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This page is about the media franchise as a whole. For other uses, see Pokémon (disambiguation).
Pokémon
A slightly curved and stylized text. The text reads "Pokémon", and is yellow with a blue outline.
The international logo of Pokémon
Created bySatoshi Tajiri
Original workPocket Monsters Red and Green (1996)
Owners
Years1996–present
Print publications
Book(s)Pokémon books
ComicsPokémon manga
Films and television
Film(s)Pokémon film series
Short film(s)Pikachu short films
Television seriesPokémon anime series
Web series
List
Games
Traditional
Video game(s)Pokémon video game series
Audio
Soundtrack(s)Pokémon theme songs
Original musicPokémon 25: The Album
Songs
Miscellaneous
Theme park attraction(s)Poképark

Pokémon[a] (a wasei-eigo abbreviation of pocket monsters)[b] is a Japanese media franchise.

The concept of Pokémon arose when Game Freak founder Satoshi Tajiri recalled his childhood experiences of insect collecting, and decided to develop a video game based off of those experiences for Nintendo's Game Boy system. Released in Japan in 1996, Pocket Monsters Red and Green were the first pieces of Pokémon media to be created. Shortly after, a collectible card game, an anime series, and a film series surrounding the Pokémon universe were released.

Premise

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Main article: Pokémon universe
See also: List of Pokémon and List of Pokémon characters

History and development

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For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Pokémon.

1990–1996: Conception and development

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As a child, Satoshi Tajiri—who later founded Pokémon developer Game Freak—loved to collect insects.[7] After his hometown of Machida, Tokyo began to urbanize, many of these insects were driven away. While working as a video game developer as an adult, he remembered these childhood experiences, inspiring him to create a video game based off of them. In 1990, shortly after the release of Nintendo's Game Boy system, Tajiri recalls that the idea of Pokémon "clicked", and he found it would be a good fit for the Game Boy, as the linking functionality of the system allowed for players to communicate and transfer data with each other.[8]

Originally titled "Pocket Monsters", the name "Pokémon",which combines the words "pocket" and "monsters" in a process known as wasei-eigo,[4] was suggested by Alfred Kahn, CEO of 4Kids Entertainment.[9] After Tajiri and his friend Ken Sugimori pitched the idea to Nintendo, Nintendo was initially hesitant.[7] They feared that Pokémon would not be a success, as the popularity of the Game Boy was declining, meaning less interest in new games being released on the platform.[8]

1996–1999 (Generation I): Initial release and rise to popularity

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Nintendo eventually allowed the game to be published, and after six years of development, Pocket Monsters Red and Green were released in Japan on February 27, 1996, marking the first Pokémon media to be released.[7] Two versions of the game, Pocket Monsters Red and Pocket Monsters Green, released simultaneously with minor differences at the request of Nintendo's Shigeru Miyamoto.[10] In October 1996, the first set of 102 trading cards were released of the Pokémon Trading Card Game, a collectible card game based on the Pokémon franchise.[7] The character Pikachu was selected as the franchise's mascot, as the creators of the Pokémon anime felt it was relatively popular in addition to appealing to both boys and girls.[8] In April 1997, the first episode of the Pokémon anime released, titled "Pokémon, I Choose You!", which followed a boy named Satoshi—known internationally as Ash Ketchum—aiming to become a Pokémon battling master alongside his partner Pikachu.[7] One year later, the first Pokémon film, Pocket Monsters the Movie: Mewtwo Strikes Back, also known as Pokémon: The First Movie, released in Japan.[11]

On December 16, 1997, an episode of the Pokémon anime, "Dennō Senshi Porygon", aired in Japan.[12] One sequence in the episode caused a strobe light effect that induced epileptic seizures in nearly 700 children.[13] The event, known in Japan as the "Pokémon Shock", caused the episode's starring Pokémon, Porygon, as well as its evolutions Porygon2 and Porygon-Z, to not appear in the anime series afterward, and the anime as a whole went on a four-month hiatus following the incident.[14]

Before being introduced to the United States, over 12 million video game units, one million CDs, and one billion trading cards of Pokémon in Japan.[15] However, Nintendo initially feared that Pokémon was too Japanese for Western tastes,[16] though Thomas Kenney—a friend of Kahn's—was the first to note the franchise's international potential.[17] Pocket Monsters Red and Green, localized as Pokémon Red and Blue, released in the United States in 1998 and in the United Kingdom in 1999.[7] The Pokémon anime also released internationally in 1998,[7] and Mewtwo Strikes Back saw an international release in 1999.[18][19] In a 56-day promotion for Mewtwo Strikes Back, Burger King released small, circular toys.[20] After one child died of suffocation and another had a 'close call',[21] Burger King recalled the toys despite initial hesitation,[22] and offered free rewards to incentivize returns.[23] Despite this, the toys were blamed for the death of a second child one month later.[24]

