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This list details national leaders since 1900 who ruled for 20 years or more, and were not self-described members of a royal family. It combines all national leader level offices held concurrently or consecutively by each individual.

Rank Image Name Country Title Term began Term ended Term length
1
Fidel Castro  Cuba El Comandante
First Secretary
Prime Minister
President
8 January 1959[1] 19 April 2011[1] 52 years, 101 days
2
Paul Biya  Cameroon Prime Minister
President
30 June 1975 present 49 years, 144 days
3
Chiang Kai-shek  Republic of China
 Republic of China on Taiwan
Chairman of the National Government
Premier
Director-General of the Kuomintang
Generalissimo
President

9 July 1926 (1st time)
3 January 1928 (2nd time)
6 March 1932 (3rd time)

14 August 1927 (1st time)
15 December 1931 (2nd time)
5 April 1975 (3rd time)

48 years, 46 days
(22 years, 296 days in Mainland China)
(25 years, 116 days on Taiwan)[Note 1]
4
Kim Il-sung  North Korea Chairman of the North Korea Bureau of the Communist Party of Korea
Chairman of the Provisional People's Committee
General Secretary
Premier
President[Note 2]
Generalissimo
9 September 1948 8 July 1994 45 years, 302 days
5
Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal  Mongolian People's Republic General Secretary
Prime Minister
President
8 April 1940 23 August 1984 44 years, 137 days
6
Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo  Equatorial Guinea Chairman of the Supreme Military Council
President
3 August 1979 present 45 years, 110 days
7
Omar Bongo Gabon Acting President
President
12 November 1966 6 May 2009 42 years, 175 days
8
Ali Khamenei  Iran President
Supreme Leader
13 October 1981 present 43 years, 39 days
9
Muammar Gaddafi Libyan Arab Republic
 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution
Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council
Secretary General of the General People's Congress
Prime Minister
1 September 1969 23 August 2011[Note 3] 41 years, 356 days
10
Enver Hoxha Democratic Government of Albania
 People's Republic of Albania
 People's Socialist Republic of Albania
Prime Minister
First Secretary
22 October 1944 11 April 1985 40 years, 169 days
11
Mohamed Abdelaziz  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic General Secretary
President
30 August 1976 31 May 2016 39 years, 275 days
12
Denis Sassou Nguesso  People's Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo
President of the Central Committee
State President

8 February 1979 (1st time)
25 October 1997 (2nd time)

31 August 1992 (1st time)
present (2nd time)

40 years, 232 days
13
Francisco Franco Spanish State Generalísimo
Head of State
Caudillo
Prime Minister
1 October 1936 20 November 1975 39 years, 50 days
14
Hun Sen  People's Republic of Kampuchea
State of Cambodia
 Cambodia
Prime Minister 26 December 1984 22 August 2023 38 years, 239 days
15
Éamon de Valera Irish Republic
 Irish Free State
 Ireland
President of Dáil Éireann
President of the Republic
President of the Executive Council
Taoiseach
President

1 April 1919 (1st time)
25 October 1922 (2nd time)
9 March 1932 (3rd time)
13 June 1951 (4th time)
20 March 1957 (5th time)
25 June 1959 (6th time)

9 January 1922 (1st time)
30 May 1923 (2nd time)
18 February 1948 (3rd time)
2 June 1954 (4th time)
23 June 1959 (5th time)
24 June 1973 (6th time)

