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Important minerals

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Location map

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(

)

[1]

Elements and anions

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La: Lanthanum, Nb: Niobium, Nd: Neodynium, Y: Yttrium, Yb: Ytterbium, Ce: Cerium, Cs: Caesium

  • Sulfide (S2−
    ), sulfite (SO2−
    2
    ), hydrogen sulfite HSO3, thiosulfate (S
    2
    O2−
    3
    ), sulfate (SO2−
    4
    )
  • Telluride (Te2−
    ), tellurite (TeO2−
    2
    ), thiotellurate (TeSO2−
    3
    ), tellurate (TeO2−
    4
    )
  • Selenide (Se2−
    ), selenite (SeO2−
    2
    ), thioselenate (SeSO2−
    3
    ), selenate (SeO2−
    4
    )
  • Hypochlorite ClO, chlorite ClO2, chlorate ClO3, perchlorate ClO4
  • Hydrogen carbonate HCO3, carbonate CO32−
  • Phosphide P3-, monothiophosphate PO3S3-, hypophosphite H2PO2, phosphate (PO43-), metaphosphate PO3, pyrophosphate P2O74−, hydrogen phosphate HPO42−, dihydrogen phosphate H2PO4
  • arsenate (AsO3−
    4
    )
  • VO43− orthovanadate, V2O74− pyrovanadate,
  • NO2 is nitrite, while NO3 is nitrate, hypochlorite is ClO, perchlorate is ClO4,
CrO42− chromate
Cr2O72− dichromate
BO33− borate
CN cyanide
SCN thiocyanate
MnO4 permanganate

2011 Tōhoku earthquake, Japan

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Addendum to: "I don't think that predictions should be included but it is notable that in 2007 Satake et al. [2] said that a repeat of the 869 earthquake and tsunami was 99% probable over the next 30 years. Mikenorton (talk) 00:05, 18 March 2011 (UTC)"

  • Following (Kanamori, Hiroo (2003). Earthquake Prediction: An overview (PDF). International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology. Vol. 81B. International Association of Seismology & Physics of the Earth's Interior. pp. 1205–1216.):
  • which cites (Ando, Masataka (June 1975). "Source mechanisms and tectonic significance of historical earthquakes along the nankai trough, Japan". Tectonophysics. 27 (2): 119–140. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(75)90102-X.), there is a sequence, 1498, 1605, 1707, 1854, and 1944-1946, with an average interval of about 120 years; the 1944-1946 sequence did not reach the northeastern part of the Nankai through (called the Suruga through), thereby leaving this portion as a mature seismic gap (Ishibashi, K. "Re-examination of a great earthquake expected in the Tokai district, central Japan--possibility of the "Suruga Bay Earthquake"". Rept. Coord. Comm. Earthq. Predict (in Japanese). 17: 126–132.).

Cabot Fault (Long Range Fault)

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The largest and most important fault in the area is the Long Range Fault (Cabot Fault) which runs from the bridge crossing the TCH at McDougall's Brook to the northeast coast of Newfoundland at the Baie Verte Peninsula. This fault also runs through Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. The Long Range Fault once marked the boundary between North America and Europe before the two continents separated about 200 million years ago.

Robert A. Howie

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Life

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The mineral howieite (IMA 1964-017) was named in his honour. Cambridge University awarded him a ScD degree (1974), 'The Geological Society' awarded him the Murchison Medal (1976) and the Mineralogical Society of America awarded him the Public Service Award (1999).