After release, the Pokémon franchise quickly grew to worldwide popularity. The period following the initial release and subsequent boom in popularity was widely known as "Pokémania".[25] Though the initial popularity of Red and Green in Japan was slow, the existence of Mew, prominently showcased by CoroCoro Comic, widely boosted the game's popularity.[26][27] Shortly after the release of Red, Green, and Blue, an expanded re-release, titled Pokémon Yellow, was released for the Game Boy Color.[28] In November 1999, Mewtwo Strikes Back earned nearly US$20,000,000 in its first two days,[29] making it the only animated film to reach the top of the United States box office until Demon Slayer: Mugen Train (2021).[30] By the end of 1999, global Pokémon revenue had reached US$7,000,000,000. However, 56% of respondents to a USA Today poll predicted that the Pokémon craze would not survive into the next year.[31] In 1998, Nintendo, Game Freak, and Creatures founded The Pokémon Company in Tokyo to manage the Pokémon brand, and its international branch was established in 2001.[32] The Pokémon Company also manages creative direction and localization.[33]

1999–2002 (Generation II):

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2002–2006 (Generation III):

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2006–2010 (Generation IV):

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2010–2013 (Generation V):

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2012–2016 (Generation VI):

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2016–2019 (Generation VII):

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2019–2022 (Generation VIII):

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2022–present (Generation IX):

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Media

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Video games

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Main article: Pokémon (video game series)

Gameplay

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Main article: Gameplay of Pokémon

Anime

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Main article: Pokémon (TV series)

Films

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Main article: List of Pokémon films

Trading cards

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Main article: Pokémon Trading Card Game

Manga

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Main article: List of Pokémon manga

Music

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See also: List of Pokémon theme songs

Other media

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Reception and legacy

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Video games

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Trading cards

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TV series

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Morality and religion

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Animal cruelty

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See also: PETA satirical browser games

Developmental impact

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Crime

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Health

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While playing Pokémon Go, which allows players to traverse real-world locations to progress in-game, some players have entered dangerous situations, or trespassed on private property. In Japan, 76 incidents were attributed to Pokémon Go in late August 2016, just one month after the game released in the country,[64] despite the Japanese government issuing warnings to players prior to the game's release after international reports emerged that players had been hit by cars, fallen into water, or been robbed due to distractions while playing Pokémon Go.[65] The game was also criticized for allowing players to interact with the game in cemeteries or other memorial sites, as it seemingly encouraged trespassing and disruptive behavior.[66] After several reports, Niantic, the developer of Pokémon Go, issued an update preventing players from interacting with the game at certain sites, including the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.[67]

Auction sales and value bubble

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Cultural influence

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Similar games

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Pokémon gene

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Manholes

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Sales and revenue

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Fan community

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See also: Pokémon competitive play

Notes

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  1. ^ Japanese: ポケモン, Hepburn: Pokemon, [pokemoɴ]; English: /ˈpoʊkɪmɒn, -ki-, -keɪ-/,[1][2] POH-kay-mahn[3]
  2. ^ Japanese: ポケットモンスター, Hepburn: poketto monsutā[1][4]