38 years, 199 days
16
Gnassingbé Eyadéma Togo Chairman of military junta
President
14 January 1967 5 February 2005 38 years, 22 days
17
José Eduardo dos Santos People's Republic of Angola
 Angola
President and Chairman of the MPLA
State President
10 September 1979 26 September 2017[Note 4] 38 years, 16 days
18
Yoweri Museveni Uganda President 26 January 1986 present 38 years, 300 days
19
Robert Mugabe  Zimbabwe Prime Minister
Party President and First Secretary
State President
18 April 1980 21 November 2017 37 years, 217 days
20
Josip Broz Tito  Democratic Federal Yugoslavia
Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
General Secretary/President of the Presidency of the Central Committee
Prime Minister
President
Marshal
29 November 1943 4 May 1980 36 years, 157 days
21
António de Oliveira Salazar Second Portuguese Republic Prime Minister 5 July 1932 25 September 1968 36 years, 82 days
22
Todor Zhivkov  People's Republic of Bulgaria General Secretary
Prime Minister
Chairman of the State Council
4 March 1954 17 November 1989 35 years, 258 days
23
Alfredo Stroessner Paraguay Commander in Chief
President
5 May 1954 3 February 1989 34 years, 274 days
24
Félix Houphouët-Boigny Côte d'Ivoire Prime Minister
President
1 May 1959 7 December 1993 34 years, 220 days
22–25
Sonam Topgay Dorji Bhutan Chief Minister 1917 1952 34 years, 1 day to 35 years, 364 days
25
Ali Abdullah Saleh  North Yemen
 Yemen
President of North Yemen
President
24 June 1978 25 February 2012 33 years, 222 days[Note 5]
(21 years, 279 days after unification)
26
Dawda Jawara The Gambia Prime Minister
President
12 June 1962 22 July 1994 32 years, 40 days
27
Phạm Văn Đồng 1972
Phạm Văn Đồng 1972
Phạm Văn Đồng  North Vietnam
Vietnam
Prime Minister 20 September 1955 18 June 1987 31 years, 271 days
(10 years, 351 days after unification)
28
János Kádár Hungarian People's Republic General Secretary
Prime Minister
25 October 1956 27 May 1988 31 years, 215 days
29
Habib Bourguiba Tunisia Prime Minister
President
11 April 1956 7 November 1987 31 years, 210 days
30
Lee Kuan Yew  Singapore Prime Minister 5 June 1959 28 November 1990 31 years, 176 days[Note 6]
31
Mobutu Sese Seko Democratic Republic of the Congo
 Zaire
President 24 November 1965 16 May 1997 31 years, 173 days
32
Hastings Kamuzu Banda Malaŵi Prime Minister
President
1 February 1963 21 May 1994 31 years, 109 days
33
Rafael Trujillo Dominican Republic President
Generalísimo
3 March 1930 30 May 1961 31 years, 88 days
34
Suharto Indonesia President 12 March 1967 21 May 1998 31 years, 70 days
35
Emomali Rahmon  Tajikistan Acting Chairman of the Supreme Council
Chairman of the Supreme Council
President
19 November 1992 present 32 years, 2 days
36
Urho Kekkonen Finland Prime Minister
President

17 March 1950 (1st time)
20 October 1954 (2nd time)

17 November 1953 (1st time)
27 January 1982 (2nd time)

30 years, 342 days
37
Joseph Stalin Soviet Union General Secretary
Premier
Marshal
3 April 1922 5 March 1953 30 years, 336 days
38
Isaias Afwerki  Eritrea President[Note 7] 23 May 1993 present 31 years, 182 days
39
Idriss Déby Chad President of the Patriotic Salvation Movement
President of the Council of State
President
2 December 1990 20 April 2021 30 years, 139 days
40
Porfirio Díaz Mexico President

28 November 1876 (1st time)
17 February 1877 (2nd time)
1 December 1884 (3rd time)

6 December 1876 (1st time)
1 December 1880 (2nd time)
25 May 1911 (3rd time)

30 years, 106 days
41
Abdou Diouf  Senegal Prime Minister
President
26 February 1970 1 April 2000 30 years, 35 days
42
Maumoon Abdul Gayoom Maldives President 11 November 1978 11 November 2008 30 years, 0 days
43
Omar al-Bashir Sudan President of the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation
President
30 June 1989 11 April 2019 29 years, 285 days
44
Hafez al-Assad Syria Prime Minister
President
21 November 1970 10 June 2000 29 years, 202 days
45
Hosni Mubarak Egypt Prime Minister
President
7 October 1981 11 February 2011 29 years, 127 days
46
Alexander Lukashenko  Belarus President[Note 8] 20 July 1994 present 30 years, 124 days
47
Haxhi Lleshi  People's Republic of Albania
 People's Socialist Republic of Albania
Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Assembly 1 August 1953 21 November 1982 29 years, 112 days
48
İsmet İnönü Turkey Prime Minister
President

1 November 1923 (1st time)
4 March 1925 (2nd time)
11 November 1938 (3rd time)
20 November 1961 (4th time)

22 November 1924 (1st time)
25 October 1937 (2nd time)
27 May 1950 (3rd time)
20 February 1965 (4th time)

28 years, 180 days
49
Mathieu Kérékou  Dahomey
People's Republic of Benin
 Benin
President

26 October 1972 (1st time)
4 April 1996 (2nd time)

4 April 1991 (1st time)
6 April 2006 (2nd time)

28 years, 162 days
50
France-Albert René Seychelles Prime Minister
President
29 June 1976 14 July 2004 28 years, 15 days
51
Ne Win Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma Prime Minister
Chairman of the Union Revolutionary Council
Party Chairman
President