Selected publications

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  • Deer, William Alexander; Howie, Robert Andrew; Zussman, Jack (1962). Rock-Forming Minerals. Wiley. Note: 5 volumes
  • Deer, William Alexander (1966). An Introduction to the Rock-Forming Minerals (1 ed.). New York: Wiley. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

References

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  • "Robert Andrew Howie 1923 - 2012". The Geological Society. Retrieved 2014-10-21.
  • "Deerite, howieite, and zussmanite, three new minerals from the Franciscan of the Laytonville District, Mendicino Co., California". American Mineralogist. 50: 278-278. 1965. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)

Hans Schardt

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Porträt aus dem Bildarchiv der ETH-Bibliothek

Hans Schardt was born in Basel. After the end of the school he went to Yverdon, in order to learn the pharmacy profession, but also interested in geology. In 1883 he received the diploma for high school teachers and pharmacists. Now Schardt officially took the step to geology and graduated just a year later in Geneva on "Etudes sur le Pays-Géologiques d'Enhaut vaudois. From 1893 to 1897 he taught science and geography at the College de Montreux. He also drove his started with the thesis research in the Alps is continuing. In 1891 he qualified as a professor at the University of Lausanne and deepened his knowledge during a stay in Heidelberg.

1897 called the Academy and later University of Neuchâtel Hans Schardt full professor of geology and paleontology. Besides teaching and research, he was instrumental in establishing the geological institute and chaired the Society for Natural Sciences in the years 1908 to 1910. 1911 was the successor to Hans Albert Schardt homes, as Professor of Geology at ETH and University of Zurich. After 17 years of service to the two universities joined Schardt back from his teaching.

As a researcher, Hans Schardt dealt primarily with tectonics, hydrology, stratigraphy and applied geology. First and foremost, his name remains attached to the ceiling theory. As early as 1834 Albert Heim predecessor Arnold Escher was recognized by the Lindt that is present in the Alps, not a mere convolution. He declared himself the wrong age sequence of rock layers in the Glarus Alps, with a double fold and made the mountains of Glarus in order to geological special case. The ceiling theory, however, explains the phenomenon due to thrusting of younger strata over older ones. Between 1878 and 1902, a scientific dispute raged between the representatives of the two theories. In an article from 1893 showed Schardt, that even in the Präalpen western Switzerland older Jurassic sediments were younger flysch, allaying the special role of the Glarus Alps, and finally to break through the ceiling theory helped.

Hans Schardt also served as a geologic consultant in the construction of various buildings for example, of the Simplon tunnel or Wäggitalwerks. In his teaching the practice had a high priority. Field trips were for him the basis of all geological knowledge, he also introduced in the course of geological time with training in the teaching. His retirement in 1928 could not slow down his drive. He continued his studies and climbed high peaks until shortly before his death from a stroke at the age of 73.

Otto Ampferer

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Otto Ampferer (December 1, 1875 in Innsbruck; † July 9, 1947) was an Austrian mountaineer and geologist.

To explain the complex processes of mountain building, he developed his under-current theory with the idea of a partially plastic crust. He was - before Alfred Wegener - the forerunner of the modern view of Mobilismus.

Life and work

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Otto Ampferer's name is associated inter alia with the undercurrent of theory, a hypothesis for the formation of mountains, which later contributed to the development of plate tectonics. His main job was the geology of the Alps. In the course of his thorough mapping of the Tyrolean Limestone Alps in 1901, he recognized the Karwendel-thrust. In 1906 he wrote an analysis of the motion picture of the folded mountains, where he opposed the contraction theory of A. Heim, but this was refuted definitively only in 1960.

In 1928 he described the example of the yoke Stanser a relief thrust, which was an example for future work. [1] Furthermore, the expression coined Ampferer Totfaltung and Bergzerreißung.

In 1901 he entered the service of the Vienna Geological Survey, the then kk Geological Institute Reich said. From 1935 to 1937 he was Director of Research Institute, but continued its tectonic, glacial and regional geological work. Altogether, he authored 260 publications and numerous geological map sheets.

He was not only an eminent geologist, as a mountaineer, he made his name. He ascended (also known as Campanile Basso) 1899 along with Karl Berger was the first to Spire of Brenta in the Brenta Dolomites. Ampfere also was a good draftsman, who was not limited to geological subjects.

In 1902 he married Olga Sanders, sister of the famous Innsbruck geologist Bruno Sander.[2]

Honours

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He was inter alia elected member of the Vienna Academy of Sciences. In 1937 he received for his work, the geo-Eduard Suess Medal, 1939, the Geological Association awarded him the first to Gustav Steinmann Medal with the inscription "The Thinker, in the depths of the mountains".