References

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  1. ^ a b Stevenson, Angus; Lindberg, Christine A. (2010). "Pokemon". New Oxford American Dictionary (3 ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195392883.001.0001. ISBN 9780199891535. Archived from the original on December 16, 2022. Retrieved December 26, 2022 – via Oxford Reference. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; December 26, 2022 suggested (help)
  2. ^ "Pokémon". Dictionary.com. Rock Holdings. Archived from the original on December 14, 2022. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  3. ^ DeWolf, Rose (October 25, 1999). "Where the collectors gather". Philadelphia Daily News. p. 49. Retrieved March 10, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  4. ^ a b Steinmetz, Katy (July 19, 2016). "The Surprising History Behind the Word 'Pokémon'". Time. Archived from the original on December 14, 2022. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  5. ^ Coates, Jennifer (November 17, 2022). "Pokémon's Ash wins World Championship after 25 years – here's why the franchise is still capturing fans". The Conversation. Archived from the original on January 12, 2023. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
  6. ^ Holland, Oscar (February 26, 2021). "Pokémon at 25: How 151 fictional species took over the world". CNN. Warner Bros. Discovery. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g "Pokémon at 25: A history - from Pocket Monsters, to TCG and Pokémon GO". BBC. February 27, 2021. Archived from the original on November 23, 2022. Retrieved November 25, 2022.
  8. ^ a b c Tajiri, Satoshi (November 22, 1999). "The Ultimate Game Freak". Time (Interview). Interviewed by Time staff. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved November 25, 2022.
  9. ^ Tsukuyama, Hayley (August 4, 2016). "Meet the man who made Pokémon an international phenomenon". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  10. ^ Merrick, Joe (August 27, 2015). "A Pokémon Retrospective: Generation 1 - 1996 To 1999". Nintendo Life. Hookshot Media. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  11. ^ Beasley, Tom (May 13, 2019). "The moral lesson of Pokémon: The First Movie turned Mewtwo into an icon". Polygon. Vox Media. Archived from the original on August 1, 2022. Retrieved November 25, 2022.
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  15. ^ King, Sharon R. (April 26, 1999). "Mania for 'Pocket Monsters' Yields Billions for Nintendo". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 24, 2016. Retrieved November 25, 2022.
  16. ^ Pereira, Joseph (October 18, 2002). "Pow! Ka-Zam! Voom! 4Kids Picks Fight With Nickelodeon". The Wall Street Journal. News Corp. Archived from the original on November 26, 2022. Retrieved November 24, 2022. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; November 26, 2021 suggested (help)
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  19. ^ Finkelstein, Katherine E. (November 11, 1999). "Pokemon Movie vs. School? For Young Fans, That's a No-Brainer". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 27, 2019. Retrieved January 12, 2023.
  20. ^ Hernandez, Greg (December 28, 1999). "Burger King Is Recalling Pokemon Balls". Los Angeles Times. Nant Capital. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved November 28, 2022.
  21. ^ Gee, Elise (May 5, 2000). "Burger King, Pokemon Toy's Maker Sued in Girl's Death". Los Angeles Times. Nant Capital. Archived from the original on October 15, 2022. Retrieved November 28, 2022.
  22. ^ "Burger King in Pokemon recall". BBC. December 28, 1999. Archived from the original on May 24, 2022. Retrieved November 28, 2022.
  23. ^ Mammoser, Gigen (July 28, 2017). "Reflecting on the Burger King Pokémon Disaster of 1999". Vice. Archived from the original on November 8, 2022. Retrieved November 28, 2022.
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  25. ^ Lopez, German (July 11, 2016). "Pokémon Go, explained". Vox. Vox Media. Archived from the original on November 25, 2022. Retrieved November 27, 2022.
  26. ^ Morimoto, Shigeki; Ishihara, Tsunekazu. "Iwata Asks: Pokémon HeartGold Version & Pokémon SoulSilver Version: Just Making the Last Train". Iwata Asks (Interview). Interviewed by Iwata, Satoru. Nintendo. Archived from the original on November 24, 2022.
  27. ^ Knezevic, Kevin (May 5, 2021). "How Mew Saved Pokemon". GameSpot. Fandom. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  28. ^ Thomas, Lucas M. (September 27, 2006). "Pokemon 10-Year Retrospective". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on September 10, 2022. Retrieved November 27, 2022.
  29. ^ Lyman, Rick (November 13, 1999). "Pokemon Is Catching, and Keeping, Them". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 31, 2022. Retrieved November 28, 2022.
  30. ^ Valdez, Nick (May 4, 2021). "Demon Slayer Makes Movie History After Topping U.S. Box Office". ComicBook.com. Paramount Global. Archived from the original on October 25, 2022. Retrieved November 28, 2022.
  31. ^ Moore, Scott (April 25, 2000). "Pokemania". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 28, 2021. Retrieved November 26, 2022. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 18, 2021 suggested (help)
  32. ^ Farokhmanesh, Megan (June 19, 2014). "What is The Pokémon Company?". Polygon. Vox Media. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  33. ^ "Pokemon: Secrets of the world's two-decade love affair with a bunch of colorful monsters". The Mainichi. February 29, 2016. Retrieved March 13, 2023.
  34. ^ Merrick, Joe (October 12, 2015). "A Pokémon Retrospective: Generation 2 - 1999 To 2002". Nintendo Life. Hookshot Media. Archived from the original on June 21, 2022. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
  35. ^ Barnes, Julian E. (January 20, 2001). "Pokemon's House of Cards; Market Crash Holds Lessons for Young Traders". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 28, 2022. Retrieved January 12, 2023.
  36. ^ Barnes, Julian E. (April 24, 2001). "Hasbro Has Loss as Pokémon Wanes". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 4, 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2023.
  37. ^ "Geller sues Nintendo over Pokémon". BBC. November 2, 2000. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  38. ^ Yarwood, Jack (August 29, 2022). "Rumour: Kadabra May Be Coming Back To Pokémon Trading Card Game After 20 Years". Time Extension. Hookshot Media. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  39. ^ Merrick, Joe (November 5, 2015). "A Pokémon Retrospective: Generation 3 - 2002 To 2006". Nintendo Life. Hookshot Media. Archived from the original on June 19, 2022. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
  40. ^ Merrick, Joe (December 10, 2015). "A Pokémon Retrospective: Generation 4 - 2006 To 2010". Nintendo Life. Hookshot Media. Archived from the original on June 17, 2022. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
  41. ^ Merrick, Joe (January 8, 2016). "A Pokémon Retrospective: Generation 5 - 2010 To 2013". Nintendo Life. Hookshot Media. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
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