29 October 1958 (1st time)
2 March 1962 (2nd time)

4 April 1960 (1st time)
23 July 1988 (2nd time)

27 years, 301 days
52
William Tubman Liberia President 3 January 1944 23 July 1971 27 years, 201 days
53
Kamisese Mara Fiji Prime Minister
President

10 October 1970 (1st time)
5 December 1987 (2nd time)
16 December 1993 (3rd time)

13 April 1987 (1st time)
2 June 1992 (2nd time)
29 May 2000 (3rd time)

27 years, 165 days
54
Sir Colville Young  Belize Governor-General 17 November 1993 30 April 2021 27 years, 164 days
55
Mehmet Shehu  People's Republic of Albania
 People's Socialist Republic of Albania
Prime Minister 20 July 1954 18 December 1981 27 years, 151 days
56
Nursultan Nazarbayev  Kazakhstan President[Note 9] 16 December 1991 20 March 2019 27 years, 94 days
57
Sir Anerood Jugnauth  Mauritius Prime Minister
President

16 June 1982 (1st time)
17 September 2000 (2nd time)
7 October 2003 (3rd time)
17 December 2014 (4th time)

22 December 1995 (1st time)
30 September 2003 (2nd time)
31 March 2012 (3rd time)
23 January 2017 (4th time)

27 years, 50 days
58
Paul Eyschen Luxembourg Prime Minister 22 September 1888 11 October 1915 27 years, 19 days
59
Blaise Compaoré Burkina Faso President of the Popular Front and Head of State
President
15 October 1987 31 October 2014 27 years, 16 days
60
Kenneth Kaunda Zambia President 24 October 1964 2 November 1991 27 years, 9 days
61
Mikhail Kalinin Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
Soviet Union
Chairman of the Central Executive Committee (RSFSR)
Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets (All-Union)
Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
30 March 1919 19 March 1946 26 years, 354 days
(3 years, 275 days as head of state
of the partially-recognized RSFSR)
62
Mao Zedong China People's Republic of China Chairman of the Communist Party
Chairman of the Central Military Commission
Paramount Leader
1 October 1949 9 September 1976 26 years, 344 days
63
Zhou Enlai China People's Republic of China Premier 1 October 1949 8 January 1976 26 years, 99 days
64
Pedro Pires Cape Verde
 Cabo Verde
Prime Minister
President

8 July 1975 (1st time)
22 March 2001 (2nd time)

4 April 1991 (1st time)
9 September 2011 (2nd time)

26 years, 76 days
65
Daniel Ortega  Nicaragua Coordinator of the Junta of National Reconstruction[Note 10]
President

4 March 1981 (1st time)
10 January 2007 (2nd time)

25 April 1990 (1st time)
present (2nd time)

27 years, 2 days
66
Lê Duẩn  North Vietnam
Vietnam
First Secretary
General Secretary
10 September 1960 10 July 1986 25 years, 303 days
(10 years, 8 days after unification)
67
Ahmed Sékou Touré Guinea President 2 October 1958 26 March 1984 25 years, 176 days
68
Willi Stoph  German Democratic Republic Prime Minister
Chairman of the State Council
21 September 1964 13 November 1989 25 years, 53 days
69
Islam Karimov  Uzbekistan President[Note 11] 1 September 1991 2 September 2016 25 years, 1 day
70
Carl von In der Maur Liechtenstein Governor

23 September 1884 (1st time)
4 January 1897 (2nd time)

5 September 1892 (1st time)
11 December 1913 (2nd time)

24 years, 324 days
71
Óscar Carmona Ditadura Nacional
Second Portuguese Republic
Prime Minister
President
9 July 1926 18 April 1951 24 years, 283 days
72
Nicolae Ceaușescu  Socialist Republic of Romania General Secretary
Conducător
Head of State (President)
President of the State Council
22 March 1965 22 December 1989 24 years, 275 days
73
Lansana Conté Guinea Chairman of the Military Committee of National Restoration
President
5 April 1984 22 December 2008 24 years, 261 days
74
Miklós Horthy Kingdom of Hungary Regent 1 March 1920 15 October 1944 24 years, 228 days
75
Ismaïl Omar Guelleh Djibouti President 8 May 1999 present 25 years, 197 days
76
Daniel arap Moi Kenya Acting President
President
22 August 1978 30 December 2002 24 years, 130 days
77
Vladimir Putin Russia Prime Minister
President
[Note 12]
9 August 1999 present 25 years, 104 days
78
Mahathir Mohamad  Malaysia Prime Minister