1956 in Vienna Ampferergasse favorites was named after him. In the West there is a Ampfererstraße Innsbruck.

Since 1983, gives the Austrian Geological Society (ÖGG) every two years, the Otto Dockter Prize to Geosciences (under 35 years) for outstanding achievements in the field of geosciences.

References

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  • Helmut Hölder, Kurze Geschichte der Geologie.. p.89-92, Springer 1989.
  • Karl Krainer und Christoph Hauser: Otto Ampferer (1875 - 1947): Bahnbrecher in der Geologie, Bergsteiger, Sammler und Zeichner, in Geo.Alp Sonderband 1, S. 91 - 100, Innsbruck 2007. pdf-File

Timeline around the Iapetus Ocean suture zone

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References

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Andean Orogeny

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Extra

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  • Morgan, W. J. (1972). "Plate motions and deep mantle convection". In Shagam, R, Hargraves, RB, Morgan, WJ, Van Houten, FB, Burk, CA, Holland, HD, and Hollister, LC (ed.). Studies in earth and space sciences: A memoir in honor of Harry Hammond Hess. Geological Society of America Memoirs. Vol. 132. pp. 7–22. doi:10.1130/MEM132-p7. ISBN 0-8137-1132-0. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)

References

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  • Red: Autumn: Orange: Yellow: Complementary colour of winter: Yellow-green:
  • Green: Spring: Cyan-green: Cyan: Complementary colour of autumn: Cyan-blue:
  • Blue: Winter: Violet: Magenta: Complementary colour of spring: Magenta-red:
  • Toy Story 3
    • Before (14:49, 23 July 2010):
      • IP edits: 156 (10 days); rev IPs: 30; nonreverted/total anon edits: 80.8%
    • Time under Pending (days): 12.47
      • Anon edits/day: 11.7; nonreverted/total anon edits: 51.4%
  • Jason Leopold
    • Before (10:57, 28 July 2010):
      • IP edits: 7 (10 days); rev IPs: 2; nonreverted/total anon edits: 71.4%
    • Time under Pending (days): 7.63
      • Anon edits/day: 7.3; nonreverted/total anon edits: 17.9%
  • The Twilight Saga: Eclipse
    • Before (21:24, 25 April 2010):
      • IP edits: 32 (10 days); rev IPs: 17; nonreverted/total anon edits: 46.9%
    • Time under Pending (days): 30.00
      • Anon edits/day: 7.5; nonreverted/total anon edits: 42.0%

Pending Changes

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I believe that the main goal of Pending Changes is that destructive edits of IPs are not going live. So that the frustrated IPs will do less vandalism. I do not understand why an IP does vandalism, if it does not get visible after all. These articles are current events, the IP behaviour changes too much over time :( Of course, IPs could have tried to falsify the results of the Pending Changes trial to dump the feature :( --Chris.urs-o (talk) 09:57, 13 September 2010 (UTC)

Page title Pending Changes after Total IP edits before Pending Rev of these IP edits nonreverted/total IP edits Pending Changes: nonreverted/total IP edits
Spain national football team "21:16, 11 July 2010" 143 (10 days) 15 89.5% 65.8%
Toy Story 3 14:49, 23 July 2010 156 (10 days) 30 80.8% 51.4%
Australia's Next Top Model, Cycle 6 21:01, 21 July 2010 200 (10 days) 68 66.0% 65.7%
SummerSlam (2010) 18:11, 21 July 2010 167 (10 days) 45 73.1% 27.2%
The Twilight Saga: Eclipse 21:24, 25 April 2010 32 (10 days) 17 46.9% 42.0%
Jason Leopold 10:57, 28 July 2010 7 (10 days) 2 71.4% 17.9%
Page title Time under Pending (days) Total anon edits while under Pending Anon edits/day % nonreverted/total anon edits
Total Drama World Tour 20.77 493 23.7 71.8%
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 film) 45.23 51 1.1 62.7%
This Is It (Michael Jackson concerts) 45.44 62 1.4 58.1%