao.org. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  5. ^ a b Smith, Andrew F. (May 2007). The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink. ISBN 9780195307962. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
  6. ^ Cathy K. Kaufman (30 August 2006). Cooking in Ancient Civilizations. ISBN 9780313332043. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
  7. ^ Artemis P. Simopoulos (2000). Street Foods. ISBN 9783805569279. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  8. ^ Freedman, Paul; Freedman, Professor Paul (2007). Food: The History of Taste. ISBN 9780520254763. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
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  26. ^ Wang Dingbao. "自負". 唐摭言 (Tang Zhiyan).
  27. ^ Carlo Petrini (October 2001). Slow Food: Collected Thoughts on Taste, Tradition, and the Honest Pleasures ... ISBN 9781603581721. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
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  29. ^ Thompson, David (2009). Thai Street Food. ISBN 9781580082846. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
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  52. ^ a b Globalization of Food Systems in Developing Countries: Impact on Food ... Issue #83. FAO. 2004. ISBN 9789251052280. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
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  54. ^ Linnekin, Baylen (3 March 2018). "Food Trucks Still Under Attack from Regulators". reason.com. Reason. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
  55. ^ a b Rababy, Michael (2018). Folsom Street Food Court. 1133 Venice Boulevard Los Angeles California 90015: Delancey Street Press. p. 64. ISBN 0692183736.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  56. ^ Bull, Chris (26 September 2018). "PHOTOS: Folsom Street Fair may be all about the hot guys, but don't forget the street food". GayCities Blog. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
  57. ^ Wilkinson, Alissa. "Netflix's wonderful Street Food focuses on the human aspect of ordinary food". Vox. Vox Media, LLC. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  58. ^ Cortez, Mario A. "'Street Food: Latin America' Is a Mouth-Watering, Welcome Escape". Remezcla. Remezcla. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
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  65. ^ Globalization of Food Systems in Developing Countries: Impact on Food ... 2004. ISBN 9789251052280. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
  66. ^ Artemis P. Simopoulos (2000). Street Foods. ISBN 9783805569279. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
  67. ^ Food Standards Agency. "Safer food, better business". Retrieved 24 November 2007.
  68. ^ Sydney Market Limited. "Retailers Support Program". Archived from the original on 29 August 2007. Retrieved 25 November 2007.
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  71. ^ Adelaide Showgrounds Farmers Market. "How To Become A Stallholder". Archived from the original on 30 November 2012. Retrieved 27 November 2007.
  72. ^ Brisbane Markets Limited. "Chemical residue and microbial testing program for Australia's fresh produce industry" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 August 2007. Retrieved 27 November 2007.
  73. ^ MARRAS S.R. (2014). "Comparative Analysis of Legislative Approaches to Street Food in South American Metropolises." In Cardoso R., Companion M., Marras S. (eds.). Street Food. Culture, Economy, Health and Governance. London & NY: Routledge. Pp.15–45.
  74. ^ "Urban street vending practices: an investigation of ethnic food safety knowledge, attitudes, and risks among untrained Chinese vendors in chinatown, Kolkata". Journal of Ethnic Foods. 5 (4): 272–285. 1 December 2018. doi:10.1016/j.jef.2018.11.003. ISSN 2352-6181.
  75. ^ Street food : culture, economy, health and governance. Cardoso, Ryzia de Cassia Viera,, Companion, Michèle,, Marras, Stefano. London. 2014. ISBN 9781138023680. OCLC 869264409.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
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