16 July 1981 (1st time)
10 May 2018 (2nd time)

31 October 2003 (1st time)
1 March 2020 (2nd time)

24 years, 38 days
79
João Bernardo Vieira  Guinea-Bissau Prime Minister
President

22 September 1978 (1st time)
16 May 1984 (2nd time)
1 October 2005 (3rd time)

14 May 1984 (1st time)
7 May 1999 (2nd time)
2 March 2009 (3rd time)

24 years, 13 days
80
Ho Chi Minh  North Vietnam Prime Minister
President
Chairman of the Workers' Party
First Secretary
2 September 1945 2 September 1969 24 years, 0 days
81
Józef Cyrankiewicz  Polish People's Republic Prime Minister
Chairman of the Council of State

6 February 1947 (1st time)
18 March 1954 (2nd time)

20 November 1952 (1st time)
28 March 1972 (2nd time)

23 years, 298 days
82
Saddam Hussein Iraq Prime Minister
President
16 July 1979 9 April 2003 23 years, 267 days
83
Paul Kagame  Rwanda President[Note 13] 22 April 2000 present 24 years, 213 days
84
Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya Mauritania Prime Minister
Head of State and Chairman of the Military Committee for National Salvation
President

25 April 1981 (1st time)
12 December 1984 (2nd time)

8 March 1984 (1st time)
3 August 2005 (2nd time)

23 years, 187 days
85
Hage Geingob  Namibia Prime Minister
President
[Note 14]

21 March 1990 (1st time)
4 December 2012 (2nd time)

28 August 2002 (1st time)
present (2nd time)

24 years, 147 days
86
Bashar al-Assad  Syria President 17 July 2000 present 24 years, 127 days
87
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali Tunisia Prime Minister
President
2 October 1987 14 January 2011 23 years, 104 days
88
Julius Nyerere  Tanganyika
Tanzania
Prime Minister
President

9 December 1961 (1st time)
9 December 1962 (2nd time)

22 January 1962 (1st time)
5 November 1985 (2nd time)

23 years, 10 days
89
Walter Ulbricht  German Democratic Republic First Secretary
Chairman of the State Council
25 July 1950 1 August 1973 23 years, 7 days
90
Didier Ratsiraka Malagasy Republic
Democratic Republic of Madagascar
Madagascar
President of the Supreme Revolutionary Council
President

15 June 1975 (1st time)
9 February 1997 (2nd time)

27 March 1993 (1st time)
6 May 2002 (2nd time)

23 years, 6 days
91
Tage Erlander Sweden Prime Minister 11 October 1946 14 October 1969 23 years, 3 days
92 (tie)
Ahmadou Ahidjo Cameroun
 Cameroon
Prime Minister
President
1 January 1960 6 November 1982 22 years, 309 days
Konstantinos Karamanlis  Kingdom of Greece
 Greece
Prime Minister
President

6 October 1955 (1st time)
17 May 1958 (2nd time)
4 November 1961 (3rd time)
24 July 1974 (4th time)
5 May 1990 (5th time)

5 March 1958 (1st time)
20 September 1961 (2nd time)
17 June 1963 (3rd time)
10 March 1985 (4th time)
10 March 1995 (5th time)

22 years, 309 days
94
Joaquín Balaguer Dominican Republic President
President of the Council of State junta[Note 15]

30 May 1961 (1st time)
1 July 1966 (2nd time)
16 August 1986 (3rd time)

16 January 1962 (1st time)
16 August 1978 (2nd time)
16 August 1996 (3rd time)

22 years, 277 days
95
Ralph Gonsalves  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Prime Minister 29 March 2001 present 23 years, 237 days
96
Yahya Jammeh The Gambia Chairman of the Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council
President
22 July 1994 21 January 2017 22 years, 183 days
97
Tuila'epa Sa'ilele Malielegaoi  Samoa Prime Minister 23 November 1998 24 May 2021[Note 16] 22 years, 182 days
98
Keith Mitchell  Grenada Prime Minister

22 June 1995 (1st time)
20 February 2013 (2nd time)

9 July 2008 (1st time)
24 June 2022 (2nd time)

22 years, 141 days
99
Barkat Gourad Hamadou  Djibouti Prime Minister 2 October 1978 7 March 2001 22 years, 156 days
100
Nicola Canali  Vatican President of the Governatorate 20 March 1939 3 August 1961 22 years, 136 days
101
Moussa Traoré Mali Chairman of the Military Committee for National Liberation
Head of State
President
19 November 1968 26 March 1991 22 years, 127 days
102
Benito Mussolini Italy
 Italian Social Republic
Prime Minister
Duce

