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List of heads of state of Sudan

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Presidency of the Republic of the Sudan
رئاسة الجمهورية السودان (Arabic)
Presidential Standard
since 11 November 2021
Executive branch of the Sudanese Government
Head of state of the Republic of the Sudan
ResidenceRepublican Palace, Khartoum (Chairman)
Formation17 November 1958
First holderFive-member Sovereignty Council (collective presidency)
Salary29,320 USD annually[1]
Websitewww.presidency.gov.sd/eng/
Politics of Sudan

Arab League Member State of the Arab League

Constitution
Executive
Legislature
Judiciary
Administrative divisions
Elections
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This article lists the heads of state of Sudan since the country's independence in 1956.

History of the office

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Since independence was proclaimed on 1 January 1956, six individuals (and three multi-member sovereignty councils) have served as head of state of Sudan, currently under the title President of the Republic of the Sudan. Prior to independence, Sudan was governed as a condominium by Egypt and the United Kingdom, under the name Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. As such, executive power was vested in a dyarchy consisting of both countries' heads of state – at the time of independence, the Queen of the United Kingdom (Elizabeth II) and the Egyptian Revolutionary Command Council (headed by Gamal Abdel Nasser). Immediately following independence, the role of head of state was filled by a five-member Sovereignty Council, with rival nationalist factions unable to agree on a single candidate. In November 1958, General Ibrahim Abboud led a military coup d'état, assuming the role of head of state as Chairman of the Supreme Council. Assuming the title of president in 1964, he resigned later that year due to general discontent around the rule of the military regime. Abboud was succeeded by a senior civil servant, Sirr Al-Khatim Al-Khalifa, who served as acting president for 18 days before transferring executive authority to a Committee of Sovereignty.

Ismail al-Azhari, the leader of the National Unionist Party, was made president in July 1965; he ruled with limited power until he was deposed in a 1969 military coup. The military officers responsible for the coup established the National Revolutionary Command Council, chaired by Jaafar Nimeiry. Nimeiry, the leader of the newly formed Sudanese Socialist Union, assumed the position of president in 1971, and subsequently established a one-party state, which existed until 1985, when a group of military officers overthrew his government and established the 1985 Transitional Military Council, led by Field Marshal Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab. Ahmed al-Mirghani succeeded to the relatively powerless position of Chairman of the Supreme Council in 1986, after multi-party election held that year. He was deposed in a 1989 military coup led by Lieutenant-General Omar al-Bashir. Al-Bashir served as head of state, under the title of Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation from 1989 to 1993 and as president from 1993 to 2019 (and from 1996 as the leader of the National Congress Party).

Al-Bashir was removed from power by the Sudanese Armed Forces on 11 April 2019, amid the Sudanese Revolution after holding the office for nearly 30 years. Lieutenant-General Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf took control of Sudan without becoming head of state, established the 2019 Transitional Military Council, but resigned the following day in favor of Lieutenant-General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan.[2] The Transitional Military Council was replaced with the Transitional Sovereignty Council on 20 August 2019, under the chairmanship of al-Burhan. The Sovereignty Council, an 11-member civilian-military collective head of state, is designed to lead the country for 39 months in the transition to democracy, which is supposed to end with the next general election.[3] The Transitional Sovereignty Council was dissolved by al-Burhan on 25 October 2021, following a coup d'état.[4] Al-Burhan reinstated it on 11 November 2021, with some members replaced.[5]

Term limits

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As of 2021, there is a two-term limit for the president in the Constitution of Sudan. The term limit has not been met by any president yet.[6]

Titles of heads of state

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Heads of state of Sudan (1956–present)

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(Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office)

No. Portrait Name
(Birth–Death) 		Elected Term of office Political party
Took office Left office Time in office

Republic of Sudan (1956–1969)

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1 Sovereignty Council
[a] 		— 1 January 1956 17 November 1958
(deposed) 		2 years, 320 days Multipartisan
2 Ibrahim Abboud
(1900–1983) 		— 17 November 1958 16 November 1964
(resigned) 		5 years, 365 days Military
— Sirr Al-Khatim Al-Khalifa
(1919–2006)
Acting President 		— 16 November 1964 3 December 1964 17 days National Umma Party
3 First Committee of Sovereignty
[b] 		— 3 December 1964 10 June 1965 189 days Multipartisan
4 Second Committee of Sovereignty
[c] 		10 June 1965 8 July 1965 28 days
5 Ismail al-Azhari
(1900–1969) 		— 8 July 1965 25 May 1969
(deposed) 		3 years, 321 days Democratic Unionist Party

Democratic Republic of Sudan (1969–1985)

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6 Gaafar Nimeiry
(1928–2009)
[d] 		1971[e]
1977
1983 		25 May 1969 6 April 1985
(deposed) 		15 years, 316 days Military /
Sudanese Socialist Union

Republic of Sudan (1985–2019)

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7 Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab
(1934–2018) 		— 6 April 1985 6 May 1986[f] 1 year, 30 days Military
8 Ahmed al-Mirghani
(1941–2008) 		— 6 May 1986 30 June 1989
(deposed) 		3 years, 55 days Democratic Unionist Party
9 Omar al-Bashir
(born 1944) 		1996
2000
2010
2015 		30 June 1989 11 April 2019
(deposed) 		29 years, 285 days Military /
National Congress Party

Transitional period (2019–present)

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10 Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf
(born 1957) 		— 11 April 2019 12 April 2019
(resigned) 		1 day Military /
National Congress Party
11 Abdel Fattah al-Burhan
(born 1960) 		— 12 April 2019 20 August 2019 130 days Military
12 Transitional Sovereignty Council
[g] 		— 20 August 2019 25 October 2021
(deposed) 		2 years, 66 days Multipartisan
(FFC and TMC)
(11) Abdel Fattah al-Burhan
(born 1960) 		— 25 October 2021 11 November 2021 17 days Military
(12) Transitional Sovereignty Council
[h] 		— 11 November 2021[5] Incumbent 2 years, 364 days Multipartisan

Timeline

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Transitional Sovereignty CouncilAbdel Fattah al-BurhanAhmed Awad Ibn AufOmar al-BashirAhmed al-MirghaniAbdel Rahman Swar al-DahabHashem al AttaGaafar NimeiryIsmail al-AzhariSirr Al-Khatim Al-KhalifaIbrahim Abboud

Incoming election

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Main article: Next Sudanese general election

Notes

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  1. ^ Members: Abdel Fattah Muhammad al-Maghrabi, Muhammad Ahmad Yasin, Ahmad Muhammad Salih, Muhammad Othman al-Dardiri and Siricio Iro Wani.
  2. ^ Members: Abdel Halim Muhammad, Tijani al-Mahi, Mubarak Shaddad, Ibrahim Yusuf Sulayman and Luigi Adwok Bong Gicomeho.
  3. ^ Members: Ismail al-Azhari, Abdullah al-Fadil al-Mahdi, Luigi Adwok Bong Gicomeho, Abdel Halim Muhammad and Khidr Hamad.
  4. ^ Briefly interrupted during the 19–22 July 1971 coup d'état.
  5. ^ Presidency referendum.
  6. ^ Handed over power to the civilian government after the 1986 parliamentary election.
  7. ^ Members:[8] Chairman Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, Hemedti, Yasser al-Atta, Shams al-Din Khabbashi, Ibrahim Jabir Karim, Aisha Musa el-Said, Siddiq Tawer, Mohamed al-Faki, Hassan Sheikh Idris, Mohammed Hassan al-Ta'ishi[9] and Raja Nicola.
  8. ^ Members: Chairman Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, Deputy Chairman Hemedti (until 2023), Malik Agar (Deputy Chairman from 2023), Shams al-Din Khabbashi, Yasser al-Atta, Ibrahim Jabir Karim, El Hadi Idris Yahya, El Tahrir Abubakr Hajar, Raja Nicola, Abdulgasim Bortom, Yousef Jad Karim, Abdelbagi al-Zubeir, Salma Abdeljabbar.[5][10][11]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "The highest and lowest paid African presidents - Business Daily". Business Daily. 27 December 2020.
  2. ^ El Sirgany, Sarah; Elbagir, Nima; Abdullah, Yasir (11 April 2019). "Sudan's President Bashir forced out in military coup". cnn.com. CNN. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
  3. ^ "Sudan forms 11-member sovereign council, headed by al-Burhan". Al Jazeera. 1 June 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
  4. ^ "Sudan's Burhan declares state of emergency, dissolves government". Reuters. 25 October 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
  5. ^ a b c "Sudan army chief names new governing Sovereign Council". Al Jazeera. 11 November 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
  6. ^ Cook, Candace; Siegle, Joseph. "Circumvention of Term Limits Weakens Governance in Africa". Africa Center for Strategic Studies.
  7. ^ Hoffmann, Anette (November 2021). "Military coup betrays Sudan's revolution: Scenarios to regain the path towards full civilian rule" (PDF). Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
  8. ^ "Sudan opposition coalition appoints five civilian members of sovereign council". Thomson Reuters. 18 August 2019. Archived from the original on 18 August 2019. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
  9. ^ "FFC finally agree on nominees for Sudan's Sovereign Council". Sudan Tribune. 20 August 2019. Archived from the original on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
  10. ^ "Sudan coup leader restores restructured Sovereignty Council". Radio Dabanga. Khartoum. 11 November 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
  11. ^ "Sudan's Burhan dismisses Hemedti of his position". Al Bawaba. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
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