31 October 1922 (1st time)
23 September 1943 (2nd time)

25 July 1943 (1st time)
25 April 1945 (2nd time)

22 years, 116 days
103
Leonid Brezhnev Soviet Union General Secretary
Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet

7 May 1960 (1st time)
14 October 1964 (2nd time)

15 July 1964 (1st time)
10 November 1982 (2nd time)

22 years, 96 days
104
Manuel Estrada Cabrera Guatemala President 8 February 1898 15 April 1920 22 years, 67 days
105
Sam Hinds  Guyana Prime Minister
President

9 October 1992 (1st time)
22 December 1997 (2nd time)
9 August 1999 (3rd time)
11 August 1999 (4th time)

17 March 1997 (1st time)
9 August 1999 (2nd time)
11 August 1999 (3rd time)
20 May 2015 (4th time)

21 years, 308 days
106
Hassan Gouled Aptidon Djibouti Prime Minister
President
27 June 1977 8 May 1999 21 years, 285 days
107
Sukarno Indonesia President 18 August 1945 12 March 1967 21 years, 206 days
108
Artur Rasizade Azerbaijan Prime Minister

20 July 1996 (1st time)
4 November 2003 (2nd time)

4 August 2003 (1st time)
21 April 2018 (2nd time)

21 years, 183 days
109
William Lyon Mackenzie King Canada Prime Minister

29 December 1921 (1st time)
25 September 1926 (2nd time)
23 October 1935 (3rd time)

28 June 1926 (1st time)
7 August 1930 (2nd time)
15 November 1948 (3rd time)

21 years, 154 days
110
Siad Barre Somali Democratic Republic President of the Supreme Revolutionary Council
President
21 October 1969 26 January 1991 21 years, 97 days
111
Meles Zenawi Transitional Government of Ethiopia
Ethiopia
Acting President
Prime Minister
28 May 1991 20 August 2012 21 years, 84 days
112
Paul Kruger South African Republic Member of the Triumvirate
State President
8 August 1881 31 May 1902 20 years, 296 days
113
Juvénal Habyarimana Rwanda President 5 July 1973 6 April 1994 20 years, 275 days
114
Gustáv Husák  Czechoslovakia First Secretary
President
17 April 1969 10 December 1989 20 years, 237 days
115
Manuel Pinto da Costa São Tomé and Príncipe President

12 July 1975 (1st time)
3 September 2011 (2nd time)

4 March 1991 (1st time)
3 September 2016 (2nd time)

20 years, 235 days
116
Kim Yong-nam  North Korea Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly[Note 2] 5 September 1998 11 April 2019 20 years, 218 days
117
Leabua Jonathan Lesotho Prime Minister 7 July 1965 20 January 1986 20 years, 197 days
118
Léopold Sédar Senghor Senegal President 6 September 1960 31 December 1980 20 years, 116 days
119
Pierre Werner Luxembourg Prime Minister

2 March 1959 (1st time)
16 July 1979 (2nd time)

15 June 1974 (1st time)
20 July 1984 (2nd time)

20 years, 109 days
120
Dame Pearlette Louisy  Saint Lucia Governor-General 19 September 1997 31 December 2017 20 years, 103 days
121
Pál Losonczi Hungarian People's Republic Chairman of the Presidential Council 14 April 1967 25 June 1987 20 years, 72 days
122
Ferdinand Marcos Philippines President 30 December 1965 25 February 1986 20 years, 57 days
123
Hammer DeRoburt Nauru President

31 January 1968 (1st time)
15 May 1978 (2nd time)
1 October 1986 (3rd time)
22 December 1986 (4th time)

22 December 1976 (1st time)
7 September 1986 (2nd time)
12 December 1986 (3rd time)
17 August 1989 (4th time)

20 years, 31 days
124
Eddie Fenech Adami Malta Prime Minister
President

12 May 1987 (1st time)
6 September 1998 (2nd time)
4 April 2004 (3rd time)

28 October 1996 (1st time)
23 March 2004 (2nd time)
4 April 2009 (3rd time)

20 years, 3 days
125
Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson Iceland President 1 August 1996 1 August 2016 20 years, 0 days

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ After the first time Chiang Kai-shek stepped down in December 1931, his power was shared by Hu Hanmin, Wang Jingwei, and Lin Sen among others. After the second time he left his state position in January 1949, Chiang was succeeded by then-Vice President Li Zongren. However, Chiang was still the de facto leader of Mainland China until he and the Kuomintang moved to Taiwan in December 1949.
  2. ^ a b The late Kim Il-sung has been designated "Eternal President of the Republic" and the post of President has formally not been filled since his death on 8 July 1994. However, effectively his son Kim Jong-il and grandson Kim Jong-un have succeeded him as dictators.
  3. ^ For purposes of this article, 23 August 2011 is considered to be the date that Gaddafi left office. Other dates might have been chosen.
    • On 15 July 2011, at a meeting in Istanbul, more than 30 governments, including the United States, withdrew recognition from Gaddafi's government and recognised the National Transitional Council (NTC) as the legitimate government of Libya.
    • On 23 August 2011, during the Battle of Tripoli, Gaddafi lost effective political and military control of Tripoli after his compound was captured by rebel forces.
    • On 25 August 2011, the Arab League proclaimed the anti-Gaddafi National Transitional Council to be "the legitimate representative of the Libyan state".
    • On 20 October 2011, Gaddafi was captured and killed near his hometown of Sirte.
    • In a ceremony on 23 October 2011, officials of the interim National Transitional Council declared, "We declare to the whole world that we have liberated our beloved country, with its cities, villages, hill-tops, mountains, deserts and skies."
  4. ^ Dos Santos was President of the ruling MPLA (Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola) from 20 September 1979 – 7 September 2018.
  5. ^ Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi served as Acting President from 4 June 2011 – 23 September 2011 and again from 23 November 2011 – 27 February 2012.
  6. ^ After leaving office as Prime Minister, Lee was given the emeritus positions of Senior Minister (1990–2004) and Minister Mentor (2004–2011). Lee still had effective influence in the Cabinet until 2011.
  7. ^ The country gained independence from Ethiopia on 23 May 1993. Afwerki was Secretary-General of the Provisional Government from 27 April 1991 – 23 May 1993.
  8. ^ Disputed since 23 September 2020
  9. ^ Nazarbayev was First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Kazakh SSR from 22 June 1989 – 14 December 1991, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet (Speaker of Parliament and de facto head of state) of the Kazakh SSR from 22 February 1990 – 24 April 1990, and President of the Kazakh SSR from 24 April 1990 – 16 December 1991, on which date Kazakhstan declared independence from the Soviet Union. He has been Chairman of the ruling Nur Otan from 4 July 2007 – present, and has an emeritus position as permanent Chairman of the Kazakh National Security Council from 12 July 2018 – present. He resigned as President of Kazakhstan on 20 March 2019.
  10. ^ Ortega was the Coordinator of the Nicaraguan Junta of National Reconstruction (effectively the head of state) from 4 March 1981 to 10 January 1985; he was then President from 10 January 1985 – 25 April 1990 and 10 January 2007 – present.
  11. ^ Karimov was First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Uzbek SSR from 23 June 1989 – 3 November 1991, and President of the Uzbek SSR from 24 March 1990 – 1 September 1991, on which date Uzbekistan declared independence from the Soviet Union.
  12. ^ Putin was Prime Minister of Russia from 9 August 1999 to 7 May 2000 and Acting President from 31 December 1999 to 7 May 2000; then President of Russia from 7 May 2000 to 7 May 2008; then Prime Minister again from 8 May 2008 to 7 May 2012.
  13. ^ Kagame was the Vice President of Rwanda and Commander in Chief of the Rwandan Patriotic Army while he was the Acting Head of State from 19 July 1994 to 22 April 2000.
  14. ^ Geingob was Prime Minister of Namibia from 21 March 1990 to 28 August 2002 and 4 December 2012 to 21 March 2015.
  15. ^ The Council of State junta led by Balaguer existed from 1 January 1962 – 16 January 1962, when it was replaced by the 1962 Civic-Military Junta led by Huberto Bogaert.
  16. ^ Disputed: 24 May 2021 – 23 July 2021. The Supreme Court ruled on 23 July that Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa's FAST government had been legitimate since 24 May. Tuilaʻepa's HRPP government did not relinquish power until 27 July.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Depalma, Anthony (2011-08-03). "Fidel Castro News". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2011-05-20. Retrieved 2011-10-20.
[edit]
  • Rulers.org List of rulers throughout time and places

Categories

[edit]